/* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*            Localized strings for Timeline Items                 */
/* --------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*  NOTE: Strings needing translation have a '****' comment        */
/*  Please remove the comment after translating to show that it    */
/*  has been translated.                                           */

/* ----------------------------------- */
/* EGYPT */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* EGYPT - Rulers */

"Narmer" = "Narmer";  /* **** */
"Menes" = "Menes";  /* **** */
"Pharaoh who unified Egypt to found the First Dynasty." = "Pharaoh who unified Egypt to found the First Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Nebka" = "Sanakht";
"Sanakhte" = "Sanakht";
"Possible founder of the Third Dynasty of Egypt." = "Possible founder of the Third Dynasty of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Djoser" = "Djoser";  /* **** */
"Zoser, Netjerykhet" = "Djoser, Netjerykhet";
"Third Dynasty pharaoh who built the great step pyramid." = "Third Dynasty pharaoh who built the great step pyramid.";  /* **** */

"Djoser Teti" = "Sekhemkhet";
"Sekhemkhet" = "Sekhemkhet";  /* **** */
"Third Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded Djoser." = "Third Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded Djoser.";  /* **** */

"Khaba" = "Khaba";  /* **** */
"Third Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known." = "Third Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known.";  /* **** */

"Huni" = "Uni";
"Last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty." = "Last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Sneferu" = "Snefru";
"Snofru" = "Snefru";
"Founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt." = "Founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Cheops" = "Cheope";
"Khufu" = "Cheope";
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid." = "Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid.";  /* **** */

"Redjedef" = "Redjedef";  /* **** */
"Djedefre" = "Djedefre";  /* **** */
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who adopted the title “son of Ra.”" = "Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who adopted the title “son of Ra.”";  /* **** */

"Chephren" = "Chefren";
"Khafre" = "Chefren";
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built pyramid and sphinx at Giza." = "Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built pyramid and sphinx at Giza.";  /* **** */

"Baufre" = "Baufre";  /* **** */
"Son of Chephren who may have ruled as pharaoh briefly." = "Son of Chephren who may have ruled as pharaoh briefly.";  /* **** */

"Mycerinus" = "Micerino";
"Menkaure" = "Micerino";
"Fourth dynasty pharaoh who built the smallest of the great pyramids." = "Fourth dynasty pharaoh who built the smallest of the great pyramids.";  /* **** */

"Shepseskaf" = "Shepseskaf";  /* **** */
"Uncertain pharaoh at the end of the Fourth Dynasty." = "Uncertain pharaoh at the end of the Fourth Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Dedefptah" = "Dedefptah";  /* **** */
"Thamphthis" = "Gjedefptah";

"Userkaf" = "Userkaf";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt and patron of the cult of Ra." = "Founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt and patron of the cult of Ra.";  /* **** */

"Sahure" = "Sahura";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who engaged in widespread trade." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who engaged in widespread trade.";  /* **** */

"Neferirkare Kakai" = "Neferirkara Kakai";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh with a peaceful and prosperous reign." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh with a peaceful and prosperous reign.";  /* **** */

"Shepsekare Isi" = "Shepseskara Isi";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known.";  /* **** */

"Neferefre" = "Neferefra";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in an unfinished pyramid." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in an unfinished pyramid.";  /* **** */

"Nyuserre" = "Niuserra";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who built six pyramids for himself and his family." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who built six pyramids for himself and his family.";  /* **** */

"Menkauhor" = "Menkauhor";  /* **** */
"Akauhor" = "Akauhor";  /* **** */
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in a ruined pyramid at Saqqara." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in a ruined pyramid at Saqqara.";  /* **** */

"Djedkare Isesi" = "Djedkara Isesi";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who introduced sweeping administrative reforms." = "Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who introduced sweeping administrative reforms.";  /* **** */

"Unas" = "Unis";
"Last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty." = "Last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Teti" = "Teti";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Sixth Dynasty assassinated in a palace plot." = "Founder of the Sixth Dynasty assassinated in a palace plot.";  /* **** */

"Userkare" = "Userkara";
"Obscure Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who may have usurped the throne or served as regent." = "Obscure Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who may have usurped the throne or served as regent.";  /* **** */

"Phiops I" = "Piopi I";
"Pepi I" = "Pepi I";  /* **** */
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who built temples throughout Egypt." = "Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who built temples throughout Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Antyemsaf I" = "Antyemsaf I";  /* **** */
"Nemtyemsaf I" = "Nemtyemsaf I";  /* **** */
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who appointed strong governors." = "Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who appointed strong governors.";  /* **** */

"Phiops II" = "Piopi II";
"Pepi II" = "Pepi II";  /* **** */
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh whose long reign led to rapid decline." = "Sixth Dynasty pharaoh whose long reign led to rapid decline.";  /* **** */

"Antyemsaf II" = "Antyemsaf II";  /* **** */
"Nemtyemsaf II" = "Nemtyemsaf II";  /* **** */
"Son of Pepi II who likely became pharaoh as an old man." = "Son of Pepi II who likely became pharaoh as an old man.";  /* **** */

"Netjerykare" = "Netjerykare";  /* **** */
"Nitocris?" = "Nitocris?";  /* **** */
"Last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty, possibly identified with legendary queen Nitocris." = "Last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty, possibly identified with legendary queen Nitocris.";  /* **** */

"Inyotef I" = "Intef I";
"Intef I" = "Intef I";  /* **** */
"Theban nomarch who adopted pharaonic titles and expanded Theban territory. " = "Theban nomarch who adopted pharaonic titles and expanded Theban territory. ";  /* **** */

"Mentuhotpe I" = "Mentuhotpe I";  /* **** */
"Mentuhotep I" = "Mentuhotep I";  /* **** */
"Obscure Theban nomarch who may have founded the 11th Dynasty." = "Obscure Theban nomarch who may have founded the 11th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Wahkare Achthoes III" = "Wahkare Achthoes III";  /* **** */
"Wahkare Khety III" = "Wahkare Khety III";  /* **** */
"Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who may have been deceived by Abraham." = "Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who may have been deceived by Abraham.";  /* **** */

"Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who authored the Instruction for Meri-ka-Re." = "Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who authored the Instruction for Meri-ka-Re.";  /* **** */

"Inyotef II" = "Intef II";
"Intef II" = "Intef II";  /* **** */
"Ruler of Upper Egypt who greatly expanded Theban hegemony." = "Ruler of Upper Egypt who greatly expanded Theban hegemony.";  /* **** */

"Inyotef III" = "Intef III";
"Intef III" = "Intef III";  /* **** */
"Ruler of Upper Egypt at a relative stalemate with Lower Egypt." = "Ruler of Upper Egypt at a relative stalemate with Lower Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Mentuhotpe II" = "Mentuhotpe II";  /* **** */
"Mentuhotep II" = "Mentuhotep II";  /* **** */
"Pharaoh who ushered in the Middle Kingdom by unifying Egypt." = "Pharaoh who ushered in the Middle Kingdom by unifying Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Mentuhotpe III" = "Mentuhotpe III";  /* **** */
"Mentuhotep III" = "Mentuhotep III";  /* **** */
"11th Dynasty pharaoh who sent an expedition to Punt." = "11th Dynasty pharaoh who sent an expedition to Punt.";  /* **** */

"Mentuhotpe IV" = "Mentuhotpe IV";  /* **** */
"Mentuhotep IV" = "Mentuhotep IV";  /* **** */
"Obscure final 11th Dynasty pharaoh." = "Obscure final 11th Dynasty pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Ammenemmes I" = "Ammenemme I";
"Amenemhet I" = "Amenemhat I";
"Founder of the 12th Dynasty; possibly a vizier who usurped the throne." = "Founder of the 12th Dynasty; possibly a vizier who usurped the throne.";  /* **** */

"Sesostris I" = "Sesostri I";
"Senwosret I" = "Senwosret I";  /* **** */
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who consolidated power after his father’s assassination." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who consolidated power after his father’s assassination.";  /* **** */

"Ammenemmes II" = "Ammenemme II";
"Amenemhet II" = "Amenemhat II";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded international trade relations." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded international trade relations.";  /* **** */

"Sesostris II" = "Sesostri II";
"Senwosret II" = "Senwosret II";  /* **** */
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who may have elevated Joseph." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who may have elevated Joseph.";  /* **** */

"12th Dynasty pharaoh who began irrigation of the Fayyum region." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who began irrigation of the Fayyum region.";  /* **** */

"Sesostris III" = "Sesostri III";
"Senwosret III" = "Senwosret III";  /* **** */
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who supplanted the nomarchs with central administrators." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who supplanted the nomarchs with central administrators.";  /* **** */

"Ammenemmes III" = "Ammenemme III";
"Amenemhet III" = "Amenemhat III";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Ammenemmes IV" = "Ammenemme IV";
"Amenemhet IV" = "Amenemhat IV";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh with relatively peaceful reign." = "12th Dynasty pharaoh with relatively peaceful reign.";  /* **** */

"Sobkneferu" = "Nefrusobek";
"Sobeknofru" = "Nefrusobek";
"First female pharaoh and last of the 12th Dynasty." = "First female pharaoh and last of the 12th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Kamose" = "Kamose";  /* **** */
"17th Dynasty king of Thebes who began driving back the Hyksos." = "17th Dynasty king of Thebes who began driving back the Hyksos.";  /* **** */

"Amosis" = "Amosi";
"Ahmose" = "Ahmose";  /* **** */
"Brother of Kamose who expelled the Hyksos and founded the 18th Dynasty." = "Brother of Kamose who expelled the Hyksos and founded the 18th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Amenophis I" = "Amenofi I";
"Amenhotep I" = "Amenhotep I";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh with a largely prosperous reign." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh with a largely prosperous reign.";  /* **** */

"Tuthmosis I" = "Tuthmose I";
"Thutmose I" = "Thutmose I";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who may have ordered Hebrew infanticide." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who may have ordered Hebrew infanticide.";  /* **** */

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded the Egyptian empire." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded the Egyptian empire.";  /* **** */

"Tuthmosis II" = "Tuthmose II";
"Thutmose II" = "Thutmose II";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who married Hatshepsut." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who married Hatshepsut.";  /* **** */

"Tuthmosis III" = "Tuthmose III";
"Thutmose III" = "Thutmose III";  /* **** */
"Powerful 18th Dynasty pharaoh from whom Moses fled to Midian." = "Powerful 18th Dynasty pharaoh from whom Moses fled to Midian.";  /* **** */

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who emerged from Hatshepsut’s shadow to expand Egypt’s empire." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who emerged from Hatshepsut’s shadow to expand Egypt’s empire.";  /* **** */

"Hatshepsut" = "Hatshepsut";  /* **** */
"Pharaoh’s daughter?" = "Figlia del Faraone?";
"Daughter of Tuthmosis I who may have adopted Moses. Later ruled as pharaoh." = "Daughter of Tuthmosis I who may have adopted Moses. Later ruled as pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Daughter of Tuthmosis I who ruled as pharaoh while Tuthmosis III was a child." = "Daughter of Tuthmosis I who ruled as pharaoh while Tuthmosis III was a child.";  /* **** */

"Amenophis II" = "Amenofi II";
"Amenhotep II" = "Amenhotep II";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh at the time of the Hebrew exodus." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh at the time of the Hebrew exodus.";  /* **** */

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who made a treaty with Mitanni." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who made a treaty with Mitanni.";  /* **** */

"Tuthmosis IV" = "Tuthmose IV";
"Thutmose IV" = "Thutmose IV";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who restored the sphinx." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who restored the sphinx.";  /* **** */

"Amenophis III" = "Amenofi III";
"Amenhotep III" = "Amenhotep III";  /* **** */
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Egyptian empire." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Egyptian empire.";  /* **** */

"Amenophis IV" = "Amenofi IV";
"Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten" = "Amenhotep IV, Akhenaton";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who abandoned traditional deities to impose worship of Aten." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who abandoned traditional deities to impose worship of Aten.";  /* **** */

"Smenkhkare" = "Smenkhara";
"Obscure 18th Dynasty pharaoh who briefly succeeded Akhenaten." = "Obscure 18th Dynasty pharaoh who briefly succeeded Akhenaten.";  /* **** */

"Tutankhamun" = "Tutankhamon";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who reversed the religious innovations of Akhenaten." = "18th Dynasty pharaoh who reversed the religious innovations of Akhenaten.";  /* **** */

"Ay" = "Ai";
"A vizier who claimed the throne after the death of Tutankhamun." = "A vizier who claimed the throne after the death of Tutankhamun.";  /* **** */

"Horemheb" = "Horemheb";  /* **** */
"A general who became pharaoh after the death of Ay." = "A general who became pharaoh after the death of Ay.";  /* **** */

"Rameses I" = "Ramses I";
"Ramses I" = "Ramses I";  /* **** */
"Vizier and priest of Amun appointed as Horemheb’s heir. Founder of 19th Dynasty." = "Vizier and priest of Amun appointed as Horemheb’s heir. Founder of 19th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Sethos I" = "Seti I";
"Seti I" = "Seti I";  /* **** */
"19th Dynasty pharaoh who conquered parts of Canaan and Syria." = "19th Dynasty pharaoh who conquered parts of Canaan and Syria.";  /* **** */

"Rameses II" = "Ramses II";
"Ramses II" = "Ramses II";  /* **** */
"The greatest pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty and perhaps all of Egyptian history." = "The greatest pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty and perhaps all of Egyptian history.";  /* **** */

"Merneptah" = "Merneptah";  /* **** */
"Merenptah" = "Merenptah";  /* **** */
"19th Dynasty pharaoh who boasted of victory over Israel." = "19th Dynasty pharaoh who boasted of victory over Israel.";  /* **** */

"Amenmesses" = "Amenmesse";
"Usurper who preempted the accession of Sethos II." = "Usurper who preempted the accession of Sethos II.";  /* **** */

"Sethos II" = "Seti II";
"Seti II" = "Seti II";  /* **** */
"Heir of Merneptah who deposed Amenmesses." = "Heir of Merneptah who deposed Amenmesses.";  /* **** */

"Siptah" = "Siptah";  /* **** */
"Child pharaoh installed by a powerful chancellor whom he eventually executed." = "Child pharaoh installed by a powerful chancellor whom he eventually executed.";  /* **** */

"Tewosret" = "Tausert";
"Queen of Sethos II, co-regent with Siptah, and sole ruler after Siptah’s death." = "Queen of Sethos II, co-regent with Siptah, and sole ruler after Siptah’s death.";  /* **** */

"Sethnakhte" = "Sethnakht";
"Military commander who seized the throne to found the 20th Dynasty." = "Military commander who seized the throne to found the 20th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Rameses III" = "Ramses III";
"Ramses III" = "Ramses III";  /* **** */
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Sea Peoples." = "20th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Sea Peoples.";  /* **** */

"Rameses IV" = "Ramses IV";
"Ramses IV" = "Ramses IV";  /* **** */
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who gained the throne in spite of a rival claimant." = "20th Dynasty pharaoh who gained the throne in spite of a rival claimant.";  /* **** */

"Rameses V" = "Ramses V";
"Ramses V" = "Ramses V";  /* **** */
"20th Dynasty pharaoh hampered by the rising power of the priests of Amun." = "20th Dynasty pharaoh hampered by the rising power of the priests of Amun.";  /* **** */

"Rameses VI" = "Ramses VI";
"Ramses VI" = "Ramses VI";  /* **** */
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who suppressed Libyan raids but lost territory in Canaan." = "20th Dynasty pharaoh who suppressed Libyan raids but lost territory in Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Rameses VII" = "Ramses VII";
"Ramses VII" = "Ramses VII";  /* **** */
"Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh." = "Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Rameses VIII" = "Ramses VIII";
"Ramses VIII" = "Ramses VIII";  /* **** */

"Rameses IX" = "Ramses IX";
"Ramses IX" = "Ramses IX";  /* **** */
"Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh with a lengthy reign." = "Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh with a lengthy reign.";  /* **** */

"Rameses X" = "Ramses X";
"Ramses X" = "Ramses X";  /* **** */

"Rameses XI" = "Ramses XI";
"Ramses XI" = "Ramses XI";  /* **** */
"Last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty." = "Last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Smendes" = "Smendes";  /* **** */
"Nesbanebdjed" = "Nesbanebdjed";  /* **** */
"Governor of Lower Egypt who founded the 21st Dynasty." = "Governor of Lower Egypt who founded the 21st Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Psusennes I" = "Psusennes I";  /* **** */
"21st Dynasty pharaoh who built up the city of Tanis." = "21st Dynasty pharaoh who built up the city of Tanis.";  /* **** */

"Amenemope" = "Amenemope";  /* **** */
"21st Dynasty pharaoh who may have harbored Hadad of Edom." = "21st Dynasty pharaoh who may have harbored Hadad of Edom.";  /* **** */

"Siamon" = "Siamon";  /* **** */
"Siamun" = "Siamun";  /* **** */
"Last pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty who may have made an alliance with Solomon." = "Last pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty who may have made an alliance with Solomon.";  /* **** */

"Sheshonk I" = "Sheshonq I";
"Shishak, Shoshenq I" = "Sisak, Sheshonq I";
"Founder of the 22nd Dynasty who raided Judah and Israel." = "Founder of the 22nd Dynasty who raided Judah and Israel.";  /* **** */

"Osorkon I" = "Osorkon I";  /* **** */
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh with long peaceful reign." = "22nd Dynasty pharaoh with long peaceful reign.";  /* **** */

"Takeloti I" = "Takelot I";
"Takeloth I" = "Takelot I";
"Obscure 22nd Dynasty pharaoh." = "Obscure 22nd Dynasty pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Osorkon II" = "Osorkon II";  /* **** */
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a united Egypt and resisted the Assyrians at the Battle of Qarqar." = "22nd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a united Egypt and resisted the Assyrians at the Battle of Qarqar.";  /* **** */

"Sheshonk II" = "Sheshonq II";
"Shoshenq II" = "Sheshonq II";

"Pedubaste" = "Petubasti";
"Pedubast" = "Petubasti";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Takeloti II." = "23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Takeloti II.";  /* **** */

"Iuput" = "Iuput";  /* **** */
"23rd Dynasty co-regent with his father Pedubaste." = "23rd Dynasty co-regent with his father Pedubaste.";  /* **** */

"Sheshonk III" = "Sheshonq III";
"Shoshenq III" = "Sheshonq III";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh who lost control of Upper Egypt." = "22nd Dynasty pharaoh who lost control of Upper Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Takeloti II" = "Takelot II";
"Takeloth II" = "Takelot II";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Pedubaste." = "23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Pedubaste.";  /* **** */

"Osorkon III" = "Osorkon III";  /* **** */
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Pedubaste faction at Thebes." = "23rd Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Pedubaste faction at Thebes.";  /* **** */

"Pimai" = "Pimai";  /* **** */
"Pimay" = "Pimai";

"Sheshonk IV" = "Sheshonq IV";
"Shoshenq IV" = "Sheshonq IV";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh." = "22nd Dynasty pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Takeloti III" = "Takelot III";
"Takeloth III" = "Takelot III";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded his father Osorkon III." = "23rd Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded his father Osorkon III.";  /* **** */

"Osorkon IV" = "Osorkon IV";  /* **** */
"So?" = "So?";  /* **** */
"Last 22nd Dynasty king who may have received envoys from Hoshea of Israel." = "Last 22nd Dynasty king who may have received envoys from Hoshea of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Rudamon" = "Rudamon";  /* **** */
"Last pharaoh of the 23rd Dynasty." = "Last pharaoh of the 23rd Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Piankhi" = "Pianki";
"Piankhy" = "Pianki";
"Nubian ruler who conquered Thebes, establishing the 25th Dynasty." = "Nubian ruler who conquered Thebes, establishing the 25th Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Tefnakhte I" = "Tefnakht I";
"Founder of the 24th Dynasty, which ruled from Sais." = "Founder of the 24th Dynasty, which ruled from Sais.";  /* **** */

"Bokenranef" = "Bakenrenef";
"Bocchoris" = "Boccori";
"24th Dynasty king burned to death by Shabataka." = "24th Dynasty king burned to death by Shabataka.";  /* **** */

"Shabaka" = "Shabaka";  /* **** */
"Shabako" = "Shabaka";
"25th Dynasty pharaoh who strengthened Nubian control of Egypt." = "25th Dynasty pharaoh who strengthened Nubian control of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Shabataka" = "Shabataka";  /* **** */
"Shebitku" = "Shebitqo";
"25th Dynasty pharaoh who executed Bokenranef." = "25th Dynasty pharaoh who executed Bokenranef.";  /* **** */

"Taharka" = "Taharqa";
"Taharqa, Tirhakah" = "Taharqa";
"25th Dynasty ruler who lost Lower Egypt to Assyria." = "25th Dynasty ruler who lost Lower Egypt to Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Psamatik I" = "Psammetico I";
"Psamtik I, Psammetichus I" = "Psammetico I";
"Founder of the 26th Dynasty, installed by Assyria but eventually gaining independence." = "Founder of the 26th Dynasty, installed by Assyria but eventually gaining independence.";  /* **** */

"Tanutamun" = "Tanutamani";
"Tantamun, Tantamani" = "Tanutamani";
"25th Dynasty ruler who lost control of Egypt and returned to Nubia." = "25th Dynasty ruler who lost control of Egypt and returned to Nubia.";  /* **** */

"Neco II" = "Necao II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who killed Josiah on his way to help Assyria." = "26th Dynasty pharaoh who killed Josiah on his way to help Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Psamatik II" = "Psammetico II";
"Psamtik II, Psammetichus II" = "Psammetico II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated Nubia." = "26th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated Nubia.";  /* **** */

"Uahibre" = "Uahibra";
"Apries, Hophra" = "Aprie, Hophra";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who aided Judah against Nebuchadnezzar II." = "26th Dynasty pharaoh who aided Judah against Nebuchadnezzar II.";  /* **** */

"I‘ahmases II" = "I‘ahmase II";
"Amasis II" = "Amasi II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who seized the throne from Uahibre." = "26th Dynasty pharaoh who seized the throne from Uahibre.";  /* **** */

"Psamatik III" = "Psammetico III";
"Psamtik III, Psammetichus III, " = "Psamtik III, Psammetichus III, ";  /* **** */
"26th Dynasty pharaoh conquered by Cambyses II of Persia." = "26th Dynasty pharaoh conquered by Cambyses II of Persia.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy I" = "Tolomeo I";
"Soter" = "Soter";  /* **** */
"General of Alexander who seized control of Egypt and founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty." = "General of Alexander who seized control of Egypt and founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy II" = "Tolomeo II";
"Philadelphus" = "Filadelfo";
"Ptolemaic king who established the precedent of sister-queens." = "Ptolemaic king who established the precedent of sister-queens.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy III" = "Tolomeo III";
"Euergetes" = "Evergete";
"Ptolemaic king who invaded the Seleucid Empire." = "Ptolemaic king who invaded the Seleucid Empire.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy IV" = "Tolomeo IV";
"Philopator" = "Filopatore";
"Ptolemaic king who seized Syria and Palestine from Antiochus III." = "Ptolemaic king who seized Syria and Palestine from Antiochus III.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy V" = "Tolomeo V";
"Epiphanes" = "Epifane";
"Ptolemaic king mentioned in the Rosetta Stone." = "Ptolemaic king mentioned in the Rosetta Stone.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy VI" = "Tolomeo VI";
"Philometor" = "Filometore";
"Ptolemaic king engaged in war with Seleucids and civil war with Ptolemy VIII." = "Ptolemaic king engaged in war with Seleucids and civil war with Ptolemy VIII.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemy VIII" = "Ptolemy VIII";  /* **** */
"Euergetes II Tryphon" = "Euergetes II Tryphon";  /* **** */
"Ptolemaic king who returned to power after the death of Ptolemy VI." = "Ptolemaic king who returned to power after the death of Ptolemy VI.";  /* **** */

"Cleopatra VII" = "Cleopatra VII";  /* **** */
"Last Ptolemaic ruler who made political and romantic alliances with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony." = "Last Ptolemaic ruler who made political and romantic alliances with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony.";  /* **** */

"Saladin" = "Saladin";  /* **** */
"Salah ad-Din" = "Salah ad-Din";  /* **** */
"Sultan of Egypt and Syria who founded the Ayyubid Dynasty and defeated the Crusaders." = "Sultan of Egypt and Syria who founded the Ayyubid Dynasty and defeated the Crusaders.";  /* **** */

"Baibars" = "Baibars";  /* **** */
"Mamluk general who became Sultan of Egypt. He defeated both Mongols and Crusaders to build an empire." = "Mamluk general who became Sultan of Egypt. He defeated both Mongols and Crusaders to build an empire.";  /* **** */



/* EGYPT - Individuals */

"Clement of Alexandria" = "Clement of Alexandria";  /* **** */
"Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher who taught at Alexandria." = "Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher who taught at Alexandria.";  /* **** */

"Origen" = "Origen";  /* **** */
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, textual critic, allegorical interpreter, and theologian criticized for subordinationism." = "Ante-Nicene father, apologist, textual critic, allegorical interpreter, and theologian criticized for subordinationism.";  /* **** */

"Antony of Egypt" = "Antony of Egypt";  /* **** */
"Egyptian Christian hermit who pioneered anchoritic monasticism." = "Egyptian Christian hermit who pioneered anchoritic monasticism.";  /* **** */

"Arius" = "Ario";
"Alexandrian priest who taught that Christ was begotten at a point in time and therefore subordinate to the Father." = "Alexandrian priest who taught that Christ was begotten at a point in time and therefore subordinate to the Father.";  /* **** */

"Pachomius" = "Pachomius";  /* **** */
"Egyptian Christian monk who pioneered cenobitic (communal) monasticism." = "Egyptian Christian monk who pioneered cenobitic (communal) monasticism.";  /* **** */

"Athanasius (Life)" = "Athanasius (Life)";  /* **** */
"Orthodox bishop of Alexandria who staunchly defended Nicean orthodoxy against Arianism." = "Orthodox bishop of Alexandria who staunchly defended Nicean orthodoxy against Arianism.";  /* **** */

"Didymus the Blind" = "Didymus the Blind";  /* **** */
"Christian teacher in Alexandria influenced by Origen and influential to Jerome." = "Christian teacher in Alexandria influenced by Origen and influential to Jerome.";  /* **** */

"Cyril of Alexandria" = "Cyril of Alexandria";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Alexandria instrumental in the deposition of Nestorius. Affirmed the hypostatic union but taught that God the Word had “one incarnate nature” (miaphysitism)." = "Patriarch of Alexandria instrumental in the deposition of Nestorius. Affirmed the hypostatic union but taught that God the Word had “one incarnate nature” (miaphysitism).";  /* **** */

"Ibn Hisham" = "Ibn Hisham";  /* **** */
"Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, removing potentially offensive material." = "Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, removing potentially offensive material.";  /* **** */

"Moses Maimonides" = "Moses Maimonides";  /* **** */
"Rambam" = "Rambam";  /* **** */
"Jewish sage, philosopher, and physician who wrote important commentaries on the Mishna and Talmud. Emigrated from Cordova, Spain to Egypt." = "Jewish sage, philosopher, and physician who wrote important commentaries on the Mishna and Talmud. Emigrated from Cordova, Spain to Egypt.";  /* **** */



/* EGYPT - Writings */

"Narmer Palette" = "Narmer Palette";  /* **** */
"Cermonial palette which depicts Narmer conquering enemies." = "Cermonial palette which depicts Narmer conquering enemies.";  /* **** */

"Instruction for Meri-ka-Re" = "Istruzioni di Meri-ka-Re";
"Advice on ruling wisely which includes a warning against Asiatics." = "Advice on ruling wisely which includes a warning against Asiatics.";  /* **** */

"Tale of Sinuhe" = "Racconto di Sinuhe";
"Sinuhe * Tale of" = "Sinuhe * Racconto di";
"Story of Egyptian official’s exile in Canaan and return." = "Story of Egyptian official’s exile in Canaan and return.";  /* **** */

"Book of the Dead" = "Book of the Dead";  /* **** */
"Book of Coming Forth by Day" = "Book of Coming Forth by Day";  /* **** */
"Egyptian funerary texts with instruction for the afterlife." = "Egyptian funerary texts with instruction for the afterlife.";  /* **** */

"Dream Stele" = "Dream Stele";  /* **** */
"Sphinx Stele" = "Sphinx Stele";  /* **** */
"Tuthmosis IV has a dream that he will become pharaoh if he restores the sphinx." = "Tuthmosis IV has a dream that he will become pharaoh if he restores the sphinx.";  /* **** */

"Amarna Letters" = "Amarna Letters";  /* **** */
"Official correspondence between Akhenaten and vassal rulers." = "Official correspondence between Akhenaten and vassal rulers.";  /* **** */

"Kadesh Treaty" = "Kadesh Treaty";  /* **** */
"Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty" = "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty";  /* **** */

"Merneptah Stele" = "Stele di Merneptah";
"Victory stele of Merneptah which mentions Israel." = "Victory stele of Merneptah which mentions Israel.";  /* **** */

"Elephantine Papyri" = "Papiri di Elefantina";
"Texts from the Jewish exiles at Elephantine in Egypt." = "Texts from the Jewish exiles at Elephantine in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Septuagint" = "Bibbia dei Settanta";
"LXX" = "LXX";  /* **** */
"Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible." = "Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.";  /* **** */

"Rosetta Stone" = "Rosetta Stone";  /* **** */
"Multilingual inscription used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics." = "Multilingual inscription used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics.";  /* **** */

"Sirach (Greek)" = "Sirach (Greek)";  /* **** */
"Ecclesiasticus" = "Ecclesiasticus";  /* **** */
"A preface to the Greek of Sirach indicates that it was translated by his grandson in Egypt." = "A preface to the Greek of Sirach indicates that it was translated by his grandson in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Wisdom of Solomon" = "Wisdom of Solomon";  /* **** */
"Date assumes the book’s concern for idolatry is based on the plans of Caligula." = "Date assumes the book’s concern for idolatry is based on the plans of Caligula.";  /* **** */

"Nag Hammadi Texts" = "Nag Hammadi Texts";  /* **** */
"Gnostic Gospels" = "Gnostic Gospels";  /* **** */
"Collection of Gnostic texts discovered at Nag Hammadi." = "Collection of Gnostic texts discovered at Nag Hammadi.";  /* **** */



/* EGYPT - Events */

"Narmer Unites Egypt" = "Narmer Unites Egypt";  /* **** */
"Narmer conquers Lower Egypt to unify Egypt under a single pharaoh." = "Narmer conquers Lower Egypt to unify Egypt under a single pharaoh.";  /* **** */

"Step Pyramid" = "Step Pyramid";  /* **** */
"The architect Imhotep builds a step pyramid for Djoser." = "The architect Imhotep builds a step pyramid for Djoser.";  /* **** */

"Bent Pyramid" = "Bent Pyramid";  /* **** */
"Failed attempt at a true pyramid at Dahshur." = "Failed attempt at a true pyramid at Dahshur.";  /* **** */

"Red Pyramid" = "Red Pyramid";  /* **** */
"North Pyramid" = "North Pyramid";  /* **** */
"First true pyramid in Egypt." = "First true pyramid in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Great Pyramid" = "Great Pyramid";  /* **** */
"Largest pyramid built at Giza." = "Largest pyramid built at Giza.";  /* **** */

"Great Sphinx" = "Great Sphinx";  /* **** */
"Sphinx statue at Giza possibly carved to resemble Chephren." = "Sphinx statue at Giza possibly carved to resemble Chephren.";  /* **** */

"Pyramid of Chephren" = "Pyramid of Chephren";  /* **** */
"Pyramid of Khafre" = "Pyramid of Khafre";  /* **** */
"Second largest pyramid at Giza." = "Second largest pyramid at Giza.";  /* **** */

"Pyramid of Mycerinus" = "Pyramid of Mycerinus";  /* **** */
"Pyramid of Menkaure" = "Pyramid of Menkaure";  /* **** */
"Smallest of the great pyramids at Giza." = "Smallest of the great pyramids at Giza.";  /* **** */

"Mentuhotpe II Reunifies Egypt" = "Mentuhotpe II riunifica l'Egitto";
"Mentuhotpe II conquers Lower Egypt to rule all of Egypt." = "Mentuhotpe II conquers Lower Egypt to rule all of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Founding of Alexandria" = "Fondazione di Alessandria";
"Alexander founds Alexandria, which becomes the Ptolemaic capital of Egypt." = "Alexander founds Alexandria, which becomes the Ptolemaic capital of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Julius Caesar in Egypt" = "Giulio Cesare in Egitto";
"Julius Caesar establishes Cleopatra VII’s rule and she conceives his son." = "Julius Caesar establishes Cleopatra VII’s rule and she conceives his son.";  /* **** */

"Cleopatra in Rome" = "Cleopatra a Roma";
"Cleopatra visits Rome to secure her son’s succession, but leaves when Octavius is named Caesar’s heir." = "Cleopatra visits Rome to secure her son’s succession, but leaves when Octavius is named Caesar’s heir.";  /* **** */

"Cleopatra Marries Marc Antony" = "Cleopatra sposa Marco Antonio";
"Cleopatra marries Marc Antony, which eventually leads to civil war with Octavius." = "Cleopatra marries Marc Antony, which eventually leads to civil war with Octavius.";  /* **** */

"Octavius Enters Alexandria" = "Octavius Enters Alexandria";  /* **** */
"Octavius defeats Antony and Cleopatra, who both commit suicide." = "Octavius defeats Antony and Cleopatra, who both commit suicide.";  /* **** */

"Sinai War" = "Sinai War";  /* **** */
"Second Arab–Israel War, Suez Cr" = "Second Arab–Israel War, Suez Cr";  /* **** */
"Israel, Britain, and France invade Sinai over control of the Suez canal." = "Israel, Britain, and France invade Sinai over control of the Suez canal.";  /* **** */

"Yom Kippur War" = "Yom Kippur War";  /* **** */
"Ramadan War" = "Ramadan War";  /* **** */
"War between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai peninsula." = "War between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai peninsula.";  /* **** */



/* EGYPT - Political */

"1st–2nd Dynasties" = "1st–2nd Dynasties";  /* **** */
"Archaic Egypt" = "Archaic Egypt";  /* **** */
"The earliest dynasties to rule both Upper and Lower Egypt." = "The earliest dynasties to rule both Upper and Lower Egypt.";  /* **** */

"3rd Dynasty" = "3rd Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Third Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "Third Dynasty, Old Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Strong pharaohs rule from Memphis and are buried at Saqqara." = "Strong pharaohs rule from Memphis and are buried at Saqqara.";  /* **** */

"4th Dynasty" = "4th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Fourth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "Fourth Dynasty, Old Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Egyptian dynasty which built the great pyramids." = "Egyptian dynasty which built the great pyramids.";  /* **** */

"5th Dynasty" = "5th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Egyptian dynasty which built temples to Ra and smaller pyramids." = "Egyptian dynasty which built temples to Ra and smaller pyramids.";  /* **** */

"6th Dynasty" = "6th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Sixth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "Sixth Dynasty, Old Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Egyptian dynasty weakened by the growing power of the nomarchs." = "Egyptian dynasty weakened by the growing power of the nomarchs.";  /* **** */

"7th–10th Dynasties" = "7th–10th Dynasties";  /* **** */
"First Intermediate Period" = "Primo Periodo Intermedio";
"Political instability and decentralization fragment Egypt." = "Political instability and decentralization fragment Egypt.";  /* **** */

"11th Dynasty (Thebes)" = "11th Dynasty (Thebes)";  /* **** */
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Upper Egypt from Thebes.";  /* **** */

"11th Dynasty" = "11th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Middle Kingdom" = "Middle Kingdom";  /* **** */
"11th Dynasty pharaohs rule all of Egypt, beginning the Middle Kingdom." = "11th Dynasty pharaohs rule all of Egypt, beginning the Middle Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"12th Dynasty" = "12th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Dynasty of pharaohs which ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom." = "Dynasty of pharaohs which ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"13th–17th Dynasties" = "13th–17th Dynasties";  /* **** */
"Second Intermediate Period" = "Secondo Periodo intermedio";
"Regional divisions leave Egypt open to foreign domination by the Hyksos." = "Regional divisions leave Egypt open to foreign domination by the Hyksos.";  /* **** */

"Hyksos Period" = "Periodo Hyksos";
"A Semitic people invade and dominate much of Egypt." = "A Semitic people invade and dominate much of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"18th Dynasty" = "18th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"New Kingdom" = "Regno nuovo";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ushered in the New Kingdom." = "Dynasty of pharaohs who ushered in the New Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"19th Dynasty" = "19th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled at the height of the New Kingdom." = "Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled at the height of the New Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"20th Dynasty" = "20th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Dynasty of pharaohs during the decline of the New Kingdom." = "Dynasty of pharaohs during the decline of the New Kingdom.";  /* **** */

"21st Dynasty" = "21st Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Third Intermediate Period" = "Terzo Periodo intermedio";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis." = "Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis.";  /* **** */

"Priests of Amun" = "Priests of Amun";  /* **** */
"The priests of Amun effectively rule Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "The priests of Amun effectively rule Upper Egypt from Thebes.";  /* **** */

"22nd Dynasty" = "22nd Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Libyan dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis." = "Libyan dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis.";  /* **** */

"23rd Dynasty" = "23rd Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Libyan dynasty of kings who ruled parts of Upper Egypt." = "Libyan dynasty of kings who ruled parts of Upper Egypt.";  /* **** */

"25th Dynasty (Thebes)" = "25th Dynasty (Thebes)";  /* **** */
"Nubian rulers conquer and rule Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "Nubian rulers conquer and rule Upper Egypt from Thebes.";  /* **** */

"24th Dynasty" = "24th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Short-lived dynasty that ruled from Sais in the western delta." = "Short-lived dynasty that ruled from Sais in the western delta.";  /* **** */

"25th Dynasty (Lower Egypt)" = "25th Dynasty (Lower Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Nubian rulers conquer all of Egypt and clash with the Assyrians." = "Nubian rulers conquer all of Egypt and clash with the Assyrians.";  /* **** */

"26th Dynasty" = "26th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Late Period" = "Late Period";  /* **** */
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled from Sais during the Late Period." = "Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled from Sais during the Late Period.";  /* **** */

"27th Dynasty" = "27th Dynasty";  /* **** */
"1st Persian Dominion" = "I dominazione persiana";
"Persian kings rule Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire." = "Persian kings rule Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire.";  /* **** */

"28th–30th Dynasties" = "28th–30th Dynasties";  /* **** */
"Egyptian Independence" = "Indipendenza d'Egitto";
"Native Egyptian rulers maintain independence from Persia." = "Native Egyptian rulers maintain independence from Persia.";  /* **** */

"31st Dynasty" = "31st Dynasty";  /* **** */
"2nd Persian Dominion" = "II dominazione persiana";
"Persian kings again rule Egypt until it is annexed by Alexander the Great." = "Persian kings again rule Egypt until it is annexed by Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Egypt)" = "Impero greco (Egitto)";
"Alexander the Great liberates Egypt from Persia." = "Alexander the Great liberates Egypt from Persia.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemaic Period" = "Periodo tolemaico";
"Ptolemy I seizes control of Egypt and establishes a lasting dynasty." = "Ptolemy I seizes control of Egypt and establishes a lasting dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Egypt)" = "Impero romano (Egitto)";
"Egypt becomes a province of the Roman Empire." = "Egypt becomes a province of the Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Egypt)" = "Byzantine Empire (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Egypt remains a Byzantine province." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Egypt remains a Byzantine province.";  /* **** */

"Sassanian Empire (Egypt)" = "Sassanian Empire (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Sassanian Persians conquer Egypt." = "Sassanian Persians conquer Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Byzantines reconquer Egypt from the Sassanian Empire." = "Byzantines reconquer Egypt from the Sassanian Empire.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Egypt." = "Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Egypt subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Egypt subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Abbasid Caliphate (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Egypt subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Egypt subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Tulunid Control (Egypt)" = "Tulunid Control (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Egypt under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Egypt under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Shia Muslims from North Africa conquer Egypt and establish a rival caliphate to the Abbasids." = "Shia Muslims from North Africa conquer Egypt and establish a rival caliphate to the Abbasids.";  /* **** */

"Ayyubid Sultanate" = "Ayyubid Sultanate";  /* **** */
"Egypt under the control of the Ayyubid dynasty." = "Egypt under the control of the Ayyubid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Mamluk Sultanate" = "Mamluk Sultanate";  /* **** */
"Egypt under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Egypt under the control of the Mamluk sultans.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Egypt)" = "Ottoman Empire (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Egypt is an often semi-autonomous province under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Egypt is an often semi-autonomous province under the control of the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"British Rule (Egypt)" = "British Rule (Egypt)";  /* **** */
"Egypt under the control of Great Britain." = "Egypt under the control of Great Britain.";  /* **** */

"Egypt (Nation)" = "Egypt (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Egypt becomes an independent republic." = "Egypt becomes an independent republic.";  /* **** */



/* EGYPT - Religious Leaders */

"Athanasius" = "Atanasio";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Rulers */

"Othniel" = "Otnièl";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Aramean oppression." = "Judge who delivered Israel from Aramean oppression.";  /* **** */

"Ehud" = "Eud";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Moabite oppression." = "Judge who delivered Israel from Moabite oppression.";  /* **** */

"Deborah" = "Dèbora";
"Prophetess and judge who delivered Israel from Canaanite oppression." = "Prophetess and judge who delivered Israel from Canaanite oppression.";  /* **** */

"Shamgar" = "Samgar";
"Judge who defeated 600 Philistines." = "Judge who defeated 600 Philistines.";  /* **** */

"Gideon" = "Gedeone";
"Jerub-Baal" = "Ierub-Baal";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Midianite oppression." = "Judge who delivered Israel from Midianite oppression.";  /* **** */

"Abimelech" = "Abimèlec";
"Son of Gideon who killed his brothers and declared himself king." = "Son of Gideon who killed his brothers and declared himself king.";  /* **** */

"Tola" = "Tola";  /* **** */
"Judge in the highlands of Ephraim." = "Judge in the highlands of Ephraim.";  /* **** */

"Jephthah" = "Iefte";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Ammonite oppression." = "Judge who delivered Israel from Ammonite oppression.";  /* **** */

"Samson" = "Sansone";
"Judge and strongman from Dan who fought the Philistines." = "Judge and strongman from Dan who fought the Philistines.";  /* **** */

"Ibzan" = "Abesan";
"Judge who ruled in Bethlehem." = "Judge who ruled in Bethlehem.";  /* **** */

"Jair" = "Iair";
"Judge with 30 sons who ruled in Gilead." = "Judge with 30 sons who ruled in Gilead.";  /* **** */

"Elon" = "Elon";  /* **** */
"Judge from the tribe of Zebulun." = "Judge from the tribe of Zebulun.";  /* **** */

"Abdon" = "Abdon";  /* **** */

"First king of Israel, anointed by Samuel but eventually rejected by God." = "First king of Israel, anointed by Samuel but eventually rejected by God.";  /* **** */

"David" = "Davide";
"Shepherd, psalmist, and warrior who became the second king of Israel." = "Shepherd, psalmist, and warrior who became the second king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Ish-Bosheth" = "Is-Bàal";

"Solomon" = "Salomone";
"Proverbially wise and wealthy third king of Israel." = "Proverbially wise and wealthy third king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Jeroboam" = "Geroboamo";
"First king of Israel who broke away from Davidic rule and established rival cult centers." = "First king of Israel who broke away from Davidic rule and established rival cult centers.";  /* **** */

"Rehoboam" = "Roboamo";
"King of Judah who lost northern Israel to Jeroboam I." = "King of Judah who lost northern Israel to Jeroboam I.";  /* **** */

"Abijah" = "Abia";
"Abijam" = "Abiam";
"King of Judah continually at war with Jeroboam I of Israel." = "King of Judah continually at war with Jeroboam I of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Asa" = "Asa";  /* **** */
"King of Judah devoted to the Lord throughout his long reign." = "King of Judah devoted to the Lord throughout his long reign.";  /* **** */

"Nadab" = "Nadab";  /* **** */
"King of Israel deposed by Baasha." = "King of Israel deposed by Baasha.";  /* **** */

"Baasha" = "Baasà";
"Usurper who killed Baasha to become king of Israel." = "Usurper who killed Baasha to become king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Elah" = "Ela";
"King of Israel deposed by Zimri." = "King of Israel deposed by Zimri.";  /* **** */

"Omri" = "Omri";  /* **** */
"Army commander who defeated Zimri to become king of Israel." = "Army commander who defeated Zimri to become king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Tibni" = "Tibnì";
"Rival claimant to the throne of Israel defeated by Omri." = "Rival claimant to the throne of Israel defeated by Omri.";  /* **** */

"Zimri" = "Zimrì";
"Usurper who killed Elah to become king of Israel." = "Usurper who killed Elah to become king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Ahab" = "Acab";
"King of Israel who married Jezebel and promoted Baal worship." = "King of Israel who married Jezebel and promoted Baal worship.";  /* **** */

"Jehoshaphat" = "Giòsafat";
"Faithful king of Judah who made an alliance with the kings of Israel." = "Faithful king of Judah who made an alliance with the kings of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Ahaziah (Israel)" = "Acazia (Israele)";
"King of Israel condemned for consulting Baal-zebub." = "King of Israel condemned for consulting Baal-zebub.";  /* **** */

"Joram" = "Ioram";
"Unfaithful king of Judah condemned by Elijah." = "Unfaithful king of Judah condemned by Elijah.";  /* **** */

"Jehoram" = "Ioram";
"King of Israel often opposed to Elisha and deposed by Jehu." = "King of Israel often opposed to Elisha and deposed by Jehu.";  /* **** */

"Ahaziah (Judah)" = "Acazia (Giuda)";
"Jehoahaz (Judah)" = "Ioacàz (Giuda)";
"King of Judah killed alongside Joram of Israel by Jehu." = "King of Judah killed alongside Joram of Israel by Jehu.";  /* **** */

"Athaliah" = "Attalia";
"Queen of Judah who nearly eradicated the dynasty of David." = "Queen of Judah who nearly eradicated the dynasty of David.";  /* **** */

"Jehu" = "Ieu";
"Usurper who killed Ahaziah of Judah, Joram of Israel, and Jezebel to become king of Israel." = "Usurper who killed Ahaziah of Judah, Joram of Israel, and Jezebel to become king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Joash" = "Ioas";
"Jehoash (Judah)" = "Jehoash (Judah)";  /* **** */
"Son of Ahaziah rescued from Athaliah and made king of Judah after her overthrow." = "Son of Ahaziah rescued from Athaliah and made king of Judah after her overthrow.";  /* **** */

"Jehoahaz (Israel)" = "Ioacàz (Israele)";
"King of Israel who suffered repeated losses to Aram." = "King of Israel who suffered repeated losses to Aram.";  /* **** */

"Jehoash" = "Ioas";
"Joash (Israel)" = "Ioas (Israele)";
"King of Israel who sacked Jerusalem and captured Amaziah of Judah." = "King of Israel who sacked Jerusalem and captured Amaziah of Judah.";  /* **** */

"Amaziah" = "Amasia";
"King of Judah captured by Jehoash of Israel." = "King of Judah captured by Jehoash of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Jeroboam II" = "Geroboamo II";
"King of Israel who ruled during a long period of peace and prosperity." = "King of Israel who ruled during a long period of peace and prosperity.";  /* **** */

"Uzziah" = "Ozia";
"Azariah" = "Azaria";
"Faithful king of Judah who enjoyed a long, prosperous reign but died a leper." = "Faithful king of Judah who enjoyed a long, prosperous reign but died a leper.";  /* **** */

"Zechariah (Israel)" = "Zaccaria (Israele)";
"Final king of Israel from the dynasty of Jehu. Deposed by Shallum." = "Final king of Israel from the dynasty of Jehu. Deposed by Shallum.";  /* **** */

"Menahem" = "Menachèm";
"Usurper who killed Shallum to become king of Israel." = "Usurper who killed Shallum to become king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Pekah" = "Pekach";
"King of Israel allied with Aram against Judah." = "King of Israel allied with Aram against Judah.";  /* **** */

"Usurper who killed Zechariah to become king of Israel, only to be killed by Menahem." = "Usurper who killed Zechariah to become king of Israel, only to be killed by Menahem.";  /* **** */

"Jotham" = "Iotam";
"Faithful king of Judah who began ruling when Uzziah contracted leprosy." = "Faithful king of Judah who began ruling when Uzziah contracted leprosy.";  /* **** */

"Pekahiah" = "Pekachia";
"King of Israel deposed by Pekah." = "King of Israel deposed by Pekah.";  /* **** */

"Ahaz" = "Acaz";
"King of Judah who bribed Assyria into attacking Aram and Israel." = "King of Judah who bribed Assyria into attacking Aram and Israel.";  /* **** */

"Hoshea" = "Osea";
"Last king of Israel captured by the Assyrians." = "Last king of Israel captured by the Assyrians.";  /* **** */

"Hezekiah" = "Ezechia";
"Faithful king of Judah who endured invasion by Sennacherib of Assyria." = "Faithful king of Judah who endured invasion by Sennacherib of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Manasseh" = "Manasse";
"Idolatrous king of Judah who repented after captivity in Babylon." = "Idolatrous king of Judah who repented after captivity in Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Amon" = "Amon";  /* **** */
"Idolatrous king of Judah assassinated by his servants." = "Idolatrous king of Judah assassinated by his servants.";  /* **** */

"Josiah" = "Giosia";
"Faithful king of Judah who led sweeping religious reforms." = "Faithful king of Judah who led sweeping religious reforms.";  /* **** */

"Shallum" = "Sallum";
"King of Judah deposed by Neco II of Egypt." = "King of Judah deposed by Neco II of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Jehoiakim" = "Ioiakìm";
"Eliakim" = "Eliakim";  /* **** */
"King of Judah who ruled as a puppet of both Egypt and Babylon." = "King of Judah who ruled as a puppet of both Egypt and Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Jehoiachin" = "Ioiakìm";
"King of Judah carried into Babylonian exile." = "King of Judah carried into Babylonian exile.";  /* **** */

"Zedekiah" = "Sedecia";
"Last king of Judah blinded and exiled to Babylon." = "Last king of Judah blinded and exiled to Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Nehemiah" = "Nehemiah";  /* **** */
"Jewish Persian official who returned to Jerusalem as governor, rebuilding its walls and leading reforms." = "Jewish Persian official who returned to Jerusalem as governor, rebuilding its walls and leading reforms.";  /* **** */

"Judas Maccabeus" = "Giuda Maccabeo";
"Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after his father’s death." = "Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after his father’s death.";  /* **** */

"Mattathias" = "Mattatias";
"Jewish priest who began the Maccabean revolt." = "Jewish priest who began the Maccabean revolt.";  /* **** */

"Jonathan" = "Giònata";
"Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after the death of Judas." = "Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after the death of Judas.";  /* **** */

"Simon" = "Simone";
"Son of Mattathias who founded the Hasmonean dynasty." = "Son of Mattathias who founded the Hasmonean dynasty.";  /* **** */

"John Hyrcanus I" = "Giovanni Ircano I";
"Son of Simon who expanded the Hasmonean kingdom." = "Son of Simon who expanded the Hasmonean kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Aristobulus I" = "Aristobulo I";
"Hasmonean ruler who took the title of king and conquered Galilee." = "Hasmonean ruler who took the title of king and conquered Galilee.";  /* **** */

"Alexander Janneus" = "Alessandro Ianneo";
"Hasmonean ruler who expanded the kingdom and fought a civil war." = "Hasmonean ruler who expanded the kingdom and fought a civil war.";  /* **** */

"Alexandra" = "Alessandra";
"Hasmonean queen who quieted factional disputes." = "Hasmonean queen who quieted factional disputes.";  /* **** */

"Aristobulus II" = "Aristobulo II";
"Hasmonean ruler who deposed Hyrcanus II but was deposed by the Roman general Pompey." = "Hasmonean ruler who deposed Hyrcanus II but was deposed by the Roman general Pompey.";  /* **** */

"Hyrcanus II" = "Ircano II";
"Hasmonean ruler restored to power by the Roman general Pompey." = "Hasmonean ruler restored to power by the Roman general Pompey.";  /* **** */

"Herod the Great" = "Erode il Grande";
"King of Judea known for ambitious building projects and murderous paranoia." = "King of Judea known for ambitious building projects and murderous paranoia.";  /* **** */

"Archelaus" = "Archelao";
"Ethnarch of Judea installed and later deposed by Augustus." = "Ethnarch of Judea installed and later deposed by Augustus.";  /* **** */

"Herod Antipas" = "Erode Antipa";
"Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Galilee. Executed John the Baptist and tried Jesus." = "Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Galilee. Executed John the Baptist and tried Jesus.";  /* **** */

"Herod Philip II" = "Herod Philip II";  /* **** */
"Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitus." = "Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitus.";  /* **** */

"Pontius Pilate" = "Ponzio Pilato";
"Governor of Judea who crucified Jesus." = "Governor of Judea who crucified Jesus.";  /* **** */

"Herod Agrippa I" = "Erode Agrippa I";
"King of Judea who persecuted the early church." = "King of Judea who persecuted the early church.";  /* **** */

"Herod Agrippa II" = "Herod Agrippa II";  /* **** */
"Jewish king who never controlled any territory. Consulted by Festus regarding the case of Paul." = "Jewish king who never controlled any territory. Consulted by Festus regarding the case of Paul.";  /* **** */

"Antonius Felix" = "Antonius Felix";  /* **** */
"Governor of Judea who imprisoned Paul at Caesarea." = "Governor of Judea who imprisoned Paul at Caesarea.";  /* **** */

"Porcias Festus" = "Porcias Festus";  /* **** */
"Governor of Judea who tried Paul and sent him to Rome." = "Governor of Judea who tried Paul and sent him to Rome.";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Prophets */

"Gad" = "Gad";  /* **** */
"Prophet who served David during his flight from Saul and later rule." = "Prophet who served David during his flight from Saul and later rule.";  /* **** */

"Nathan" = "Natan";
"Court prophet of David who exposed his sin with Bathsheba." = "Court prophet of David who exposed his sin with Bathsheba.";  /* **** */

"Elijah" = "Elia";
"Prophet of Israel who opposed Ahab and Jezebel’s idolatry." = "Prophet of Israel who opposed Ahab and Jezebel’s idolatry.";  /* **** */

"Elisha" = "Eliseo";
"Prophet of Israel who succeeded Elijah and performed many miracles." = "Prophet of Israel who succeeded Elijah and performed many miracles.";  /* **** */

"Joel" = "Gioele";
"Prophet of Judah who preached about the “Day of the Lord.”" = "Prophet of Judah who preached about the “Day of the Lord.”";  /* **** */

"Obadiah" = "Abdia";
"Prophet of Judah who preached against Edom." = "Prophet of Judah who preached against Edom.";  /* **** */

"Jonah" = "Giona";

"Prophet of Israel who reluctantly preached in Nineveh." = "Prophet of Israel who reluctantly preached in Nineveh.";  /* **** */

"Amos" = "Amos";  /* **** */
"Prophet from Judah called to Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II." = "Prophet from Judah called to Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II.";  /* **** */

"Hosea" = "Osea";
"Prophet of Israel who condemned Israel’s covenant unfaithfulness." = "Prophet of Israel who condemned Israel’s covenant unfaithfulness.";  /* **** */

"Micah" = "Michea";
"Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah." = "Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah.";  /* **** */

"Isaiah" = "Isaia";
"Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah." = "Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah.";  /* **** */

"First Isaiah" = "Primo Isaia";

"Nahum" = "Naum";

"Prophet of Judah who prophesied the fall of Nineveh." = "Prophet of Judah who prophesied the fall of Nineveh.";  /* **** */

"Zephaniah" = "Sofonia";
"Prophet of Judah who preached God’s judgment on Judah and the nations." = "Prophet of Judah who preached God’s judgment on Judah and the nations.";  /* **** */

"Jeremiah" = "Geremia";
"Prophet of Judah who witnessed the Babylonian conquest." = "Prophet of Judah who witnessed the Babylonian conquest.";  /* **** */

"Habakkuk" = "Abacuc";

"Prophet of Judah who wrestled with the rise of Babylonia." = "Prophet of Judah who wrestled with the rise of Babylonia.";  /* **** */

"Daniel" = "Daniele";
"Belteshazzar" = "Baldassàr";
"Exilic prophet who served in the Babylonian court." = "Exilic prophet who served in the Babylonian court.";  /* **** */

"Ezekiel" = "Ezechiele";
"Exilic prophet who prophesied the fall and restoration of Jerusalem." = "Exilic prophet who prophesied the fall and restoration of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Second Isaiah" = "Secondo Isaia";
"Deutero-Isaiah" = "Deutero-Isaia";
"Pseudonymous exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 40–66 (or possibly only 40–55)." = "Pseudonymous exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 40–66 (or possibly only 40–55).";  /* **** */

"Haggai" = "Aggeo";
"Post-exilic prophet who urged the rebuilding of the temple." = "Post-exilic prophet who urged the rebuilding of the temple.";  /* **** */

"Zechariah" = "Zaccaria";
"Post-exilic prophet who foretold a coming messiah." = "Post-exilic prophet who foretold a coming messiah.";  /* **** */

"Third Isaiah?" = "Terzo Isaia?";
"Trito-Isaiah" = "Trito-Isaia";
"Pseudonymous post-exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 56–66." = "Pseudonymous post-exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 56–66.";  /* **** */

"Malachi" = "Malachia";
"Post-exilic prophet who peached against covenant unfaithfulness." = "Post-exilic prophet who peached against covenant unfaithfulness.";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Individuals */

"Terah" = "Terach";
"Father of Abram, who emigrated with his family from Ur to Haran." = "Father of Abram, who emigrated with his family from Ur to Haran.";  /* **** */

"Abraham" = "Abramo";
"Abram" = "Abram";  /* **** */
"Hebrew patriarch whom God called to Canaan with the promise that he would become a great nation." = "Hebrew patriarch whom God called to Canaan with the promise that he would become a great nation.";  /* **** */

"Sarah" = "Sara";
"Sarai" = "Sarài";
"The wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac." = "The wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac.";  /* **** */

"Ishmael" = "Ismaele";
"The son of Abraham by Hagar, Sarah’s slave." = "The son of Abraham by Hagar, Sarah’s slave.";  /* **** */

"Isaac" = "Isacco";
"The son of Abraham and Sarah; father to Jacob and Esau." = "The son of Abraham and Sarah; father to Jacob and Esau.";  /* **** */

"Esau" = "Esaù";
"Edom" = "Edom";  /* **** */
"The older twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father of the Edomites." = "The older twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father of the Edomites.";  /* **** */

"Jacob" = "Giacobbe";
"Israel" = "Israele";
"The younger twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father to the 12 tribes of Israel." = "The younger twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father to the 12 tribes of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Levi" = "Levi";  /* **** */
"Third son of Jacob by Leah whose descendants became Israel’s priests." = "Third son of Jacob by Leah whose descendants became Israel’s priests.";  /* **** */

"Joseph" = "Giuseppe";
"The son of Jacob and Rachel; father of Manasseh and Ephraim." = "The son of Jacob and Rachel; father of Manasseh and Ephraim.";  /* **** */

"Aaron (Life)" = "Aaron (Life)";  /* **** */
"Brother of Moses who acted as his spokesman and became the first high priest." = "Brother of Moses who acted as his spokesman and became the first high priest.";  /* **** */

"Moses" = "Mosè";
"Lawgiver who led the Israelite exodus from Egypt." = "Lawgiver who led the Israelite exodus from Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Caleb" = "Caleb";  /* **** */
"Faithful Israelite spy who lived to conquer Hebron." = "Faithful Israelite spy who lived to conquer Hebron.";  /* **** */

"Joshua" = "Giosuè";
"Successor to Moses who led the Israelite conquest of Canaan." = "Successor to Moses who led the Israelite conquest of Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Eli (Life)" = "Eli (Life)";  /* **** */
"Priest who received the boy Samuel and who died when the Philistines captured the ark of the covenant." = "Priest who received the boy Samuel and who died when the Philistines captured the ark of the covenant.";  /* **** */

"Ruth" = "Rut";
"Moabite daughter-in-law of Naomi, wife of Boaz, and great-grandmother of David. " = "Moabite daughter-in-law of Naomi, wife of Boaz, and great-grandmother of David. ";  /* **** */

"Samuel" = "Samuele";
"Prophet, priest, and final judge of Israel who oversaw the transition to monarchy." = "Prophet, priest, and final judge of Israel who oversaw the transition to monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Saul (Life)" = "Saul (Vita)";

"Jonathan (Life)" = "Giònata (Vita)";
"Eldest son of Saul who made a covenant with David." = "Eldest son of Saul who made a covenant with David.";  /* **** */

"Ish-Bosheth (Life)" = "Is-Bàal (Vita)";
"Esh-Baal" = "Esh-Baal";  /* **** */
"Surviving son of Saul who briefly ruled northern Israel." = "Surviving son of Saul who briefly ruled northern Israel.";  /* **** */

"David (Life)" = "Davide (Vita)";

"Solomon (Life)" = "Salomone (Vita)";

"Jezebel" = "Jezebel";  /* **** */
"Princess of Tyre who married Ahab of Israel and promoted the worship of Baal and Asherah." = "Princess of Tyre who married Ahab of Israel and promoted the worship of Baal and Asherah.";  /* **** */

"Hillel the Elder" = "Hillel the Elder";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Hillel school tended to be less strict than the rival school of Shammai." = "Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Hillel school tended to be less strict than the rival school of Shammai.";  /* **** */

"Shammai" = "Shammai";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Shammai school tended to be more strict than the rival school of Hillel." = "Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Shammai school tended to be more strict than the rival school of Hillel.";  /* **** */

"Herod Philip I" = "Herod Philip I";  /* **** */
"Herod II" = "Herod II";  /* **** */
"Son of Herod the Great, first husband of Herodias, and father of Salome." = "Son of Herod the Great, first husband of Herodias, and father of Salome.";  /* **** */

"Herodias" = "Herodias";  /* **** */
"Mother of Salome by her first husband, whom she abandoned to marry Antipas." = "Mother of Salome by her first husband, whom she abandoned to marry Antipas.";  /* **** */

"Gamaliel" = "Gamaliel";  /* **** */
"Grandson of Hillel and leader of the Sanhedrin who advised cautious toleration of early Christians." = "Grandson of Hillel and leader of the Sanhedrin who advised cautious toleration of early Christians.";  /* **** */

"John the Baptist" = "Giovanni Battista";
"Itinerant preacher who proclaimed Jesus as Messiah and opposed Herod Antipas." = "Itinerant preacher who proclaimed Jesus as Messiah and opposed Herod Antipas.";  /* **** */

"Jesus" = "Gesù";
"Christ" = "Cristo";
"Jewish rabbi regarded by Christians as incarnate Son of God." = "Jewish rabbi regarded by Christians as incarnate Son of God.";  /* **** */

"Paul" = "Paolo";
"Saul" = "Saul";  /* **** */
"Pharisee who persecuted the church before becoming a Christian apostle." = "Pharisee who persecuted the church before becoming a Christian apostle.";  /* **** */

"Akiva" = "Akiva";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. Proclaimed Bar Kokhba as the Messiah." = "Jewish rabbi whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. Proclaimed Bar Kokhba as the Messiah.";  /* **** */

"Shimon bar Yochai" = "Shimon bar Yochai";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi regarded as the author of the Zohar." = "Jewish rabbi regarded as the author of the Zohar.";  /* **** */

"Judah ha-Nasi" = "Judah ha-Nasi";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi and ruler of the Sanhedrin who edited the Mishna." = "Jewish rabbi and ruler of the Sanhedrin who edited the Mishna.";  /* **** */

"Pamphilus" = "Pamphilus";  /* **** */
"Christian scholar and presbyter of Caesarea martyred during the Diocletian persecution." = "Christian scholar and presbyter of Caesarea martyred during the Diocletian persecution.";  /* **** */

"Eusebius of Caesarea" = "Eusebius of Caesarea";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Caesarea and author of Church History." = "Bishop of Caesarea and author of Church History.";  /* **** */

"Hilarion" = "Hilarion";  /* **** */
"Palestinian Christian hermit who brought anchorite monasticism to Palestine." = "Palestinian Christian hermit who brought anchorite monasticism to Palestine.";  /* **** */

"Cyril of Jerusalem" = "Cyril of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Jerusalem known for his Catechetical Homilies." = "Bishop of Jerusalem known for his Catechetical Homilies.";  /* **** */

"Jerome" = "Girolamo";
"Christian scholar who produced the Latin Vulgate translation of the Scriptures." = "Christian scholar who produced the Latin Vulgate translation of the Scriptures.";  /* **** */

"Paula of Rome" = "Paula of Rome";  /* **** */
"Roman noblewoman who established a convent in Bethlehem in association with Jerome." = "Roman noblewoman who established a convent in Bethlehem in association with Jerome.";  /* **** */

"Sophronius (Life)" = "Sophronius (Life)";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Monoenergism and Monothelitism. Reportedly toured Jerusalem with the Muslim Caliph Umar." = "Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Monoenergism and Monothelitism. Reportedly toured Jerusalem with the Muslim Caliph Umar.";  /* **** */

"Ben Naphtali" = "Ben Naphtali";  /* **** */
"Jewish scribe of a rival Masoretic school to that of Ben Asher." = "Jewish scribe of a rival Masoretic school to that of Ben Asher.";  /* **** */

"Ben Asher" = "Ben Asher";  /* **** */
"Aaron ben Moses ben Asher" = "Aaron ben Moses ben Asher";  /* **** */
"Jewish scribe who refined the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible." = "Jewish scribe who refined the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible.";  /* **** */

"Dositheos (Life)" = "Dositheos (Life)";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Catholic and Protestant influences in the Orthodox church. Called the Synod of Jerusalem." = "Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Catholic and Protestant influences in the Orthodox church. Called the Synod of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Martin Buber" = "Martin Buber";  /* **** */
"Austrian-Israeli philosopher of religion who spoke of religious encounter as an “I-Thou relationship.”" = "Austrian-Israeli philosopher of religion who spoke of religious encounter as an “I-Thou relationship.”";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Writings */

"Pentateuch" = "Pentateuco";

"Joshua (Book)" = "Giosuè (Libro)";

"Judges (Book)" = "Giudici (Libro)";

"Yahwist (J)" = "Jahvista (J)";

"1–2 Samuel" = "1–2 Samuele";
"Samuel * Books of" = "Samuele * Libro di";

"Gezer Calendar" = "Calendario Gezer";
"Early Hebrew inscription listing the times for various agricultural activities." = "Early Hebrew inscription listing the times for various agricultural activities.";  /* **** */

"Obadiah (Book)" = "Abdia (Libro)";

"Tel Dan Inscription" = "Tel Dan Inscription";  /* **** */
"House of David Inscription" = "House of David Inscription";  /* **** */
"Aramaic inscription from Dan which mentions the house of David." = "Aramaic inscription from Dan which mentions the house of David.";  /* **** */

"Mesha Stele" = "Stele di Mesha";
"Moabite Stone" = "Pietra moabita";
"Moabite account of Mesha’s successful revolt against Israel." = "Moabite account of Mesha’s successful revolt against Israel.";  /* **** */

"Joel (Book)" = "Gioele (Libro)";

"Deir Alla Inscription" = "Deir Alla Inscription";  /* **** */
"Book of Balaam, son of Beor" = "Book of Balaam, son of Beor";  /* **** */
"Aramaic inscription from Deir Alla relating visions by Balaam son of Beor." = "Aramaic inscription from Deir Alla relating visions by Balaam son of Beor.";  /* **** */

"Elohist (E)" = "Eloista (E)";

"Amos (Book)" = "Amos (Libro)";

"Jonah (Book)" = "Giona (Libro)";

"Micah (Book)" = "Michea (Libro)";

"Hosea (Book)" = "Osea (Libro)";

"Siloam Inscription" = "Iscrizione di Siloam";
"Paleo-Hebrew inscription detailing the completion of Hezekiah’s tunnel." = "Paleo-Hebrew inscription detailing the completion of Hezekiah’s tunnel.";  /* **** */

"First Isaiah (Book)" = "First Isaiah (Book)";  /* **** */

"Isaiah (Book)" = "Isaia (Libro)";

"Nahum (Book)" = "Naum (Libro)";

"Zephaniah (Book)" = "Sofonia (Libro)";

"Deuteronomy" = "Deuteronomio";
"Deuteronomic * D" = "Deuteronomico * D";

"Habakkuk (Book)" = "Abacuc (Libro)";

"Priestly Document" = "Documento sacerdotale";
"Priestly * P" = "Sacerdotale * P";

"1–2 Kings" = "1–2 Re";
"Kings * Books of" = "Re * Libri dei";

"Jeremiah (Book)" = "Geremia (Libro)";

"Ezekiel (Book)" = "Ezechiele (Libro)";

"Deuteronomistic History" = "Storia Deuteronomistica";

"Second Isaiah (Book)" = "Second Isaiah (Book)";  /* **** */
"Redaction by Second Isaiah" = "Redazione del Secondo Isaia";

"Daniel (Book)" = "Daniele (Libro)";

"Haggai (Book)" = "Aggeo (Libro)";

"Malachi (Book)" = "Malachia (Libro)";

"Torah" = "Torah";  /* **** */

"Zechariah (Book)" = "Zaccaria (Libro)";

"Isaiah (Book)?" = "Isaia (Libro)?";
"Redaction by Third Isaiah?" = "Redazione del Terzo Isaia?";

"1–2 Chronicles" = "1–2 Cronache";
"Chronicles * Books of" = "Cronache * Libro delle";

"Ezra (Book)" = "Esdra (Libro)";

"Nehemiah (Book)" = "Neemia (Libro)";

"Chronistic History" = "Storia del Cronista";

"Dead Sea Scrolls" = "Rotoli del Mar Morto";
"Collection of Hebrew texts found in caves near the Dead Sea." = "Collection of Hebrew texts found in caves near the Dead Sea.";  /* **** */

"1 Enoch" = "1 Enoch";  /* **** */
"A composite work which reveals Second Temple apocalyptic thought." = "A composite work which reveals Second Temple apocalyptic thought.";  /* **** */

"Tobit" = "Tobit";  /* **** */
"Originally written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Fragments in both languages were found at Qumran." = "Originally written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Fragments in both languages were found at Qumran.";  /* **** */

"Sirach (Hebrew)" = "Sirach (Hebrew)";  /* **** */
"Ben Sira" = "Ben Sira";  /* **** */
"Originally written in Hebrew in Palestine prior to the Maccabean revolt." = "Originally written in Hebrew in Palestine prior to the Maccabean revolt.";  /* **** */

"Judith" = "Judith";  /* **** */
"Originally written in Hebrew, possibly during the Maccabean revolt." = "Originally written in Hebrew, possibly during the Maccabean revolt.";  /* **** */

"1 Maccabees" = "1 Maccabees";  /* **** */
"Although only extant in Greek, was originally written in Hebrew." = "Although only extant in Greek, was originally written in Hebrew.";  /* **** */

"2 Maccabees" = "2 Maccabees";  /* **** */
"Abridgment of an earlier history written in Greek." = "Abridgment of an earlier history written in Greek.";  /* **** */

"Baruch" = "Baruch";  /* **** */
"Purports to have been written in the time of Jeremiah, but from a later period." = "Purports to have been written in the time of Jeremiah, but from a later period.";  /* **** */

"Galatians" = "Galati";

"1 Thessalonians" = "1 Tessalonicesi";
"Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Second Missionary Journey." = "Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Second Missionary Journey.";  /* **** */

"2 Thessalonians" = "2 Tessalonicesi";
"Probably written from Corinth not long after 1 Thessalonians." = "Probably written from Corinth not long after 1 Thessalonians.";  /* **** */

"James (Book)" = "Giacomo (Libro)";

"Mark (Book)" = "Marco (Libro)";
"Mark * Gospel" = "Marco * Vangelo";
"Gospel by Mark, companion of Peter, which emphasizes Jesus’s actions." = "Gospel by Mark, companion of Peter, which emphasizes Jesus’s actions.";  /* **** */

"Matthew (Book)" = "Matteo (Libro)";
"Matthew * Gospel" = "Matteo * Vangelo di";
"Gospel which emphasizes Jesus as Jewish Messiah." = "Gospel which emphasizes Jesus as Jewish Messiah.";  /* **** */

"Thessalonians * First Epistle" = "Tessalonicesi * Prima Lettera";

"Thessalonians * Second Epistle" = "Tessalonicesi * Seconda Lettera";

"1 Corinthians" = "1 Corinti";
"Probably written during Paul’s extended stay at Ephesus during his Third Missionary Journey." = "Probably written during Paul’s extended stay at Ephesus during his Third Missionary Journey.";  /* **** */

"Probably written from Ephesus or Macedonia during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probably written from Ephesus or Macedonia during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey.";  /* **** */

"2 Corinthians" = "2 Corinti";
"Probably written from Macedonia en route to Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probably written from Macedonia en route to Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey.";  /* **** */

"Philippians" = "Filippesi";
"Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Ephesus or Caesarea." = "Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Ephesus or Caesarea.";  /* **** */

"Romans" = "Romani";
"Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey.";  /* **** */

"Philemon" = "Filemone";
"Probably written at the same time as Colossians." = "Probably written at the same time as Colossians.";  /* **** */

"Corinthians * First Epistle" = "Corinti * Prima Lettera";

"Corinthians * Second Epistle" = "Corinti * Seconda Lettera";

"Colossians" = "Colossesi";
"Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Caesarea or Rome." = "Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Caesarea or Rome.";  /* **** */

"Ephesians" = "Efesini";

"1 Timothy" = "1 Timoteo";
"Timothy * First Epistle" = "Timoteo * Prima Lettera";

"2 Timothy" = "2 Timoteo";
"Timothy * Second Epistle" = "Timoteo * Seconda Lettera";

"Titus" = "Tito";

"Luke (Book)" = "Luca (Libro)";
"Luke * Gospel of" = "Luca * Vangelo di";
"Gospel by Luke, companion of Paul, " = "Gospel by Luke, companion of Paul, ";  /* **** */

"1 Peter" = "1 Pietro";
"Peter * First Epistle" = "Pietro * Prima Lettera";

"2 Peter" = "2 Pietro";
"Peter * Second Epistle" = "Pietro * Seconda Lettera";

"Acts" = "Atti";

"Hebrews" = "Ebrei";

"Jude" = "Giuda";

"John (Book)" = "Giovanni (Libro)";
"John * Gospel of" = "Giovanni * Vangelo di";

"Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and priority to Acts." = "Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and priority to Acts.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes knowledge of First Jewish Revolt, either approaching or recently past." = "Date assumes knowledge of First Jewish Revolt, either approaching or recently past.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes some years after the writing of Luke." = "Date assumes some years after the writing of Luke.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes post-Pauline but pre-Irenaean author familiar with Paul’s letters." = "Date assumes post-Pauline but pre-Irenaean author familiar with Paul’s letters.";  /* **** */

"Dated to same period as Luke–Acts and the early reign of Domitian." = "Dated to same period as Luke–Acts and the early reign of Domitian.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and ecclesiastical development." = "Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and ecclesiastical development.";  /* **** */

"1 John" = "1 Giovanni";
"John * First Epistle" = "Giovanni * Prima Lettera";

"Probably written not long after the book of John." = "Probably written not long after the book of John.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes that the references to persecution point to the reign of Domitian." = "Date assumes that the references to persecution point to the reign of Domitian.";  /* **** */

"2 John" = "2 Giovanni";
"John * Second Epistle" = "Giovanni * Seconda Lettera";

"Probably written around the time of 1John." = "Probably written around the time of 1John.";  /* **** */

"3 John" = "3 Giovanni";
"John * Third Epistle" = "Giovanni * Terza Lettera";

"Date assumes knowledge of Luke and must be before early 2nd century papyri." = "Date assumes knowledge of Luke and must be before early 2nd century papyri.";  /* **** */

"Revelation" = "Apocalisse";

"Probably written toward the end of the reign of Domitian." = "Probably written toward the end of the reign of Domitian.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes pseudonymous author around the turn of the Second Century." = "Date assumes pseudonymous author around the turn of the Second Century.";  /* **** */

"2 Esdras" = "2 Esdras";  /* **** */
"A composite work from the second or third centuries." = "A composite work from the second or third centuries.";  /* **** */

"Date assumes a pseudonymous post-Pauline Jewish Christian author." = "Date assumes a pseudonymous post-Pauline Jewish Christian author.";  /* **** */

"Probably written after James, around the turn of the Second Century." = "Probably written after James, around the turn of the Second Century.";  /* **** */

"Zohar" = "Zohar";  /* **** */
"Foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) attributed to Shimon bar Yochai." = "Foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) attributed to Shimon bar Yochai.";  /* **** */

"Probably written after Jude in the second quarter of the Second Century." = "Probably written after Jude in the second quarter of the Second Century.";  /* **** */

"Mishna" = "Mishna";  /* **** */
"A collection of rabbinic rulings on how to apply the Torah." = "A collection of rabbinic rulings on how to apply the Torah.";  /* **** */

"Tosefta" = "Tosefta";  /* **** */
"A collection of rabbinic teaching parallel to the Mishna and roughly from the same period." = "A collection of rabbinic teaching parallel to the Mishna and roughly from the same period.";  /* **** */

"Church History" = "Storia della Chiesa";
"A history of the ante-Nicene church by Eusebius of Caesarea." = "A history of the ante-Nicene church by Eusebius of Caesarea.";  /* **** */

"Jerusalem Talmud" = "Jerusalem Talmud";  /* **** */
"Talmud Yerushalmi" = "Talmud Yerushalmi";  /* **** */
"Commentary on the Mishna by Palestinian rabbis." = "Commentary on the Mishna by Palestinian rabbis.";  /* **** */

"Vulgate" = "Vulgata";
"Jerome’s Latin translation of the Bible." = "Jerome’s Latin translation of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Talmud" = "Babylonian Talmud";  /* **** */
"Talmud Bavli" = "Talmud Bavli";  /* **** */
"Commentary on the Mishna by Babylonian rabbis." = "Commentary on the Mishna by Babylonian rabbis.";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Events */

"Terah’s Journey to Haran" = "Viaggio di Terach a Aran";
"Terah emigrates with his family from Ur to Haran." = "Terah emigrates with his family from Ur to Haran.";  /* **** */

"Abraham’s Journey to Canaan" = "Viaggio di Abramo a Canaan";
"Abraham travels from Haran to Canaan in answer to God’s call." = "Abraham travels from Haran to Canaan in answer to God’s call.";  /* **** */

"Abraham in Egypt" = "Abramo in Egitto";
"Abraham sojourns in Egypt to escape famine in Canaan." = "Abraham sojourns in Egypt to escape famine in Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Concubinage of Hagar" = "Concubinage of Hagar";  /* **** */
"Abraham takes Sarah’s handmaid, Hagar, as his concubine." = "Abraham takes Sarah’s handmaid, Hagar, as his concubine.";  /* **** */

"Covenant of Circumcision" = "Covenant of Circumcision";  /* **** */
"Abraham and his household receive the covenant sign of circumcision." = "Abraham and his household receive the covenant sign of circumcision.";  /* **** */

"Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed" = "Distruzione di Sodoma e Gomorra";
"Lot escapes divine judgment against the cities of the plain." = "Lot escapes divine judgment against the cities of the plain.";  /* **** */

"Binding of Isaac" = "Binding of Isaac";  /* **** */

"Isaac Marries Rebekah" = "Isacco sposa Rebecca";
"Abraham arranges his son’s marriage to a woman from his extended family." = "Abraham arranges his son’s marriage to a woman from his extended family.";  /* **** */

"Jacob’s Stay with Laban" = "Soggiorno di Giacobbe presso Labano";
"Jacob works for his uncle Laban in Syria." = "Jacob works for his uncle Laban in Syria.";  /* **** */

"Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel" = "Giacobbe sposa Lia e Rachele";
"Tricked into marrying Leah, Jacob also marries Rachel a week later." = "Tricked into marrying Leah, Jacob also marries Rachel a week later.";  /* **** */

"Rape of Dinah" = "Rape of Dinah";  /* **** */
"Jacob’s daughter is raped by the prince of Shechem, and her brothers exact revenge." = "Jacob’s daughter is raped by the prince of Shechem, and her brothers exact revenge.";  /* **** */

"Joseph Taken to Egypt" = "Giuseppe in Egitto";
"Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, Joseph is taken to Egypt." = "Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, Joseph is taken to Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Joseph’s Imprisonment" = "Giuseppe in prigione";
"Falsely accused of attempted rape, Joseph is imprisoned in Egypt." = "Falsely accused of attempted rape, Joseph is imprisoned in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Years of Abundance" = "Anni di abbondanza";
"Seven-year period of agricultural surplus in Egypt." = "Seven-year period of agricultural surplus in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Years of Famine" = "Anni di carestia";
"Seven-year period of famine in Egypt." = "Seven-year period of famine in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Judah and Tamar" = "Judah and Tamar";  /* **** */
"Judah’s widowed daughter-in-law finds a way to preserve his line." = "Judah’s widowed daughter-in-law finds a way to preserve his line.";  /* **** */

"Jacob Travels to Egypt" = "Viaggio di Giacobbe in Egitto";
"At Joseph’s request, Jacob is given refuge in Egypt." = "At Joseph’s request, Jacob is given refuge in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Oppression in Egypt" = "Oppressione in Egitto";
"An Egyptian king subjects the Israelites to forced labor." = "An Egyptian king subjects the Israelites to forced labor.";  /* **** */

"Moses Flees Egypt" = "Fuga di Mosè dall'Egitto";
"Moses flees to Midian to escape capital punishment in Egypt." = "Moses flees to Midian to escape capital punishment in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Megiddo" = "Battle of Megiddo";  /* **** */
"Tuthmosis III defeats a coalition of rebellious Canaanite vassals at Megiddo." = "Tuthmosis III defeats a coalition of rebellious Canaanite vassals at Megiddo.";  /* **** */

"Exodus" = "Esodo";
"Israelites escape Egypt under Moses" = "Israelites escape Egypt under Moses";  /* **** */

"Wilderness Wandering" = "Peregrinazione nel deserto";
"The Israelites wander in the wilderness for 40 years." = "The Israelites wander in the wilderness for 40 years.";  /* **** */

"Sinai Covenant" = "Alleanza del Sinai";
"The Israelites enter the Mosaic covenant with YHWH at Mount Sinai." = "The Israelites enter the Mosaic covenant with YHWH at Mount Sinai.";  /* **** */

"Spies Enter Canaan" = "Ingresso delle spie a Canaan";
"12 Israelite spies scout the land of Canaan." = "12 Israelite spies scout the land of Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Canaan" = "Conquista di Canaan";
"Joshua leads the Israelite invasion of Canaan." = "Joshua leads the Israelite invasion of Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Caleb Requests His Inheritance" = "Caleb Requests His Inheritance";  /* **** */
"Caleb requests the hill country around Hebron as his inheritance." = "Caleb requests the hill country around Hebron as his inheritance.";  /* **** */

"Aramean Oppression" = "Oppressione Aramea";
"Israelites subject to Arameans until delivered by Othniel." = "Israelites subject to Arameans until delivered by Othniel.";  /* **** */

"Moabite Oppression" = "Oppressione moabita";
"Israelites subject to Moabites until delivered by Ehud." = "Israelites subject to Moabites until delivered by Ehud.";  /* **** */

"Northern Canaanite Oppression" = "Oppressione cananea del nord";
"Israelites subject to Canaanites until delivered by Deborah and Barak." = "Israelites subject to Canaanites until delivered by Deborah and Barak.";  /* **** */

"Joshua leads an Israelite invasion of Canaan." = "Joshua leads an Israelite invasion of Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Midianite Oppression" = "Oppressione madianita";
"Israelites subject to Midianites until delivered by Gideon." = "Israelites subject to Midianites until delivered by Gideon.";  /* **** */

"Ammonite Oppression" = "Oppressione Ammonita";
"Israelites subject to Ammonites until delivered by Jephthah." = "Israelites subject to Ammonites until delivered by Jephthah.";  /* **** */

"Philistine Oppression" = "Oppressione filistea";
"Israelites subject to Philistines until delivered by Samuel." = "Israelites subject to Philistines until delivered by Samuel.";  /* **** */

"Ark Taken to Kiriath-Jearim" = "Ark Taken to Kiriath-Jearim";  /* **** */
"Sent back by the Philistines, the ark of the covenant is taken to Kiriath-Jearim." = "Sent back by the Philistines, the ark of the covenant is taken to Kiriath-Jearim.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Ebenezer" = "Battaglia di Eben-Ezer";
"Battle of Aphek, Ark Captured" = "Battaglia di Afek, Cattura dell'Arca";
"Philistines defeat the Israelites and capture the ark of the covenant." = "Philistines defeat the Israelites and capture the ark of the covenant.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Mizpah" = "Battaglia di Mispa";
"Samuel Routs the Philistines" = "Samuele sconfigge i Filistei";
"Israelites repent at Mizpah and drive back the Philistines while Samuel prays." = "Israelites repent at Mizpah and drive back the Philistines while Samuel prays.";  /* **** */

"Samuel Anoints David" = "Samuele unge Davide";
"After the rejection of Saul, Samuel secretly anoints David as king of Israel." = "After the rejection of Saul, Samuel secretly anoints David as king of Israel.";  /* **** */

"David Slays Goliath" = "Davide uccide Golia";
"David slays the giant Philistine, Goliath, with a sling." = "David slays the giant Philistine, Goliath, with a sling.";  /* **** */

"David’s Flight from Saul" = "Fuga di Davide da Saul";
"David escapes Saul and lives as a fugitive in Israel and Philistia." = "David escapes Saul and lives as a fugitive in Israel and Philistia.";  /* **** */

"David Made King in Hebron" = "Davide diventa Re in Ebron";
"After the death of Saul, David becomes king of Judah." = "After the death of Saul, David becomes king of Judah.";  /* **** */

"David Conquers Jerusalem" = "Davide conquista Gerusalemme";
"David captures the Jebusite city of Jerusalem and makes it his capital." = "David captures the Jebusite city of Jerusalem and makes it his capital.";  /* **** */

"David’s Adultery with Bathsheba" = "Adulterio di Davide con Betsabea";
"David commits adultery with Bathsheba and has her husband killed." = "David commits adultery with Bathsheba and has her husband killed.";  /* **** */

"Amnon Rapes Tamar" = "Amnon Rapes Tamar";  /* **** */
"David’s son Amnon rapes his half-sister, Tamar, who is the full sister of Absalom." = "David’s son Amnon rapes his half-sister, Tamar, who is the full sister of Absalom.";  /* **** */

"Absalom in Exile" = "Absalom in Exile";  /* **** */
"After murdering his half-brother Amnon, Absalom lives in exile at the court of his grandfather, the king of Geshur." = "After murdering his half-brother Amnon, Absalom lives in exile at the court of his grandfather, the king of Geshur.";  /* **** */

"Ark Brought to Jerusalem" = "L'Arca portata a Gerusalemme";
"David brings the ark of the covenant from Kiriath-Jearim to Jerusalem." = "David brings the ark of the covenant from Kiriath-Jearim to Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Absalom’s Rebellion" = "Ribellione di Assalonne";
"David’s son Absalom seizes the throne but is eventually defeated." = "David’s son Absalom seizes the throne but is eventually defeated.";  /* **** */

"David’s Census" = "Censimento di Davide";
"David numbers his troops and is punished." = "David numbers his troops and is punished.";  /* **** */

"First Temple Constructed" = "Costruzione del Primo Tempio";

"Solomon’s Temple" = "Tempio di Salomone";
"Solomon builds the first temple in Jerusalem." = "Solomon builds the first temple in Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Solomon’s Palace Constructed" = "Solomon’s Palace Constructed";  /* **** */
"After completing the temple, Solomon builds his royal palace and a house for his Egyptian queen." = "After completing the temple, Solomon builds his royal palace and a house for his Egyptian queen.";  /* **** */

"Shishak Invades Judah" = "Sisak invade Giuda";
"Shishak exploits the Divided Kingdom to raid sites in Judah and Israel." = "Shishak exploits the Divided Kingdom to raid sites in Judah and Israel.";  /* **** */

"Capital Moved to Samaria" = "Capital Moved to Samaria";  /* **** */
"Omri buys the hill of Samaria and builds a new capital of Israel." = "Omri buys the hill of Samaria and builds a new capital of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Asa Defeats Zerah" = "Asa Defeats Zerah";  /* **** */
"Asa defeats an invasion led by Zerah the Cushite." = "Asa defeats an invasion led by Zerah the Cushite.";  /* **** */

"Asa’s War with Baasha" = "Asa’s War with Baasha";  /* **** */
"Baasha fortifies cities on the border with Judah, and Asa bribes the king of Aram to attack Israel." = "Baasha fortifies cities on the border with Judah, and Asa bribes the king of Aram to attack Israel.";  /* **** */

"Three-Year Drought" = "Siccità di tre anni";
"Israel is without rain for three years during the ministry of Elijah." = "Israel is without rain for three years during the ministry of Elijah.";  /* **** */

"Elijah at Carmel & Horeb" = "Elijah at Carmel & Horeb";  /* **** */
"Elijah defeats the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, then flees to Mount Horeb." = "Elijah defeats the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, then flees to Mount Horeb.";  /* **** */

"Elijah Anoints Elisha" = "Elijah Anoints Elisha";  /* **** */
"Elijah anoints Elisha as his prophetic successor." = "Elijah anoints Elisha as his prophetic successor.";  /* **** */

"Seven-Year Famine" = "Seven-Year Famine";  /* **** */
"Israel experiences an extended famine during the reign of Joram." = "Israel experiences an extended famine during the reign of Joram.";  /* **** */

"Syro-Ephraimite War" = "Guerra siro-efraimita";
"Aram and Israel attack Judah in order to install a puppet king." = "Aram and Israel attack Judah in order to install a puppet king.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Samaria" = "Caduta di Samaria";
"Shalmaneser V of Assyria conquers Samaria after a three-year siege." = "Shalmaneser V of Assyria conquers Samaria after a three-year siege.";  /* **** */

"Sennacherib’s Invasion" = "Invasione di Sennàcherib";
"Sennacherib of Assyria invades Judah during the reign of Hezekiah." = "Sennacherib of Assyria invades Judah during the reign of Hezekiah.";  /* **** */

"First Deportation of Jews" = "Prima Deportazione degli ebrei";
"Nebuchadnezzar attacks Jerusalem and carries noble Jews like Daniel into exile." = "Nebuchadnezzar attacks Jerusalem and carries noble Jews like Daniel into exile.";  /* **** */

"Jehoiakim’s Rebellion" = "Rivolta di Ioiakìm";
"Jehoiakim rebels against Babylonian rule." = "Jehoiakim rebels against Babylonian rule.";  /* **** */

"Second Deportation of Jews" = "Seconda deportazione degli Ebrei";
"Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem and carries her leading citizens into exile." = "Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem and carries her leading citizens into exile.";  /* **** */

"First Temple Destruction" = "Distruzione del Primo Tempio";
"Babylonians Sack Jerusalem" = "I Babilonesi saccheggiano Gerusalemme";
"Nebuchadnezzar sacks Jerusalem, burning the temple, destroying the walls, and deporting her citizens." = "Nebuchadnezzar sacks Jerusalem, burning the temple, destroying the walls, and deporting her citizens.";  /* **** */

"Cyrus Edict" = "Editto di Ciro";
"Cyrus the Great of Persia decrees that Jewish exiles may return to Judah." = "Cyrus the Great of Persia decrees that Jewish exiles may return to Judah.";  /* **** */

"Exiles Return under Zerubbabel" = "Ritorno dall'esilio sotto Zorobabele";
"The first group of exiles return to Judah with Zerubbabel." = "The first group of exiles return to Judah with Zerubbabel.";  /* **** */

"Second Temple Foundations Laid" = "Preparativi per la fondazione del Secondo Tempio";
"The returning Jewish exiles begin construction of a new temple, but the work stalls." = "The returning Jewish exiles begin construction of a new temple, but the work stalls.";  /* **** */

"Second Temple Constructed" = "Costruzione del Secondo Tempio";
"Zerubbabel’s Temple" = "Tempio di Zorobabele";
"At the urging of Haggai and Zechariah, construction of the second temple is completed." = "At the urging of Haggai and Zechariah, construction of the second temple is completed.";  /* **** */

"Return of Ezra" = "Ritorno di Esdra";
"The priest Ezra returns from exile to lead religious reforms in Judah." = "The priest Ezra returns from exile to lead religious reforms in Judah.";  /* **** */

"Return of Nehemiah" = "Ritorno di Neemia";
"Nehemiah returns from exile as governor of Judah and rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem." = "Nehemiah returns from exile as governor of Judah and rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Nehemiah Leads Reforms" = "Nehemiah Leads Reforms";  /* **** */
"After a three-year absence, Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and institutes reforms." = "After a three-year absence, Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and institutes reforms.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Panium" = "Battle of Panium";  /* **** */
"Antiochus III defeats a Ptolemaic ally and gains control of Judea and Samaria." = "Antiochus III defeats a Ptolemaic ally and gains control of Judea and Samaria.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus desecrates the Temple" = "Antioco profana il Tempio";
"Antiochus IV sets up a pagan idol at the Jerusalem Temple." = "Antiochus IV sets up a pagan idol at the Jerusalem Temple.";  /* **** */

"Maccabean Revolt" = "Rivolta maccabaica";
"Judas Maccabeus and his brothers lead a revolt against the Seleucids." = "Judas Maccabeus and his brothers lead a revolt against the Seleucids.";  /* **** */

"Rededication of Temple" = "Ridedicazione del Tempio";
"The Maccabean cleansing of the Jerusalem Temple commemorated at Hanukkah." = "The Maccabean cleansing of the Jerusalem Temple commemorated at Hanukkah.";  /* **** */

"Jews granted religious freedom" = "Libertà religiosa concessa dagli Ebrei";
"The Seleucids grant religious freedom to the Jews to achieve a temporary peace." = "The Seleucids grant religious freedom to the Jews to achieve a temporary peace.";  /* **** */

"Samaritan Temple Destroyed" = "Distruzione del Tempio samaritano";
"John Hyrcanus I destroys the Samaritan Temple at Shechem." = "John Hyrcanus I destroys the Samaritan Temple at Shechem.";  /* **** */

"Second Temple Rebuilt" = "Ricostruzione del Secondo Tempio";
"Herod’s Temple" = "Tempio di Erode";
"Herod enlarges and refurbishes the Jerusalem Temple." = "Herod enlarges and refurbishes the Jerusalem Temple.";  /* **** */

"The Boy Jesus at the Temple" = "Il fanciullo Gesù nel Tempio";
"Jesus gets left behind at the Jerusalem Temple." = "Jesus gets left behind at the Jerusalem Temple.";  /* **** */

"Christ’s public ministry" = "Ministero pubblico di Cristo";
"Jesus teaches and performs miracles in Galilee, Judea, and beyond." = "Jesus teaches and performs miracles in Galilee, Judea, and beyond.";  /* **** */

"John the Baptist imprisoned" = "Cattura di Giovanni Battista";
"Herod Antipas imprisons John the Baptist at Machaerus." = "Herod Antipas imprisons John the Baptist at Machaerus.";  /* **** */

"Holy Spirit at Pentecost" = "Spirito Santo a Pentecoste";
"Christ’s disciples in Jerusalem experience the Holy Spirit during the feast of Pentecost." = "Christ’s disciples in Jerusalem experience the Holy Spirit during the feast of Pentecost.";  /* **** */

"Conversion of Paul" = "Conversione di Paolo";
"Paul converts to Christianity on his way to persecute Christians in Damascus." = "Paul converts to Christianity on his way to persecute Christians in Damascus.";  /* **** */

"Stoning of Stephen" = "Lapidazione di Stefano";
"Stephen, a deacon of the early church, becomes the first Christian martyr." = "Stephen, a deacon of the early church, becomes the first Christian martyr.";  /* **** */

"Martyrdom of James" = "Martirio di Giacomo";

"Son of Zebedee" = "Figlio di Zebedeo";
"James the son of Zebedee is executed by Herod Agrippa I." = "James the son of Zebedee is executed by Herod Agrippa I.";  /* **** */

"First Missionary Journey" = "Primo Viaggio Missionario";

"Paul and Barnabas evangelize Cyprus and Galatia." = "Paul and Barnabas evangelize Cyprus and Galatia.";  /* **** */

"Jerusalem Council" = "Concilio di Gerusalemme";
"Early Christian council addresses the inclusion of Gentile Christians." = "Early Christian council addresses the inclusion of Gentile Christians.";  /* **** */

"Second Missionary Journey" = "Secondo viaggio missionario";

"Paul and Silas evangelize Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece." = "Paul and Silas evangelize Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece.";  /* **** */

"Third Missionary Journey" = "Terzo Viaggio missionario";

"Paul evangelizes western Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece." = "Paul evangelizes western Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece.";  /* **** */

"Paul imprisoned in Caesarea" = "Prigionia di Paolo a Cesarea";

"After his arrest in Jerusalem, Paul is imprisoned in Caesarea awaiting trial." = "After his arrest in Jerusalem, Paul is imprisoned in Caesarea awaiting trial.";  /* **** */

"Martyrdom of James the Just" = "Martirio di Giacomo il Giusto";
"Brother of Jesus" = "Fratello di Gesù";
"James the brother of Jesus is executed in Jerusalem." = "James the brother of Jesus is executed in Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Jewish War with Rome" = "Guerra giudaica contro Roma";
"First Jewish Revolt" = "First Jewish Revolt";  /* **** */
"Jewish revolt against Rome is crushed by Vespasian and Titus." = "Jewish revolt against Rome is crushed by Vespasian and Titus.";  /* **** */

"Second Temple Destroyed" = "Distruzione del Secondo Tempio";
"Romans sack Jerusalem and raze the Temple." = "Romans sack Jerusalem and raze the Temple.";  /* **** */

"Bar Kokhba Revolt" = "Rivolta di Bar Kokhba";
"Second Jewish Revolt" = "Seconda rivolta giudaica";
"Bar Kokhba is proclaimed Messiah and establishes a short-lived Jewish state." = "Bar Kokhba is proclaimed Messiah and establishes a short-lived Jewish state.";  /* **** */

"Persian Conquest of Jerusalem" = "Persian Conquest of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Sassanian Persians capture Jerusalem after a brief siege." = "Sassanian Persians capture Jerusalem after a brief siege.";  /* **** */

"Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem" = "Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Jerusalem surrenders to the Muslim caliph Umar after a four month siege." = "Jerusalem surrenders to the Muslim caliph Umar after a four month siege.";  /* **** */

"Dome of the Rock Constructed" = "Dome of the Rock Constructed";  /* **** */
"Islamic shrine built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem." = "Islamic shrine built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Capture of Jerusalem" = "Capture of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Crusaders capture Jerusalem, slaughtering many Muslims and Jews." = "Crusaders capture Jerusalem, slaughtering many Muslims and Jews.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Hattin" = "Battle of Hattin";  /* **** */
"Saladin decisively defeats the Crusaders to regain Muslim control of most of Palestine." = "Saladin decisively defeats the Crusaders to regain Muslim control of most of Palestine.";  /* **** */

"Jews Return to Jerusalem" = "Jews Return to Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"After conquering Jerusalem, Saladin invites Jews to return to the city." = "After conquering Jerusalem, Saladin invites Jews to return to the city.";  /* **** */

"Khwarazmians Sack Jerusalem" = "Khwarazmians Sack Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Khwarazmian Muslims sack Jerusalem and leave the city in ruins." = "Khwarazmian Muslims sack Jerusalem and leave the city in ruins.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Ain Jalut" = "Battle of Ain Jalut";  /* **** */
"Mamluk forces from Egypt defeat the Mongols in the Jezreel valley." = "Mamluk forces from Egypt defeat the Mongols in the Jezreel valley.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Acre" = "Fall of Acre";  /* **** */
"Mamluk forces from Egypt capture the Acre, ending the Crusader Kingdom of Acre." = "Mamluk forces from Egypt capture the Acre, ending the Crusader Kingdom of Acre.";  /* **** */

"Synod of Jerusalem" = "Synod of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Synod of Bethlehem" = "Synod of Bethlehem";  /* **** */
"Synod of Orthodox bishops which rejected the Calvinism of a book attributed to Patriarch Cyril Lucaris." = "Synod of Orthodox bishops which rejected the Calvinism of a book attributed to Patriarch Cyril Lucaris.";  /* **** */

"First Aliyah" = "First Aliyah";  /* **** */
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel, primarily from Russia and Yemen." = "Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel, primarily from Russia and Yemen.";  /* **** */

"Second Aliyah" = "Second Aliyah";  /* **** */
"Major wave of Russian Jewish immigration to Israel to escape pogroms." = "Major wave of Russian Jewish immigration to Israel to escape pogroms.";  /* **** */

"Balfour Declaration" = "Balfour Declaration";  /* **** */
"British declaration of support for a Jewish “national home” in Palestine, then under Ottoman control." = "British declaration of support for a Jewish “national home” in Palestine, then under Ottoman control.";  /* **** */

"Third Aliyah" = "Third Aliyah";  /* **** */
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel in the aftermath of World War I." = "Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel in the aftermath of World War I.";  /* **** */

"Fourth Aliyah" = "Fourth Aliyah";  /* **** */
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape European anti-Semitism." = "Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape European anti-Semitism.";  /* **** */

"Fifth Aliyah" = "Fifth Aliyah";  /* **** */
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape the rise of Nazism in Germany." = "Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape the rise of Nazism in Germany.";  /* **** */

"Aliyah Bet" = "Aliyah Bet";  /* **** */
"Secondary Immigration" = "Secondary Immigration";  /* **** */
"In spite of British limitations on Jewish immigration, many thousands of Jews immigrate to Israel." = "In spite of British limitations on Jewish immigration, many thousands of Jews immigrate to Israel.";  /* **** */

"War of Independence" = "Guerra di indipendenza";
"First Arab–Israeli War" = "First Arab–Israeli War";  /* **** */
"War between the newly created state of Israel and a coalition of neighboring Arab states." = "War between the newly created state of Israel and a coalition of neighboring Arab states.";  /* **** */

"Six-Day War" = "Six-Day War";  /* **** */
"Third Arab-Israeli War" = "Third Arab-Israeli War";  /* **** */
"War in which Israel defeated the allied forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to gain control of the Sinai peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights." = "War in which Israel defeated the allied forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to gain control of the Sinai peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights.";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Political */

"Early Canaanite Civilizations" = "Prime Civiltà Cananee";
"Earliest Canaanite city-states are established." = "Earliest Canaanite city-states are established.";  /* **** */

"Amorite Invasion" = "Invasione Amorrea";
"An influx of semi-nomadic Amorites leads to widespread deurbanization." = "An influx of semi-nomadic Amorites leads to widespread deurbanization.";  /* **** */

"Patriarchal Period" = "Periodo dei Patriarchi";
"Period from the birth of Abraham to the Egyptian sojourn." = "Period from the birth of Abraham to the Egyptian sojourn.";  /* **** */

"Egyptian Sojourn" = "Soggiorno in Egitto";
"Period from Jacob’s migration to Egypt to the Exodus." = "Period from Jacob’s migration to Egypt to the Exodus.";  /* **** */

"Exodus & Conquest" = "Esodo & Conquista";
"Israelites escape Egypt under Moses and conquer Canaan under Joshua." = "Israelites escape Egypt under Moses and conquer Canaan under Joshua.";  /* **** */

"Judges" = "Giudici";
"Period from the death of Joshua through the ministry of Samuel." = "Period from the death of Joshua through the ministry of Samuel.";  /* **** */

"Exodus, Conquest & Judges" = "Esodo, Conquista & Giudici";
"Period in which Israelites conquer Canaan through successive waves of migration from Egypt, wars of conquest, and the exploits of judges." = "Period in which Israelites conquer Canaan through successive waves of migration from Egypt, wars of conquest, and the exploits of judges.";  /* **** */

"United Monarchy" = "Monarchia unita";
"Period when Saul, David, and Solomon ruled all Israel." = "Period when Saul, David, and Solomon ruled all Israel.";  /* **** */

"Northern kingdom of Israel during the Divided Monarchy." = "Northern kingdom of Israel during the Divided Monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Judah" = "Giuda";
"Divided Monarchy" = "Divided Monarchy";  /* **** */
"Southern kingdom of Judah during the Divided Monarchy." = "Southern kingdom of Judah during the Divided Monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Assyrian Empire (Israel)" = "Assyrian Empire (Israel)";  /* **** */
"Israel becomes an Assyrian province. Much of the native population is exiled." = "Israel becomes an Assyrian province. Much of the native population is exiled.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Empire (Israel)" = "Babylonian Empire (Israel)";  /* **** */
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Israel becomes a Babylonian province." = "After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Israel becomes a Babylonian province.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Empire (Judah)" = "Babylonian Empire (Judah)";  /* **** */
"After the fall of Jerusalem, Judah becomes a Babylonian province." = "After the fall of Jerusalem, Judah becomes a Babylonian province.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Judah/Samaria)" = "Persian Empire (Judah/Samaria)";  /* **** */
"Judah and Samaria under the control of the Persian empire." = "Judah and Samaria under the control of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Judea)" = "Greek Empire (Judea)";  /* **** */
"Judea becomes part of Alexander the Great’s empire." = "Judea becomes part of Alexander the Great’s empire.";  /* **** */

"Wars of the Diadochi (Judea)" = "Wars of the Diadochi (Judea)";  /* **** */
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Judea." = "Alexander’s successors fight for control of Judea.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemaic Rule (Judea)" = "Ptolemaic Rule (Judea)";  /* **** */
"Judea under the control of the Ptolemies in Egypt." = "Judea under the control of the Ptolemies in Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Seleucid Rule" = "Governo seleucide";
"Judea under the control of the Seleucids." = "Judea under the control of the Seleucids.";  /* **** */

"Hasmonean Kingdom (Judea)" = "Hasmonean Kingdom (Judea)";  /* **** */
"Hasmonean dynasty rules an independent kingdom of Judea." = "Hasmonean dynasty rules an independent kingdom of Judea.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Palestine)" = "Impero romano (Palestina)";
"Judea (later renamed Palestine) becomes a province of the Roman empire." = "Judea (later renamed Palestine) becomes a province of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Palestine)" = "Byzantine Empire (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Palestine remains a Byzantine province." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Palestine remains a Byzantine province.";  /* **** */

"Sassanian Empire (Palestine)" = "Sassanian Empire (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Sassanian Persians conquer Palestine." = "Sassanian Persians conquer Palestine.";  /* **** */

"Byzantines reconquer Palestine from the Sassanian Empire." = "Byzantines reconquer Palestine from the Sassanian Empire.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Palestine subject to the Rashidun Muslim caliphate." = "Palestine subject to the Rashidun Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Palestine subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Palestine subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Abbasid Caliphate (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Palestine subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Palestine subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Palestine subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Palestine subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Seljuq Empire (Palestine)" = "Seljuq Empire (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Palestine subject to the Seljuq Turks." = "Palestine subject to the Seljuq Turks.";  /* **** */

"Fatimids reconquer Palestine from the Seljuqs, but lose it to the Crusaders." = "Fatimids reconquer Palestine from the Seljuqs, but lose it to the Crusaders.";  /* **** */

"Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem" = "Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem";  /* **** */
"Frankish Catholic crusaders rule Palestine from Jerusalem." = "Frankish Catholic crusaders rule Palestine from Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Palestine)" = "Ayyubid Sultanate (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Most of Palestine under Ayyubid control." = "Most of Palestine under Ayyubid control.";  /* **** */

"Crusader Kingdom of Acre" = "Crusader Kingdom of Acre";  /* **** */
"Frankish Catholic crusaders rule a coastal kingdom from Acre." = "Frankish Catholic crusaders rule a coastal kingdom from Acre.";  /* **** */

"Mamluk Sultanate (Palestine)" = "Mamluk Sultanate (Palestine)";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Palestine)" = "Ottoman Empire (Palestine)";  /* **** */

"British Rule (Palestine)" = "British Rule (Palestine)";  /* **** */
"Israel under the control of Great Britain." = "Israel under the control of Great Britain.";  /* **** */

"Israel (Nation)" = "Israel (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Israel becomes an independent Jewish state." = "Israel becomes an independent Jewish state.";  /* **** */



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Religious Leaders */

"Melchizedek" = "Melchizedek";  /* **** */
"King of Salem and priest of God Most High who blessed Abraham after his rescue of Lot." = "King of Salem and priest of God Most High who blessed Abraham after his rescue of Lot.";  /* **** */

"Aaron" = "Aaron";  /* **** */
"Aaron serves as Israel’s first high priest." = "Aaron serves as Israel’s first high priest.";  /* **** */

"Eleazar" = "Eleazar";  /* **** */
"Son of Aaron who served as high priest during the Israelite conquest of Canaan." = "Son of Aaron who served as high priest during the Israelite conquest of Canaan.";  /* **** */

"Phinehas" = "Phinehas";  /* **** */
"Son of Eleazar who served as high priest during the early Judges period." = "Son of Eleazar who served as high priest during the early Judges period.";  /* **** */

"Eli" = "Eli";  /* **** */

"Ahimelech" = "Ahimelech";  /* **** */
"Ahijah" = "Ahijah";  /* **** */
"High priest during the reign of Saul, executed for helping David." = "High priest during the reign of Saul, executed for helping David.";  /* **** */

"Abiathar" = "Abiathar";  /* **** */
"Son of Ahimelech who became David’s priest in exile and at Jerusalem. Deposed for supporting Adonijah." = "Son of Ahimelech who became David’s priest in exile and at Jerusalem. Deposed for supporting Adonijah.";  /* **** */

"Zadok" = "Zadok";  /* **** */
"Priest of the line of Eleazar who replaced Abiathar, a descendant of Eli." = "Priest of the line of Eleazar who replaced Abiathar, a descendant of Eli.";  /* **** */

"Ezra" = "Ezra";  /* **** */
"Priest and scribe who led a group of exiles back to Judah and led religious reforms." = "Priest and scribe who led a group of exiles back to Judah and led religious reforms.";  /* **** */

"Annas" = "Annas";  /* **** */
"Ananus" = "Ananus";  /* **** */
"High priest and head of a family of subsequent high priests. Participated in the trial of Jesus." = "High priest and head of a family of subsequent high priests. Participated in the trial of Jesus.";  /* **** */

"Caiaphas" = "Caiaphas";  /* **** */

"Sophronius" = "Sophronius";  /* **** */

"Dositheos" = "Dositheos";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ARAM (SYRIA) */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Rulers */

"Abibaal" = "Abibaal";  /* **** */
"Abibalus" = "Abibalus";  /* **** */
"King of Tyre and father of Hiram I." = "King of Tyre and father of Hiram I.";  /* **** */

"Hiram I" = "Chiram I";
"Hirom I" = "Hirom I";  /* **** */
"King of Tyre who made an alliance with David and Solomon." = "King of Tyre who made an alliance with David and Solomon.";  /* **** */

"Rezon" = "Rezon";  /* **** */
"Hezion, Hadyan" = "Cheziòn, Adía";
"Aramean raider who seized Damascus to found the kingdom of Aram." = "Aramean raider who seized Damascus to found the kingdom of Aram.";  /* **** */

"Hezion" = "Cheziòn";
"King of Aram named as the father of Tab-Rimmon." = "King of Aram named as the father of Tab-Rimmon.";  /* **** */

"Tab-rimmon" = "Tab-rimmon";  /* **** */
"Tab-Ramman" = "Tab-Ramman";  /* **** */
"King of Aram and father of Ben-Hadad I." = "King of Aram and father of Ben-Hadad I.";  /* **** */

"King of Aram named as the father of Ben-Hadad I." = "King of Aram named as the father of Ben-Hadad I.";  /* **** */

"Ben-Hadad I" = "Ben-Adàd I";
"Bir-Hadad, Hadad-Idri" = "Bir-Adàd, Adàd-Idri";
"King of Aram contemporary with Asa and possibly Ahab." = "King of Aram contemporary with Asa and possibly Ahab.";  /* **** */

"King of Aram contemporary with Asa." = "King of Aram contemporary with Asa.";  /* **** */

"Ethbaal I" = "Etbàal I";
"Ithobalus" = "Ithobalus";  /* **** */
"King of Tyre who married his daughter Jezebel to Ahab of Israel." = "King of Tyre who married his daughter Jezebel to Ahab of Israel.";  /* **** */

"Hadad-idri" = "Adad-idri";
"Adad-idri, Ben-Hadad II?" = "Adad-idri, Ben-Adàd II?";
"King of Aram who organized the coalition that fought at Qarqar." = "King of Aram who organized the coalition that fought at Qarqar.";  /* **** */

"Ben-Hadad II?" = "Ben-Adàd II?";
"Possible king of Aram between Hadad-idri and Hazael." = "Possible king of Aram between Hadad-idri and Hazael.";  /* **** */

"Hazael" = "Cazaèl";

"King of Aram who oppressed Israel and clashed with Assyria." = "King of Aram who oppressed Israel and clashed with Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Pygmalion" = "Pigmalione";
"King of Tyre whose sister, Queen Dido, escaped to found Carthage." = "King of Tyre whose sister, Queen Dido, escaped to found Carthage.";  /* **** */

"Ben-Hadad II" = "Ben-Adàd II";
"King of Aram weakened by Assyria who lost territory in Israel." = "King of Aram weakened by Assyria who lost territory in Israel.";  /* **** */

"Bir-Hadad" = "Bir-Adàd";
"Ben-Hadad II?, Ben-Hadad III?" = "Ben-Adàd II?, Ben-Adàd III?";

"Hadianu" = "Adianu";
"King of Aram who paid tribute to Shalmaneser IV." = "King of Aram who paid tribute to Shalmaneser IV.";  /* **** */

"Rezin" = "Resin";
"Radyan" = "Radyan";  /* **** */
"King of Aram allied with Israel against Judah." = "King of Aram allied with Israel against Judah.";  /* **** */

"Seleucus I" = "Seleuco I";
"Macedonian general who gained control of the eastern empire." = "Macedonian general who gained control of the eastern empire.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus I" = "Antioco I";
"Seleucid king who fought with Ptolemy II over Syria." = "Seleucid king who fought with Ptolemy II over Syria.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus II" = "Antioco II";
"Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy II." = "Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy II.";  /* **** */

"Seleucus II" = "Seleuco II";
"Seleucid king who suffered major losses to Ptolemy III." = "Seleucid king who suffered major losses to Ptolemy III.";  /* **** */

"Seleucus III" = "Seleuco III";
"Seleucid king assassinated after a brief reign." = "Seleucid king assassinated after a brief reign.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus III" = "Antioco III";
"Antiochus the Great" = "Antioco il Grande";
"Seleucid king who wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies." = "Seleucid king who wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies.";  /* **** */

"Seleucus IV" = "Seleuco IV";
"Seleucid king who sent funds to the Jerusalem temple." = "Seleucid king who sent funds to the Jerusalem temple.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus IV" = "Antioco IV";
"Antiochus Epiphanes" = "Antioco Epifane";
"Seleucid king who desecrated the Jerusalem temple and ignited the Maccabean revolt." = "Seleucid king who desecrated the Jerusalem temple and ignited the Maccabean revolt.";  /* **** */

"Antiochus V" = "Antioco V";
"Son of Antiochus IV killed by Demetrius I." = "Son of Antiochus IV killed by Demetrius I.";  /* **** */

"Demetrius I" = "Demetrius I";  /* **** */
"Seleucid king who killed Judas Maccabeus." = "Seleucid king who killed Judas Maccabeus.";  /* **** */

"Alexander Balas" = "Alessandro Bala";
"Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy VI." = "Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy VI.";  /* **** */

"Mu’awiya I" = "Mu’awiya I";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Ummayad Caliphate." = "Founder of the Ummayad Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Yazid I" = "Yazid I";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who defeated Husayn ibn Ali." = "Ummayad caliph who defeated Husayn ibn Ali.";  /* **** */

"Mu’awiya II" = "Mu’awiya II";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who reigned only briefly." = "Ummayad caliph who reigned only briefly.";  /* **** */

"Marwan I" = "Marwan I";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who consolidated Ummayad rule." = "Ummayad caliph who consolidated Ummayad rule.";  /* **** */

"Abd al-Malik" = "Abd al-Malik";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph with a prosperous reign marked by westward expansion." = "Ummayad caliph with a prosperous reign marked by westward expansion.";  /* **** */

"Al-Walid I" = "Al-Walid I";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph at the height of the Islamic empire." = "Ummayad caliph at the height of the Islamic empire.";  /* **** */

"Sulayman" = "Sulayman";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople." = "Ummayad caliph who unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Umar II" = "Umar II";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who abolished the jizya tax for converts to Islam." = "Ummayad caliph who abolished the jizya tax for converts to Islam.";  /* **** */

"Yazid II" = "Yazid II";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who reversed the reforms of Umar II." = "Ummayad caliph who reversed the reforms of Umar II.";  /* **** */

"Hisham" = "Hisham";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliph who encouraged the arts and sciences." = "Ummayad caliph who encouraged the arts and sciences.";  /* **** */

"Al-Walid II" = "Al-Walid II";  /* **** */
"Umayyad caliph deposed after a brief rule." = "Umayyad caliph deposed after a brief rule.";  /* **** */

"Yazid III" = "Yazid III";  /* **** */
"Umayyad caliph who deposed Al-Walid II, only to fall ill and die months later." = "Umayyad caliph who deposed Al-Walid II, only to fall ill and die months later.";  /* **** */

"Ibrahim" = "Ibrahim";  /* **** */
"Umayyad caliph who abdicated after two months." = "Umayyad caliph who abdicated after two months.";  /* **** */

"Marwan II" = "Marwan II";  /* **** */
"Last Umayyad caliph overthrown by the Abbasids." = "Last Umayyad caliph overthrown by the Abbasids.";  /* **** */



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Individuals */

"Ignatius" = "Ignazio";
"Bishop of Antioch, apostolic father, and martyr." = "Bishop of Antioch, apostolic father, and martyr.";  /* **** */

"Ephrem the Syrian" = "Ephrem the Syrian";  /* **** */
"Syriac Christian teacher who wrote numerous hymns and commentaries." = "Syriac Christian teacher who wrote numerous hymns and commentaries.";  /* **** */

"Apollinarius" = "Apollinarius";  /* **** */
"Syrian bishop who asserted that Christ’s human and divine natures are mingled, a heresy known as Apollinarianism." = "Syrian bishop who asserted that Christ’s human and divine natures are mingled, a heresy known as Apollinarianism.";  /* **** */

"John Chrysostom" = "John Chrysostom";  /* **** */
"Celebrated preacher at Antioch and archbishop of Constantinople." = "Celebrated preacher at Antioch and archbishop of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Nestorius" = "Nestorius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East." = "Patriarch of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East.";  /* **** */

"Simeon the Stylite" = "Simeon the Stylite";  /* **** */
"A Syrian Christian ascetic who was the first to live in a hut atop a pillar (Gk: stylos)." = "A Syrian Christian ascetic who was the first to live in a hut atop a pillar (Gk: stylos).";  /* **** */

"Theodoret" = "Theodoret";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Cyr who wrote against Cyril of Alexandria’s anathemas against Nestorius." = "Bishop of Cyr who wrote against Cyril of Alexandria’s anathemas against Nestorius.";  /* **** */

"John of Damascus" = "John of Damascus";  /* **** */
"Syrian monk who defended the use of icons, wrote an Orthodox systematic theology, and critiqued Islam." = "Syrian monk who defended the use of icons, wrote an Orthodox systematic theology, and critiqued Islam.";  /* **** */



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Writings */

"Ebla Texts" = "Testi di Ebla";
"Administrative and literary texts written in Sumerian and Eblaite." = "Administrative and literary texts written in Sumerian and Eblaite.";  /* **** */

"Ugaritic Texts" = "Testi ugaritici";
"Administrative and literary texts written in Ugaritic illustrate Canaanite culture and religion." = "Administrative and literary texts written in Ugaritic illustrate Canaanite culture and religion.";  /* **** */



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Events */

"Battle of Kadesh" = "Battaglia di Kades";
"Ramses II and Muwatallis II battle for control over Syria." = "Ramses II and Muwatallis II battle for control over Syria.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Qarqar" = "Battle of Qarqar";  /* **** */
"Aram, Israel, and other nations turn back Assyria at Qarqar." = "Aram, Israel, and other nations turn back Assyria at Qarqar.";  /* **** */

"Tyre Founds Colony at Carthage" = "Tiro fonda la colonia di Cartagine";
"Queen Dido of Tyre escapes Pygmalion to found Carthage in North Africa." = "Queen Dido of Tyre escapes Pygmalion to found Carthage in North Africa.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Damascus" = "Caduta di Damasco";
"Tiglath-pileser III captures Damascus and executes the king of Aram." = "Tiglath-pileser III captures Damascus and executes the king of Aram.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Siege of Tyre" = "Assedio babilonese di Tiro";
"Nebuchadnezzar II brings Tyre into submission after a long siege." = "Nebuchadnezzar II brings Tyre into submission after a long siege.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Issus" = "Battaglia di Isso";
"Alexander conquers Syria" = "Alessandro conquista la Siria";
"Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer Syria." = "Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer Syria.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Tyre" = "Caduta di Tiro";
"Alexander Conquers Phoenicia" = "Alessandro conquista la Fenicia";
"Alexander the Great crushes Tyre for its defiance." = "Alexander the Great crushes Tyre for its defiance.";  /* **** */

"Muslim Conquest of Damascus" = "Muslim Conquest of Damascus";  /* **** */
"Muslims conquer Damascus from the Byzantines." = "Muslims conquer Damascus from the Byzantines.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Yarmuk" = "Battle of Yarmuk";  /* **** */
"Muslims wrest control of Palestine from the Byzantines." = "Muslims wrest control of Palestine from the Byzantines.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Siffin" = "Battle of Siffin";  /* **** */
"Battle of the First Fitna between the forces of Ali and Mu’awiya I." = "Battle of the First Fitna between the forces of Ali and Mu’awiya I.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Antioch" = "Siege of Antioch";  /* **** */
"Crusaders take Antioch after a costly siege, establishing the Crusader Principality of Antioch." = "Crusaders take Antioch after a costly siege, establishing the Crusader Principality of Antioch.";  /* **** */

"County of Edessa Established" = "County of Edessa Established";  /* **** */
"Baldwin of Boulogne establishes the Crusader County of Edessa in Syria." = "Baldwin of Boulogne establishes the Crusader County of Edessa in Syria.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Edessa" = "Siege of Edessa";  /* **** */
"The Crusader County of Edessa falls to Zengid Muslim forces." = "The Crusader County of Edessa falls to Zengid Muslim forces.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Antioch" = "Fall of Antioch";  /* **** */
"Mamluk forces from Egypt capture Antioch, ending the Crusader Principality of Antioch." = "Mamluk forces from Egypt capture Antioch, ending the Crusader Principality of Antioch.";  /* **** */



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Political */

"Early Syrian Civilizations" = "Prime Civiltà Siriache";
"Sites such as Mari and Ebla trade with other ancient civilizations." = "Sites such as Mari and Ebla trade with other ancient civilizations.";  /* **** */

"Influx of Amorites" = "Migrazione degli Amorrei";

"Growth of Urban Centers" = "Crescita dei centri urbani";
"Powerful Amorite city-states develop at Mari, Ugarit, and Aleppo." = "Powerful Amorite city-states develop at Mari, Ugarit, and Aleppo.";  /* **** */

"Hyksos Domination" = "Dominio Hyksos";
"Period marked by an influx of Asiatics from the north." = "Period marked by an influx of Asiatics from the north.";  /* **** */

"Egyptian Domination" = "Dominio egiziano";
"New Kingdom Egypt extends its empire into Syria." = "New Kingdom Egypt extends its empire into Syria.";  /* **** */

"Hittite Empire (Syria)" = "Hittite Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Northern Syria subject to the Hittite empire." = "Northern Syria subject to the Hittite empire.";  /* **** */

"Influx of Sea Peoples" = "Migrazione dei Popoli del Mare";
"Displaced Aegean peoples migrate to the Phoenician coast." = "Displaced Aegean peoples migrate to the Phoenician coast.";  /* **** */

"Struggles with the Philistines" = "Battaglie contro i Filistei";
"The rising power of Philistia threatens Phoenicia." = "The rising power of Philistia threatens Phoenicia.";  /* **** */

"Zobah" = "Soba";
"Aramean kingdom controls trade through central Syria." = "Aramean kingdom controls trade through central Syria.";  /* **** */

"Israelite Occupation" = "Occupazione d'Israele";
"Israel maintains military garrisons in southern Syria." = "Israel maintains military garrisons in southern Syria.";  /* **** */

"Phoenician Mercantile Expansion" = "Espansione mercantile fenicia";
"Phoenicia establishes a widespread maritime trade network." = "Phoenicia establishes a widespread maritime trade network.";  /* **** */

"Aram" = "Aram";  /* **** */
"Aram-Damascus" = "Aram-Damasco";
"Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus becomes regional power." = "Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus becomes regional power.";  /* **** */

"Assyrian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Assyrian Empire (Phoenicia)";  /* **** */
"As vassals of Assyria, Phoenicians form the heart of Assyria’s navy." = "As vassals of Assyria, Phoenicians form the heart of Assyria’s navy.";  /* **** */

"Assyrian Empire (Syria)" = "Assyrian Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Syria becomes an Assyrian province." = "Syria becomes an Assyrian province.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Babylonian Empire (Phoenicia)";  /* **** */
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Phoenicia is subject to Babylon." = "After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Phoenicia is subject to Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Babylonian Empire (Syria)" = "Babylonian Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Syria is subject to Babylon." = "After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Syria is subject to Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Persian Empire (Phoenicia)";  /* **** */
"After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Phoenicia is subject to Persia." = "After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Phoenicia is subject to Persia.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Syria)" = "Persian Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Syria is subject to Persia." = "After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Syria is subject to Persia.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Syria)" = "Impero greco (Siria)";
"Syria becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Syria becomes subject to Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Wars of the Diadochi (Syria)" = "Wars of the Diadochi (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Syria." = "Alexander’s successors fight for control of Syria.";  /* **** */

"Seleucid Period" = "Periodo seleucide";
"Dynasty of Seleucus I controls an empire centered in Syria." = "Dynasty of Seleucus I controls an empire centered in Syria.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Syria)" = "Impero romano (Siria)";
"Syria becomes a province of the Roman empire." = "Syria becomes a province of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Syria)" = "Byzantine Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Syria remains a Byzantine province." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Syria remains a Byzantine province.";  /* **** */

"Sassanian Empire (Syria)" = "Sassanian Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Sassanian Persians conquer Syria." = "Sassanian Persians conquer Syria.";  /* **** */

"Byzantines reconquer Syria from the Sassanian Empire." = "Byzantines reconquer Syria from the Sassanian Empire.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Syria)" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Rightly Guided Caliphs" = "Rightly Guided Caliphs";  /* **** */
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Syria." = "Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Syria.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate" = "Ummayad Caliphate";  /* **** */
"Ummayad caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Damascus." = "Ummayad caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Damascus.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate (Syria)" = "Abbasid Caliphate (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Syria subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Syria subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Tulunid Control (Syria)" = "Tulunid Control (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Syria under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Syria under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"The Abbasids reconquer Syria from the Tulunids." = "The Abbasids reconquer Syria from the Tulunids.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Aleppo" = "Byzantine Aleppo";  /* **** */
"Northern Syria subject to the Byzantine empire." = "Northern Syria subject to the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Damascus" = "Fatimid Damascus";  /* **** */
"Southern Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Southern Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Syria)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Crusader Kingdoms" = "Crusader Kingdoms";  /* **** */
"Frankish Catholic crusaders control parts of northwestern Syria." = "Frankish Catholic crusaders control parts of northwestern Syria.";  /* **** */

"Seljuq Empire (Syria)" = "Seljuq Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"The Seljuq Empire controls much of Syria through the Zengid dynasty." = "The Seljuq Empire controls much of Syria through the Zengid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Syria)" = "Ayyubid Sultanate (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Most of Syria under Ayyubid control." = "Most of Syria under Ayyubid control.";  /* **** */

"Mamluk Sultanate (Syria)" = "Mamluk Sultanate (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Palestine under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Palestine under the control of the Mamluk sultans.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Syria)" = "Ottoman Empire (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Palestine under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Palestine under the control of the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"French Rule (Syria)" = "French Rule (Syria)";  /* **** */
"Israel under the control of France." = "Israel under the control of France.";  /* **** */

"Syria (Nation)" = "Syria (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Syria becomes an independent state." = "Syria becomes an independent state.";  /* **** */



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Religious Leaders */

"Paul of Samosata" = "Paul of Samosata";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Antioch during the Palmyrene empire who taught the heresies of adoptionism and monarchianism." = "Bishop of Antioch during the Palmyrene empire who taught the heresies of adoptionism and monarchianism.";  /* **** */

"Ibas of Edessa" = "Ibas of Edessa";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Edessa deposed as Nestorian but restored by the Council of Chalcedon." = "Bishop of Edessa deposed as Nestorian but restored by the Council of Chalcedon.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* MESOPOTAMIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* MESOPOTAMIA - Rulers */

"Gilgamesh?" = "Gilgamesh?";  /* **** */
"King of Uruk who became the subject of Sumerian legend." = "King of Uruk who became the subject of Sumerian legend.";  /* **** */

"Sargon I" = "Sargon I";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Akkadian empire." = "Founder of the Akkadian empire.";  /* **** */

"Rimush" = "Rimush";  /* **** */
"Akkadian ruler who died by assassination." = "Akkadian ruler who died by assassination.";  /* **** */

"Manishtushu" = "Manishtushu";  /* **** */
"Akkadian ruler who warred with Elam." = "Akkadian ruler who warred with Elam.";  /* **** */

"Naram-Sin" = "Naram-Sin";  /* **** */
"Ruler at the height of the Akkadian empire who declared himself a god." = "Ruler at the height of the Akkadian empire who declared himself a god.";  /* **** */

"Shar-kali-sharri" = "Shar-kali-sharri";  /* **** */
"Akkadian ruler at the beginning of the empire’s decline." = "Akkadian ruler at the beginning of the empire’s decline.";  /* **** */

"Dudu" = "Dudu";  /* **** */
"Akkadian ruler who faced increasing instability." = "Akkadian ruler who faced increasing instability.";  /* **** */

"Shu-Dural" = "Shu-Dural";  /* **** */
"Last king of Akkad, likely defeated by the Gutians." = "Last king of Akkad, likely defeated by the Gutians.";  /* **** */

"Gudea" = "Gudea";  /* **** */
"Ruler of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash." = "Ruler of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash.";  /* **** */

"Ur-Nammu" = "Ur-Nammu";  /* **** */
"Founder of the third dynasty of Ur who defeated the Gutians and issued a law-code." = "Founder of the third dynasty of Ur who defeated the Gutians and issued a law-code.";  /* **** */

"Shulgi" = "Shulgi";  /* **** */
"Powerful ruler of the third dynasty of Ur." = "Powerful ruler of the third dynasty of Ur.";  /* **** */

"Amar-Sin" = "Amar-Sin";  /* **** */
"Ruler of Ur faced with a decline in agricultural production." = "Ruler of Ur faced with a decline in agricultural production.";  /* **** */

"Shu-Sin" = "Shu-Sin";  /* **** */
"Ruler of Ur who struggled against the Amorites." = "Ruler of Ur who struggled against the Amorites.";  /* **** */

"Ibbi-Sin" = "Ibbi-Sin";  /* **** */
"Last ruler of the third dynasty of Ur who was captured by the Elamites." = "Last ruler of the third dynasty of Ur who was captured by the Elamites.";  /* **** */

"Shamshi-Adad I" = "Shamshi-Adad I";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who built the first Assyrian empire." = "Assyrian king who built the first Assyrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Hammurabi" = "Hammurabi";  /* **** */
"Hammurapi" = "Hammurapi";  /* **** */
"Amorite king and law-giver who established the Old Babylonian empire." = "Amorite king and law-giver who established the Old Babylonian empire.";  /* **** */

"Ishme-Dagan I" = "Ishme-Dagan I";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who lost territory to the rising Babylonian empire." = "Assyrian king who lost territory to the rising Babylonian empire.";  /* **** */

"Samsuiluna" = "Samsuiluna";  /* **** */
"King of Babylon who lost control of Assyria and the Sea-Land." = "King of Babylon who lost control of Assyria and the Sea-Land.";  /* **** */

"Abieshu" = "Abieshu";  /* **** */
"King of Babylon who repelled the Kassites and tried to recover the Sea-Land." = "King of Babylon who repelled the Kassites and tried to recover the Sea-Land.";  /* **** */

"Ammiditana" = "Ammi-ditana";
"King of Babylon who engaged in numerous building projects." = "King of Babylon who engaged in numerous building projects.";  /* **** */

"Ammisaduqa" = "Ammi-saduqa";
"King of Babylon who enjoyed a largely peaceful reign." = "King of Babylon who enjoyed a largely peaceful reign.";  /* **** */

"Samsuditana" = "Samsuditana";  /* **** */
"Last king of the Old Babylonian empire." = "Last king of the Old Babylonian empire.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-uballit I" = "Assur-uballit I";
"Assyrian king who founded the Middle Assyrian empire." = "Assyrian king who founded the Middle Assyrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Enlil-nirari" = "Enlil-nirari";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who lost sway over Babylonia." = "Assyrian king who lost sway over Babylonia.";  /* **** */

"Arik-den-ili" = "Arik-den-ili";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who began the tradition of annual military campaigns." = "Assyrian king who began the tradition of annual military campaigns.";  /* **** */

"Adad-nirari I" = "Adad-nirari I";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who began the practice of relocating conquered populations." = "Assyrian king who began the practice of relocating conquered populations.";  /* **** */

"Shalmaneser I" = "Salmanàssar I";
"Assyrian king who completed the conquest of Mitanni." = "Assyrian king who completed the conquest of Mitanni.";  /* **** */

"Tukulti-Ninurta I" = "Tukulti-Ninurta I";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who conquered Babylon." = "Assyrian king who conquered Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-nadin-apli" = "Assur-nadin-apli";
"Usurper who killed his father Tukulti-Ninurta I to become king of Assyria." = "Usurper who killed his father Tukulti-Ninurta I to become king of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-nirari III" = "Assur-nirari III";
"Son of Ashur-nirari III who succeeded him as king of Assyria." = "Son of Ashur-nirari III who succeeded him as king of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Enlil-kudurri-usur" = "Enlil-kudurri-usur";  /* **** */
"Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I who succeeded his nephew Ashur-Nirari III as king of Assyria." = "Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I who succeeded his nephew Ashur-Nirari III as king of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Ninurta-apil-Ekur" = "Ninurta-apal-Ekur";
"Assyrian king who seized the throne after the fall of his predecessor." = "Assyrian king who seized the throne after the fall of his predecessor.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-dan I" = "Ashur-dan I";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who expanded the Middle Assyrian empire." = "Assyrian king who expanded the Middle Assyrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-resha-ishi I" = "Assur-resh-ishi I";
"Assyrian king who defeated Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon." = "Assyrian king who defeated Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Nebuchadnezzar I" = "Nabucodònosor I";
"King of Babylon defeated by Ashur-resha-ishi I of Assyria." = "King of Babylon defeated by Ashur-resha-ishi I of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Tiglath-pileser I" = "Tiglatpileser I";
"Last great Middle Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the west." = "Last great Middle Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the west.";  /* **** */

"Ashared-apil-Ekur" = "Asharid-apal-Ekur";
"Son of Tiglath-pileser I who reigned only briefly." = "Son of Tiglath-pileser I who reigned only briefly.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-bel-kala" = "Assur-bel-kala";
"Assyrian king who faced the growing Aramean threat." = "Assyrian king who faced the growing Aramean threat.";  /* **** */

"Eriba-Adad II" = "Eriba-Adad II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king deposed by Shamshi-Adad IV." = "Assyrian king deposed by Shamshi-Adad IV.";  /* **** */

"Shamshi-Adad IV" = "Shamshi-Adad IV";  /* **** */
"Son of Tiglath-pileser I who deposed his nephew." = "Son of Tiglath-pileser I who deposed his nephew.";  /* **** */

"Ashurnasirpal I" = "Assurnasirpal I";
"Assyrian king who faced famine and Aramean invasion." = "Assyrian king who faced famine and Aramean invasion.";  /* **** */

"Shalmaneser II" = "Salmanàssar II";
"Assyrian king who suffered losses to the Arameans." = "Assyrian king who suffered losses to the Arameans.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-nirari IV" = "Assur-nirari IV";
"Assyrian king with an obscure, apparently turbulent reign." = "Assyrian king with an obscure, apparently turbulent reign.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-rabi II" = "Assur-rabi II";
"Assyrian king who lost territory to the Arameans." = "Assyrian king who lost territory to the Arameans.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-resha-ishi II" = "Assur-resh-ishi II";
"Assyrian king with a brief, obscure reign." = "Assyrian king with a brief, obscure reign.";  /* **** */

"Tiglath-pileser II" = "Tiglatpileser II";
"Assyrian king with a long but obscure reign." = "Assyrian king with a long but obscure reign.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-dan II" = "Ashur-dan II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who inaugurated the Neo-Assyrian empire." = "Assyrian king who inaugurated the Neo-Assyrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Adad-nirari II" = "Adad-nirari II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who began subduing the Arameans." = "Assyrian king who began subduing the Arameans.";  /* **** */

"Tukulti-Ninurta II" = "Tukulti-Ninurta II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the north and east." = "Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the north and east.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-nasirpal II" = "Ashur-nasirpal II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the Mediterranean coast." = "Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the Mediterranean coast.";  /* **** */

"Shalmaneser III" = "Salmanàssar III";
"Assyrian king who clashed with and exacted tribute from Aram and Israel." = "Assyrian king who clashed with and exacted tribute from Aram and Israel.";  /* **** */

"Shamshi-Adad V" = "Shamshi-Adad V";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king preoccupied with Urartu and Babylon." = "Assyrian king preoccupied with Urartu and Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Adad-nirari III" = "Adad-nirari III";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who captured Damascus and exacted tribute from Israel." = "Assyrian king who captured Damascus and exacted tribute from Israel.";  /* **** */

"Shalmaneser IV" = "Salmanàssar IV";
"Assyrian king during a period of decline." = "Assyrian king during a period of decline.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-dan III" = "Ashur-dan III";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king whose troubled reign was contemporary with the ministry of Jonah." = "Assyrian king whose troubled reign was contemporary with the ministry of Jonah.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-nirari V" = "Ashur-nirari V";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king overthrown by Tiglath-pileser III" = "Assyrian king overthrown by Tiglath-pileser III";  /* **** */

"Tiglath-pileser III" = "Tiglatpileser III";
"Pul" = "Pul";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who strengthened the empire and destroyed the Syro-Ephraimite coalition." = "Assyrian king who strengthened the empire and destroyed the Syro-Ephraimite coalition.";  /* **** */

"Shalmaneser V" = "Salmanàssar V";
"Assyrian king who captured Samaria." = "Assyrian king who captured Samaria.";  /* **** */

"Sargon II" = "Sargon II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king who defeated the Philistines and repopulated Samaria." = "Assyrian king who defeated the Philistines and repopulated Samaria.";  /* **** */

"Merodach-baladan II" = "Merodach-baladan II";  /* **** */
"Chaldean ruler who organized several coalitions against Assyria." = "Chaldean ruler who organized several coalitions against Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Sennacherib" = "Sennàcherib";
"Assyrian king who invaded Judah and razed Babylon." = "Assyrian king who invaded Judah and razed Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Esarhaddon" = "Assarhàddon";
"Assyrian king who rebuilt Babylon and campaigned against Egypt." = "Assyrian king who rebuilt Babylon and campaigned against Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Ashurbanipal" = "Assurbanipal";
"Assyrian king who ruled during the empire’s height and beginning decline." = "Assyrian king who ruled during the empire’s height and beginning decline.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-etil-ilani" = "Assur-etil-ilani";
"Assyrian king deposed by his general." = "Assyrian king deposed by his general.";  /* **** */

"Nabopolassar" = "Nabopolassar";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Neo-Babylonian empire who allied with the Medes to overthrow Assyria." = "Founder of the Neo-Babylonian empire who allied with the Medes to overthrow Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Sin-sar-iskun" = "Sin-shar-ishkun";
"Assyrian king defeated by a coalition of Medes and Babylonians." = "Assyrian king defeated by a coalition of Medes and Babylonians.";  /* **** */

"Sin-sum-lisir" = "Sin-sum-lisir";  /* **** */
"Assyrian general who usurped the throne and was soon deposed." = "Assyrian general who usurped the throne and was soon deposed.";  /* **** */

"Ashur-uballit II" = "Ashur-uballit II";  /* **** */
"Assyrian king after the fall of Nineveh who failed to preserve the empire." = "Assyrian king after the fall of Nineveh who failed to preserve the empire.";  /* **** */

"Nebuchadnezzar II" = "Nabucodònosor II";
"Greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian empire who destroyed Jerusalem." = "Greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian empire who destroyed Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Evil-Merodach" = "Amil-Marduc";
"Amel Marduk" = "Amil Marduk";
"Babylonian king who pardoned Jehoiachin of Judah." = "Babylonian king who pardoned Jehoiachin of Judah.";  /* **** */

"Neriglissar" = "Neriglissar";  /* **** */
"Nergal-sharezer" = "Nergal-Sarèser";
"Official who seized the Babylonian throne. May previously have participated in the conquest of Jerusalem." = "Official who seized the Babylonian throne. May previously have participated in the conquest of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Labashi-Marduk" = "Labashi-Marduk";  /* **** */
"Babylonian king who was quickly deposed." = "Babylonian king who was quickly deposed.";  /* **** */

"Nabonidus" = "Nabonide";
"Last king of the Neo-Babylonian empire, unpopular for his religious novelty." = "Last king of the Neo-Babylonian empire, unpopular for his religious novelty.";  /* **** */

"Belshazzar" = "Baldassàr";
"Son of Nabonidus who ruled as regent of Babylon." = "Son of Nabonidus who ruled as regent of Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Gubaru" = "Gubaru";  /* **** */
"Gobryas, Darius the Mede?" = "Gobria, Dario il Medo?";
"Governor of Babylon appointed by Cyrus. Possibly Daniel’s “Darius the Mede.”" = "Governor of Babylon appointed by Cyrus. Possibly Daniel’s “Darius the Mede.”";  /* **** */

"As-Saffah" = "As-Saffah";  /* **** */
"Al-Saffah" = "Al-Saffah";  /* **** */
"Rebel who defeated Marwan II to become the first Abbasid caliph." = "Rebel who defeated Marwan II to become the first Abbasid caliph.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mansur" = "Al-Mansur";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who built his capital at Baghdad." = "Abbasid caliph who built his capital at Baghdad.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mahdi" = "Al-Mahdi";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who asserted the caliph’s right to define orthodoxy." = "Abbasid caliph who asserted the caliph’s right to define orthodoxy.";  /* **** */

"Al-Hadi" = "Al-Hadi";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who put down several rebellions." = "Abbasid caliph who put down several rebellions.";  /* **** */

"Harun al-Rashid" = "Harun al-Rashid";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph at the height of the Islamic Golden Age." = "Abbasid caliph at the height of the Islamic Golden Age.";  /* **** */

"Al-Amin" = "Al-Amin";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph deposed by his half-brother." = "Abbasid caliph deposed by his half-brother.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mamun" = "Al-Mamun";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who promoted scholarship and warred with the Byzantine empire." = "Abbasid caliph who promoted scholarship and warred with the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutasim" = "Al-Mutasim";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who made Turkish soldiers central to the Abbasid military." = "Abbasid caliph who made Turkish soldiers central to the Abbasid military.";  /* **** */

"Al-Wathiq" = "Al-Wathiq";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph with a relatively uneventful reign." = "Abbasid caliph with a relatively uneventful reign.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutawakkil" = "Al-Mutawakkil";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who was deposed by his Turkish soldiers." = "Abbasid caliph who was deposed by his Turkish soldiers.";  /* **** */

"Al-Muntasir" = "Al-Muntasir";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph installed by those who deposed his father and died within a year." = "Abbasid caliph installed by those who deposed his father and died within a year.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mustain" = "Al-Mustain";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who abdicated, only to be executed." = "Abbasid caliph who abdicated, only to be executed.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutazz" = "Al-Mutazz";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who tried to reduce Turkish influence but was deposed." = "Abbasid caliph who tried to reduce Turkish influence but was deposed.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutahdi" = "Al-Mutahdi";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who was soon deposed by a Turkish general." = "Abbasid caliph who was soon deposed by a Turkish general.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutamid" = "Al-Mutamid";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph largely under the control of his brother." = "Abbasid caliph largely under the control of his brother.";  /* **** */

"Al-Mutadid" = "Al-Mutadid";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph whose military successes helped restore Abbasid control of the provinces." = "Abbasid caliph whose military successes helped restore Abbasid control of the provinces.";  /* **** */

"Al-Muktafi" = "Al-Muktafi";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph who recovered Syria and Egypt from Tulunid rule." = "Abbasid caliph who recovered Syria and Egypt from Tulunid rule.";  /* **** */

"Al-Muqtadir" = "Al-Muqtadir";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph whose nominal reign marked the start of the caliphate’s decline." = "Abbasid caliph whose nominal reign marked the start of the caliphate’s decline.";  /* **** */

"Al-Qahir" = "Al-Qahir";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph whose ruthless behavior led to his being blinded and imprisoned." = "Abbasid caliph whose ruthless behavior led to his being blinded and imprisoned.";  /* **** */

"Ar-Radi" = "Ar-Radi";  /* **** */
"Last Abbasid caliph who ceded real political power to his military commander." = "Last Abbasid caliph who ceded real political power to his military commander.";  /* **** */

"Al-Muttaqi" = "Al-Muttaqi";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliph caught between rival political factions." = "Abbasid caliph caught between rival political factions.";  /* **** */



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Individuals */

"Tatian" = "Tatian";  /* **** */
"Assyrian Christian apologist and early gnostic who produced the Diatessaron." = "Assyrian Christian apologist and early gnostic who produced the Diatessaron.";  /* **** */

"Mani" = "Mani";  /* **** */
"Persian mystic who combined elements of Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism to found Manichaeism." = "Persian mystic who combined elements of Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism to found Manichaeism.";  /* **** */

"Ibn Ishaq" = "Ibn Ishaq";  /* **** */
"Author of the earliest biography of Muhammad, known only from edited versions by Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari." = "Author of the earliest biography of Muhammad, known only from edited versions by Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari.";  /* **** */



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Writings */

"Gilgamesh Epic" = "Epopea di Gilgamesh";
"Epic poem about the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh." = "Epic poem about the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh.";  /* **** */

"Code of Hammurabi" = "Codice di Hammurabi";
"Babylonian law code with parallels to Mosaic law." = "Babylonian law code with parallels to Mosaic law.";  /* **** */

"Mari Texts" = "Testi di Mari";
"Akkadian tablets containing letters and administrative texts." = "Akkadian tablets containing letters and administrative texts.";  /* **** */

"Atrahasis Epic" = "Atrahasis Epic";  /* **** */
"Old Babylonian myth about creation of man and destructive flood." = "Old Babylonian myth about creation of man and destructive flood.";  /* **** */

"Nuzi Tablets" = "Tavolette di Nuzi";
"Akkadian tablets containing administrative and legal texts." = "Akkadian tablets containing administrative and legal texts.";  /* **** */

"Enuma Elish" = "Enuma Elish";  /* **** */
"Babylonian myth of Marduk’s defeat of Tiamat and creation of earth." = "Babylonian myth of Marduk’s defeat of Tiamat and creation of earth.";  /* **** */



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Events */

"Elamites Destroy Ur" = "Gli Elamiti distruggono Ur";

"Hittites Sack Babylon" = "Gli Ittiti saccheggiano Babilonia";
"Mursilis I leads a Hittite raid against Babylon." = "Mursilis I leads a Hittite raid against Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Nineveh" = "Fall of Nineveh";  /* **** */
"Medes and Babylonians besiege and capture Nineveh." = "Medes and Babylonians besiege and capture Nineveh.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Carchemish" = "Battaglia di Càrchemis";
"Medes and Babylonians defeat Egyptians and Assyrians." = "Medes and Babylonians defeat Egyptians and Assyrians.";  /* **** */

"Daniel’s Court Service" = "Servizio di corte di Daniele";
"Daniel serves in the Babylonian court for his entire adult life." = "Daniel serves in the Babylonian court for his entire adult life.";  /* **** */

"Battle of the Camel" = "Battle of the Camel";  /* **** */
"Ali defeats the forces of Aisha during the First Fitna." = "Ali defeats the forces of Aisha during the First Fitna.";  /* **** */

"Ali Assassinated" = "Ali Assassinated";  /* **** */
"A Kharijite assassinates Ali while he is praying in the mosque at Kufa." = "A Kharijite assassinates Ali while he is praying in the mosque at Kufa.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Karbala" = "Battle of Karbala";  /* **** */
"Battle in which Husayn ibn Ali was killed, dividing Sunni and Shiite Muslims." = "Battle in which Husayn ibn Ali was killed, dividing Sunni and Shiite Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Karaite Judaism Begins" = "Karaite Judaism Begins";  /* **** */
"Traditional date for the origin of Karaite Judaism, which rejects the oral law as authoritative." = "Traditional date for the origin of Karaite Judaism, which rejects the oral law as authoritative.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Baghdad" = "Siege of Baghdad";  /* **** */
"Baghdad is besieged during the civil war between Al-Mamun and Al-Amin." = "Baghdad is besieged during the civil war between Al-Mamun and Al-Amin.";  /* **** */

"Persecution of Muslim Scholars" = "Persecution of Muslim Scholars";  /* **** */
"Mihna" = "Mihna";  /* **** */
"Official Abbasid persecution of non-Mutazilite Muslim scholars." = "Official Abbasid persecution of non-Mutazilite Muslim scholars.";  /* **** */



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Political */

"Early Dynastic Period" = "Primo Periodo Dinastico";
"Sumerian cities become walled and ruled by powerful kings." = "Sumerian cities become walled and ruled by powerful kings.";  /* **** */

"Akkadian Period" = "Perioso Accadico";
"Akkadian rulers build a Mesopotamian empire." = "Akkadian rulers build a Mesopotamian empire.";  /* **** */

"Gutian Invasions" = "Invasioni guziane";
"Gutians from the Zagros mountains invade Mesopotamia." = "Gutians from the Zagros mountains invade Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Third Dynasty of Ur" = "Terza Dinastia di Ur";
"Powerful rulers at Ur usher in a Sumerian renaissance." = "Powerful rulers at Ur usher in a Sumerian renaissance.";  /* **** */

"Early Assyrian Period" = "Primo Periodo Assiro";
"The Assyrians build an empire in Mesopotamia and Syria." = "The Assyrians build an empire in Mesopotamia and Syria.";  /* **** */

"Isin-Larsa Period" = "Periodo di Isin e Larsa";
"Isin and Larsa become the dominant Sumerian city-states." = "Isin and Larsa become the dominant Sumerian city-states.";  /* **** */

"Amorite Period" = "Periodo Amorreo";
"Old Babylonian Period" = "Periodo babilonese antico";
"The Amorite city-state of Babylon establish a Mesopotamian empire." = "The Amorite city-state of Babylon establish a Mesopotamian empire.";  /* **** */

"Influx of Hurrians" = "Migrazione degli Urriti";
"An influx of Hurrians from Anatolia destabilize Assyria." = "An influx of Hurrians from Anatolia destabilize Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Kassite Period" = "Periodo Cassita";
"Kassites invade Mesopotamia after the fall of the Old Babylonian empire." = "Kassites invade Mesopotamia after the fall of the Old Babylonian empire.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of Mitanni" = "Regno di Mitanni";
"Assyrians subject to neighboring Hurrian kingdom." = "Assyrians subject to neighboring Hurrian kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Middle Assyrian Period" = "Periodo assiro medio";
"Assyria establishes a growing Mesopotamian empire. " = "Assyria establishes a growing Mesopotamian empire. ";  /* **** */

"Second Dynasty of Isin" = "Seconda dinastia di Isin";
"Powerful rulers from Isin control southern Mesopotamia." = "Powerful rulers from Isin control southern Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Assyria in Decline" = "Declino dell'Assiria";
"An influx of Arameans leads to a period of Assyrian decline." = "An influx of Arameans leads to a period of Assyrian decline.";  /* **** */

"Neo-Assyrian Empire" = "Impero neo-assiro";
"The Assyrian empire expands to threaten western Asia." = "The Assyrian empire expands to threaten western Asia.";  /* **** */

"Assyria in Turmoil" = "Assyria in Turmoil";  /* **** */
"Political instability, plague, and natural disasters weaken the Assyrian empire." = "Political instability, plague, and natural disasters weaken the Assyrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Chaldean Revolt" = "Chaldean Revolt";  /* **** */
"Chaldean rulers seize control of Babylonia." = "Chaldean rulers seize control of Babylonia.";  /* **** */

"Late Assyrian Empire" = "Impero assiro tardo";
"The Assyrian empire reaches its greatest extent, threatening Egypt." = "The Assyrian empire reaches its greatest extent, threatening Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Neo-Babylonian Empire" = "Impero neo-babilonese";
"Chaldean Empire" = "Chaldean Empire";  /* **** */
"Babylonians conquer the Assyrian empire and expand further." = "Babylonians conquer the Assyrian empire and expand further.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Impero persiano (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Persian empire." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Impero greco (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Mesopotamia becomes subject to Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Wars of Diadochi (Mesopotamia)" = "Wars of Diadochi (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Mesopotamia." = "Alexander’s successors fight for control of Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Seleucid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Impero seleucide (Mesopotamia)";
"After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Mesopotamia." = "After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Parthian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Impero partico (Mesopotamia)";
"Parthian empire controls Mesopotamia." = "Parthian empire controls Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Sassanian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Sassanian Empire (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Sassanian Empire." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Sassanian Empire.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Mesopotamia" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Mesopotamia";  /* **** */
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Mesopotamia." = "Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Mesopotamia)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Mesopotamia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate" = "Abbasid Caliphate";  /* **** */
"Abbasid caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Baghdad." = "Abbasid caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Baghdad.";  /* **** */

"Buyid Control" = "Buyid Control";  /* **** */
"Buyids from Persia gain political control over Mesopotamia, reducing the Abbasid caliphs to a ceremonial role." = "Buyids from Persia gain political control over Mesopotamia, reducing the Abbasid caliphs to a ceremonial role.";  /* **** */

"Seljuq Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Seljuq Empire (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Seljuq Empire, while Abbasid caliphs retain their ceremonial role." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Seljuq Empire, while Abbasid caliphs retain their ceremonial role.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid caliphs once again gain political control over Mesopotamia." = "Abbasid caliphs once again gain political control over Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Mongol Ilkhanate (Mesopotamia)" = "Mongol Ilkhanate (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"After the Mongol conquest, Mesopotamia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire." = "After the Mongol conquest, Mesopotamia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire.";  /* **** */

"Timurid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Timurid Empire (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Timurid empire." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Timurid empire.";  /* **** */

"Turkic Rule" = "Turkic Rule";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of various Turkic groups." = "Mesopotamia under the control of various Turkic groups.";  /* **** */

"Saffavid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Saffavid Empire (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Saffavid empire." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Saffavid empire.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Ottoman Empire (Mesopotamia)";  /* **** */
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Mesopotamia under the control of the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"Iraq (Nation)" = "Iraq (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Iraq becomes a modern nation-state after a period of British control." = "Iraq becomes a modern nation-state after a period of British control.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* PERSIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* PERSIA - Rulers */

"Lukh-ishshan" = "Lukh-ishshan";  /* **** */
"Elamite king defeated by Sargon of Akkad." = "Elamite king defeated by Sargon of Akkad.";  /* **** */

"Puzur-Inshushinak" = "Puzur-Inshushinak";  /* **** */
"Kutik-Inshushinak" = "Kutik-Inshushinak";  /* **** */
"Elamite king who broke away from the Akkadian empire." = "Elamite king who broke away from the Akkadian empire.";  /* **** */

"Achaemenes" = "Achemene";
"Founder of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty." = "Founder of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Deioces" = "Deioce";
"First king to unite the Medes. Captured by Sargon II of Assyria." = "First king to unite the Medes. Captured by Sargon II of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Phraortes" = "Fraorte";
"Median king who subjugated the Persians. Defeated by Ashurbanipal of Assyria." = "Median king who subjugated the Persians. Defeated by Ashurbanipal of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Teispes" = "Teispe";
"Son of Achaemenes who captured the Elamite city of Anshan." = "Son of Achaemenes who captured the Elamite city of Anshan.";  /* **** */

"Cyrus I" = "Ciro I";
"Persian ruler of Anshan subject to the Assyrian and then Median empires." = "Persian ruler of Anshan subject to the Assyrian and then Median empires.";  /* **** */

"Cyaxares" = "Ciassare";
"Median king who made an alliance with Babylonia to defeat the Assyrians." = "Median king who made an alliance with Babylonia to defeat the Assyrians.";  /* **** */

"Cambyses I" = "Cambise I";
"Persian king who married the daughter of Astyages and fathered Cyrus the Great." = "Persian king who married the daughter of Astyages and fathered Cyrus the Great.";  /* **** */

"Astyages" = "Astiage";
"Median king deposed by his Cyrus the Great of Persia." = "Median king deposed by his Cyrus the Great of Persia.";  /* **** */

"Cyrus the Great" = "Ciro il Grande";
"Cyrus II" = "Ciro II";
"Persian king who overthrew Astyages of Media to establish the Persian empire." = "Persian king who overthrew Astyages of Media to establish the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Cambyses II" = "Cambise II";
"Persian king who conquered Egypt and Cyrenaica." = "Persian king who conquered Egypt and Cyrenaica.";  /* **** */

"Darius I" = "Dario I";
"Persian who deposed Gaumata to rule the Persian empire at its height." = "Persian who deposed Gaumata to rule the Persian empire at its height.";  /* **** */

"Gaumata" = "Gaumata";  /* **** */
"Magus who briefly ruled the Persian empire by impersonating the dead brother of Cambyses II." = "Magus who briefly ruled the Persian empire by impersonating the dead brother of Cambyses II.";  /* **** */

"Xerxes" = "Serse";
"Ahasuerus" = "Artaserse";
"Persian king who married Esther and unsuccessfully invaded Greece." = "Persian king who married Esther and unsuccessfully invaded Greece.";  /* **** */

"Artaxerxes I" = "Artaserse I";
"Persian king who permitted Nehemiah to return to Judah." = "Persian king who permitted Nehemiah to return to Judah.";  /* **** */

"Darius II" = "Dario II";
"Persian who became king after a power struggle and took the name Darius II." = "Persian who became king after a power struggle and took the name Darius II.";  /* **** */

"Artaxerxes II" = "Artaserse II";
"Persian king who lost control over Egypt." = "Persian king who lost control over Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Artaxerxes III" = "Artaserse III";
"Persian king who regained control over Egypt." = "Persian king who regained control over Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Arses" = "Arses";  /* **** */
"Youthful Persian king installed and later killed by the vizier Bagoas." = "Youthful Persian king installed and later killed by the vizier Bagoas.";  /* **** */

"Darius III" = "Dario III";
"Last Persian king defeated and pursued by Alexander the Great." = "Last Persian king defeated and pursued by Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Mithridates I" = "Mitridate I";
"Parthian ruler who greatly expanded the empire." = "Parthian ruler who greatly expanded the empire.";  /* **** */

"Mithridates II" = "Mitridate II";
"Parthian king who ruled a vast empire and had contact with Rome and China." = "Parthian king who ruled a vast empire and had contact with Rome and China.";  /* **** */

"Timur" = "Timur";  /* **** */
"Tamerlane" = "Tamerlane";  /* **** */
"Ruler of Turkish and Mongol descent who built a vast Central Asian empire." = "Ruler of Turkish and Mongol descent who built a vast Central Asian empire.";  /* **** */



/* PERSIA - Individuals */

"Esther" = "Esther";  /* **** */
"Hadassah" = "Hadassah";  /* **** */
"Jewish exile who became queen of Persia and saved her people." = "Jewish exile who became queen of Persia and saved her people.";  /* **** */

"Muhammad al-Bukhari" = "Muhammad al-Bukhari";  /* **** */
"Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded as most authentic by Sunni Muslims." = "Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded as most authentic by Sunni Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Imam Muslim" = "Imam Muslim";  /* **** */
"Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj" = "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj";  /* **** */
"Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded by Sunni Muslims as second only to Sahih al-Bukhari." = "Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded by Sunni Muslims as second only to Sahih al-Bukhari.";  /* **** */

"al-Tabari" = "al-Tabari";  /* **** */
"Persian Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, retaining some episodes (such as the Satanic Verses) omitted by Ibn Hisham." = "Persian Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, retaining some episodes (such as the Satanic Verses) omitted by Ibn Hisham.";  /* **** */



/* PERSIA - Writings */

"Cyrus Cylinder" = "Cilindro di Ciro";
"Cuneiform record of Cyrus the Great’s conquest of Babylon." = "Cuneiform record of Cyrus the Great’s conquest of Babylon.";  /* **** */

"Sahih al-Bukhari" = "Sahih al-Bukhari";  /* **** */
"A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by al-Bukhari." = "A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by al-Bukhari.";  /* **** */

"Sahih Muslim" = "Sahih Muslim";  /* **** */
"A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by Imam Muslim." = "A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by Imam Muslim.";  /* **** */



/* PERSIA - Events */

"Elamites sack Ur and bring an end to its third dynasty." = "Elamites sack Ur and bring an end to its third dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Queen Vashti Deposed" = "Queen Vashti Deposed";  /* **** */
"Xerxes deposes and divorces Queen Vashti for disobedience." = "Xerxes deposes and divorces Queen Vashti for disobedience.";  /* **** */

"Esther Becomes Queen" = "Esther Becomes Queen";  /* **** */
"Xerxes marries the Jewish exile Esther without knowing her nationality." = "Xerxes marries the Jewish exile Esther without knowing her nationality.";  /* **** */

"Deliverance of Purim" = "Liberazione di Purim";
"Allowed to defend themselves, the Jews in exile defeat their enemies." = "Allowed to defend themselves, the Jews in exile defeat their enemies.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Gaugamela" = "Battaglia di Gaugamela";
"Battle of Arbela" = "Battle of Arbela";  /* **** */
"Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer the Persian empire." = "Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer the Persian empire.";  /* **** */



/* PERSIA - Political */

"Proto-Elamite Period" = "Periodo proto-elamita";
"Earliest civilization in Persia, with important centers at Susa and Anshan." = "Earliest civilization in Persia, with important centers at Susa and Anshan.";  /* **** */

"Old Elamite Period" = "Periodo elamita antico";
"Period of the earliest known Elamite dynasties." = "Period of the earliest known Elamite dynasties.";  /* **** */

"Middle Elamite Period" = "Periodo elamita medio";
"Elamite dynasties grow in power and regional influence." = "Elamite dynasties grow in power and regional influence.";  /* **** */

"Late Elamite Period" = "Tardo periodo elamita";
"Migrating Persians and Medes gradually displace the Elamites." = "Migrating Persians and Medes gradually displace the Elamites.";  /* **** */

"Media" = "Media";  /* **** */
"Medes settle northern Iran and eventually aid in the overthrow of Assyria." = "Medes settle northern Iran and eventually aid in the overthrow of Assyria.";  /* **** */

"Persia" = "Persia";  /* **** */
"Persians settle southern Iran, displacing the Elamites." = "Persians settle southern Iran, displacing the Elamites.";  /* **** */

"Elam subject to Assyria/Babylon" = "Elam subject to Assyria/Babylon";  /* **** */
"Elam is conquered by the Assyrians and later the Babylonians." = "Elam is conquered by the Assyrians and later the Babylonians.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire" = "Impero persiano";
"Achaemenid Persians control a vast empire stretching from Egypt to India." = "Achaemenid Persians control a vast empire stretching from Egypt to India.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Persia)" = "Impero greco (Persia)";
"Persia becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Persia becomes subject to Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Wars of the Diadochi (Persia)" = "Wars of the Diadochi (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Persia." = "Alexander’s successors fight for control of Persia.";  /* **** */

"Seleucid Empire (Persia)" = "Impero seleucide (Persia)";
"After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Persia." = "After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Persia.";  /* **** */

"Parthian Empire" = "Impero partico";
"Seleucid province of Parthia breaks away to become a powerful eastern empire." = "Seleucid province of Parthia breaks away to become a powerful eastern empire.";  /* **** */

"Sassanian Empire" = "Impero sasanide";
"An Iranian empire which rose after the collapse of the Parthian empire." = "An Iranian empire which rose after the collapse of the Parthian empire.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Persia)" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Persia." = "Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Persia.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Persia)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Persia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Persia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate (Persia)" = "Abbasid Caliphate (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Persia ruled by the Abbassid caliphs, who rely heavily on Persian officials." = "Persia ruled by the Abbassid caliphs, who rely heavily on Persian officials.";  /* **** */

"Persian Muslim Kingdoms" = "Persian Muslim Kingdoms";  /* **** */
"Persia ruled by a series of autonomous Muslim dynasties: the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, and Ghaznavids." = "Persia ruled by a series of autonomous Muslim dynasties: the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, and Ghaznavids.";  /* **** */

"Seljuq Empire (Persia)" = "Seljuq Empire (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Seljuk Empire" = "Seljuk Empire";  /* **** */
"Persia ruled by the Seljuq Turks." = "Persia ruled by the Seljuq Turks.";  /* **** */

"Khwarezmian Empire" = "Khwarezmian Empire";  /* **** */
"Persia ruled by the Khwarezmian dynasty." = "Persia ruled by the Khwarezmian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Mongol Ilkhanate (Persia)" = "Mongol Ilkhanate (Persia)";  /* **** */
"After the Mongol conquest, Persia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire." = "After the Mongol conquest, Persia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire.";  /* **** */

"Timurid Empire (Persia)" = "Timurid Empire (Persia)";  /* **** */
"Persia under the control of the Timurid empire." = "Persia under the control of the Timurid empire.";  /* **** */

"Saffavid Empire" = "Saffavid Empire";  /* **** */
"Iran ruled by the Shiite Muslim Saffavid dynasty." = "Iran ruled by the Shiite Muslim Saffavid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Qajar Iran" = "Qajar Iran";  /* **** */
"Iran under the rule of a dynasty of Qajar Turks." = "Iran under the rule of a dynasty of Qajar Turks.";  /* **** */

"Iran (Imperial State)" = "Iran (Imperial State)";  /* **** */
"The imperial state of Iran is ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty of shahs." = "The imperial state of Iran is ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty of shahs.";  /* **** */

"Iran (Islamic Republic)" = "Iran (Islamic Republic)";  /* **** */
"Iran becomes an Islamic Republic after the overthrow of the shah." = "Iran becomes an Islamic Republic after the overthrow of the shah.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Rulers */

"Anitta" = "Anitta";  /* **** */
"Early Hittite ruler who consolidated several city-states." = "Early Hittite ruler who consolidated several city-states.";  /* **** */

"Hattusilis I" = "Hattusili I";
"Hittite king who established capital at Hattusa." = "Hittite king who established capital at Hattusa.";  /* **** */

"Mursilis I" = "Mursili I";
"Hittite king who sacked Babylon but was assassinated upon his return." = "Hittite king who sacked Babylon but was assassinated upon his return.";  /* **** */

"Suppiluliumas I" = "Suppiluliuma I";
"Hittite king who established the Hittite Empire." = "Hittite king who established the Hittite Empire.";  /* **** */

"Mursilis II" = "Mursilis II";  /* **** */
"Hittite king with a long and prosperous reign." = "Hittite king with a long and prosperous reign.";  /* **** */

"Muwatallis II" = "Muwatallis II";  /* **** */
"Hittite king who fought Ramses II at the Battle of Kadesh." = "Hittite king who fought Ramses II at the Battle of Kadesh.";  /* **** */

"Mursilis III" = "Mursilis III";  /* **** */
"Hittite king who lost a civil war with Hattusilis III and fled to Egypt." = "Hittite king who lost a civil war with Hattusilis III and fled to Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Hattusilis III" = "Hattusili III";
"Hittite king who signed the Kadesh Treaty with Ramses II of Egypt." = "Hittite king who signed the Kadesh Treaty with Ramses II of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Mita" = "Mita";  /* **** */
"Midas" = "Mida";
"King of Phrygia legendary for his wealth." = "King of Phrygia legendary for his wealth.";  /* **** */

"Gyges" = "Gige";
"Guggu, Gog?" = "Guggu, Gog?";  /* **** */
"Lydian king mentioned by Herodotus, possibly the Gog of the Bible." = "Lydian king mentioned by Herodotus, possibly the Gog of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Ardys" = "Ardys";  /* **** */
"Lydian king who clashed with the Cimmerians." = "Lydian king who clashed with the Cimmerians.";  /* **** */

"Sodyattes" = "Sodiatte";
"Lydian king who invaded Miletus." = "Lydian king who invaded Miletus.";  /* **** */

"Alyattes" = "Aliatte";
"Lydian king who made peace with Miletus and an alliance with the Medes." = "Lydian king who made peace with Miletus and an alliance with the Medes.";  /* **** */

"Croesus" = "Creso";
"Lydian king of legendary wealth defeated by Cyrus the Great." = "Lydian king of legendary wealth defeated by Cyrus the Great.";  /* **** */

"Galerius" = "Galerio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor who failed to keep the tetrarchy together." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor who failed to keep the tetrarchy together.";  /* **** */

"Licinius" = "Licinio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor deposed by Constantine I." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor deposed by Constantine I.";  /* **** */

"Maximinus II Daia" = "Massimino II Daia";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor defeated by Licinius." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor defeated by Licinius.";  /* **** */

"Constantius II" = "Costanzo II";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor with his brothers, then sole emperor. Promoted Arianism." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor with his brothers, then sole emperor. Promoted Arianism.";  /* **** */

"Valens" = "Valente";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor killed at the Battle of Adrianople." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor killed at the Battle of Adrianople.";  /* **** */

"Theodosius I" = "Teodosio I";
"Last emperor to rule a united empire. Promoted Christianity against paganism." = "Last emperor to rule a united empire. Promoted Christianity against paganism.";  /* **** */

"Arcadius" = "Arcadio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor with Honorius, largely controlled by his advisors." = "Eastern Roman co-emperor with Honorius, largely controlled by his advisors.";  /* **** */

"Theodosius II" = "Teododio II";
"Eastern emperor known for his law-code and fortification of Constantinople." = "Eastern emperor known for his law-code and fortification of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Marcian" = "Marciano";
"Eastern emperor who helped end the threat from the Huns and called the Council of Chalcedon." = "Eastern emperor who helped end the threat from the Huns and called the Council of Chalcedon.";  /* **** */

"Leo I" = "Leo I";  /* **** */
"Eastern emperor who launched a disastrous campaign to recover North Africa." = "Eastern emperor who launched a disastrous campaign to recover North Africa.";  /* **** */

"Leo II" = "Leo II";  /* **** */
"Eastern emperor who died in childhood." = "Eastern emperor who died in childhood.";  /* **** */

"Zeno" = "Zenone";
"Byzantine emperor who saw the end of the Western Roman empire." = "Byzantine emperor who saw the end of the Western Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Basiliscus" = "Basiliscus";  /* **** */
"Usurper who briefly deposed but was eventually overthrown by Zeno." = "Usurper who briefly deposed but was eventually overthrown by Zeno.";  /* **** */

"Anastasius I" = "Anastasius I";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who made administrative and economic reforms." = "Byzantine emperor who made administrative and economic reforms.";  /* **** */

"Justin I" = "Justin I";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who founded the Justinian dynasty and promoted orthodox Christianity." = "Byzantine emperor who founded the Justinian dynasty and promoted orthodox Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Justinian I" = "Justinian I";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who greatly expanded the empire and reformed its laws." = "Byzantine emperor who greatly expanded the empire and reformed its laws.";  /* **** */

"Justin II" = "Justin II";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who lost Italy and eventually abdicated." = "Byzantine emperor who lost Italy and eventually abdicated.";  /* **** */

"Tiberius II Constantine" = "Tiberius II Constantine";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who suffered losses to the Avars and Slavs." = "Byzantine emperor who suffered losses to the Avars and Slavs.";  /* **** */

"Maurice" = "Maurice";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who expanded the empire but was deposed by Phocas." = "Byzantine emperor who expanded the empire but was deposed by Phocas.";  /* **** */

"Phocas" = "Phocas";  /* **** */
"Usurper who deposed Maurice and was himself deposed by Heraclius." = "Usurper who deposed Maurice and was himself deposed by Heraclius.";  /* **** */

"Heraclius" = "Heraclius";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians only to lose vast territory to the Muslims." = "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians only to lose vast territory to the Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Constans II" = "Constans II";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who tried to squash Christological controversies and who lost a major naval battle with the Muslims." = "Byzantine emperor who tried to squash Christological controversies and who lost a major naval battle with the Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Constantine III" = "Constantine III";  /* **** */
"Byzantine co-emperor with Heraklonas who died after four months." = "Byzantine co-emperor with Heraklonas who died after four months.";  /* **** */

"Heraklonas" = "Heraklonas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine co-emperor with Constantine III deposed in favor of Constans II." = "Byzantine co-emperor with Constantine III deposed in favor of Constans II.";  /* **** */

"Constantine IV" = "Constantine IV";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege of Constantinople." = "Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Mezezius" = "Mezezius";  /* **** */
"Rival claimant to Constantine IV who was eventually defeated." = "Rival claimant to Constantine IV who was eventually defeated.";  /* **** */

"Justinian II" = "Justinian II";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor deposed by a rebellion and sent into exile with his nose cut off." = "Byzantine emperor deposed by a rebellion and sent into exile with his nose cut off.";  /* **** */

"Leontios" = "Leontios";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and who was deposed by Tiberius III." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and who was deposed by Tiberius III.";  /* **** */

"Tiberius III" = "Tiberius III";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Leontios and who was deposed by Justinian II." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Leontios and who was deposed by Justinian II.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine emperor who returned to power from exile and was eventually overthrown." = "Byzantine emperor who returned to power from exile and was eventually overthrown.";  /* **** */

"Philippikos" = "Philippikos";  /* **** */
"Bardanes" = "Bardanes";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and removed by military revolt." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and removed by military revolt.";  /* **** */

"Anastasius II" = "Anastasius II";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor installed and removed by military revolt." = "Byzantine emperor installed and removed by military revolt.";  /* **** */

"Theodosius III" = "Theodosius III";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor forced to abdicate by Leo III." = "Byzantine emperor forced to abdicate by Leo III.";  /* **** */

"Leo III" = "Leo III";  /* **** */
"Leo the Isaurian" = "Leo the Isaurian";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege and promoted iconoclasm." = "Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege and promoted iconoclasm.";  /* **** */

"Artabasdos" = "Artabasdos";  /* **** */
"Rival Byzantine emperor who led an unsuccessful revolt against Constantine V." = "Rival Byzantine emperor who led an unsuccessful revolt against Constantine V.";  /* **** */

"Constantine V" = "Constantine V";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who secured the frontiers and promoted iconoclasm." = "Byzantine emperor who secured the frontiers and promoted iconoclasm.";  /* **** */

"Leo IV" = "Leo IV";  /* **** */
"Leo the Khazar" = "Leo the Khazar";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who successfully raided the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Byzantine emperor who successfully raided the Abbasid Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Constantine VI" = "Constantine VI";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor deposed and blinded by his mother." = "Byzantine emperor deposed and blinded by his mother.";  /* **** */

"Irene of Athens" = "Irene of Athens";  /* **** */
"Co-regent with Constantine VI who ended iconoclasm and later deposed her son to become sole empress." = "Co-regent with Constantine VI who ended iconoclasm and later deposed her son to become sole empress.";  /* **** */

"Nikephoros I " = "Nikephoros I ";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Irene, later captured and executed by Krum of Bulgaria." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Irene, later captured and executed by Krum of Bulgaria.";  /* **** */

"Staurakios" = "Staurakios";  /* **** */
"Co-regent with Nikephoros I deposed shortly after he became sole emperor." = "Co-regent with Nikephoros I deposed shortly after he became sole emperor.";  /* **** */

"Michael I Rangabe" = "Michael I Rangabe";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who abdicated before he could be overthrown." = "Byzantine emperor who abdicated before he could be overthrown.";  /* **** */

"Constantine" = "Constantine";  /* **** */
"Symbatios" = "Symbatios";  /* **** */
"Byzantine co-emperor with his father, Leo V." = "Byzantine co-emperor with his father, Leo V.";  /* **** */

"Leo V" = "Leo V";  /* **** */
"Leo the Armenian" = "Leo the Armenian";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who defeated the Bulgarians and revived iconoclasm." = "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Bulgarians and revived iconoclasm.";  /* **** */

"Michael II" = "Michael II";  /* **** */
"Michael the Amorian" = "Michael the Amorian";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Leo V, lost Crete to the Muslims, and promoted iconoclasm." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Leo V, lost Crete to the Muslims, and promoted iconoclasm.";  /* **** */

"Theophilus" = "Theophilus";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who personally led troops against the Abbasids, with mixed success." = "Byzantine emperor who personally led troops against the Abbasids, with mixed success.";  /* **** */

"Michael III" = "Michael III";  /* **** */
"Michael the Drunkard" = "Michael the Drunkard";  /* **** */
"Son of Theophilus and Theodora largely controlled by others until deposed by Basil I." = "Son of Theophilus and Theodora largely controlled by others until deposed by Basil I.";  /* **** */

"Theodora (regent)" = "Theodora (regent)";  /* **** */
"Widow of Theophilus who ruled as regent during the minority of Michael III. Abolished iconoclasm." = "Widow of Theophilus who ruled as regent during the minority of Michael III. Abolished iconoclasm.";  /* **** */

"Basil I" = "Basil I";  /* **** */
"Basil the Macedonian" = "Basil the Macedonian";  /* **** */
"Macedonian wrestler who befriended and deposed his predecessor. Founder of the Macedonian dynasty." = "Macedonian wrestler who befriended and deposed his predecessor. Founder of the Macedonian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Leo VI" = "Leo VI";  /* **** */
"Leo the Wise" = "Leo the Wise";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who suffered major military defeats to the Bulgarians and Muslims." = "Byzantine emperor who suffered major military defeats to the Bulgarians and Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Alexander" = "Alexander";  /* **** */
"Brother of Leo VI who died shortly after his accession." = "Brother of Leo VI who died shortly after his accession.";  /* **** */

"Constantine VII" = "Constantine VII";  /* **** */
"Son of Leo VI whose early reign was dominated by the regencies of his mother and Romanos I." = "Son of Leo VI whose early reign was dominated by the regencies of his mother and Romanos I.";  /* **** */

"Romanos I Lekapenos" = "Romanos I Lekapenos";  /* **** */
"Admiral who elevated himself to senior co-emperor before being deposed by his sons, who were themselves deposed." = "Admiral who elevated himself to senior co-emperor before being deposed by his sons, who were themselves deposed.";  /* **** */

"Romanos II" = "Romanos II";  /* **** */
"Romanos the Purple-born" = "Romanos the Purple-born";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor whose generals achieved gains against the Muslims." = "Byzantine emperor whose generals achieved gains against the Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Nikephoros II Phokas" = "Nikephoros II Phokas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine general who married the widow of Romanos II to become emperor. Overthrown by his nephew Tzimiskes." = "Byzantine general who married the widow of Romanos II to become emperor. Overthrown by his nephew Tzimiskes.";  /* **** */

"John I Tzimiskes" = "John I Tzimiskes";  /* **** */
"Byzantine general who murdered his uncle, defeated the Rus, and died on campaign in the east." = "Byzantine general who murdered his uncle, defeated the Rus, and died on campaign in the east.";  /* **** */

"Basil II" = "Basil II";  /* **** */
"Basil the Bulgar-slayer." = "Basil the Bulgar-slayer.";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who made an alliance with the Kievan Rus and who finally defeated the Bulgarians." = "Byzantine emperor who made an alliance with the Kievan Rus and who finally defeated the Bulgarians.";  /* **** */

"Constantine VIII" = "Constantine VIII";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor with little interest in ruling. Married his daughter to his intended successor just before he died." = "Byzantine emperor with little interest in ruling. Married his daughter to his intended successor just before he died.";  /* **** */

"Romanos III" = "Romanos III";  /* **** */
"Romanos Arguros" = "Romanos Arguros";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor through his marriage to Zoe. Deposed by her lover." = "Byzantine emperor through his marriage to Zoe. Deposed by her lover.";  /* **** */

"Zoe" = "Zoe";  /* **** */
"Zoe the Purple-born" = "Zoe the Purple-born";  /* **** */
"Daughter of Constantine VIII who ruled as empress with three husbands: Romanos III, Michael IV, and Constantine IX." = "Daughter of Constantine VIII who ruled as empress with three husbands: Romanos III, Michael IV, and Constantine IX.";  /* **** */

"Michael IV" = "Michael IV";  /* **** */
"Michael the Paphlagonian" = "Michael the Paphlagonian";  /* **** */
"Lover of Zoe who married her the same day Romanos III died. Crowned Byzantine emperor the next day." = "Lover of Zoe who married her the same day Romanos III died. Crowned Byzantine emperor the next day.";  /* **** */

"Michael V" = "Michael V";  /* **** */
"Michael the Caulker" = "Michael the Caulker";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor through his adoption by Michael IV and Zoe. Overthrown for trying to banish Zoe." = "Byzantine emperor through his adoption by Michael IV and Zoe. Overthrown for trying to banish Zoe.";  /* **** */

"Constantine IX" = "Constantine IX";  /* **** */
"Constantine Manomachos" = "Constantine Manomachos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor and third husband of Zoe. His reign saw repeated rebellions, foreign invasions, and the Great Schism." = "Byzantine emperor and third husband of Zoe. His reign saw repeated rebellions, foreign invasions, and the Great Schism.";  /* **** */

"Theodora" = "Theodora";  /* **** */
"Theodora the Purple-born" = "Theodora the Purple-born";  /* **** */
"Younger sister of Zoe elevated to Byzantine empress when Michael IV was deposed." = "Younger sister of Zoe elevated to Byzantine empress when Michael IV was deposed.";  /* **** */

"Michael VI Bringas" = "Michael VI Bringas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor appointed by Theodora who abdicated in the face of a military coup." = "Byzantine emperor appointed by Theodora who abdicated in the face of a military coup.";  /* **** */

"Isaac I Comnenos" = "Isaac I Comnenos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Patriarch Michael I Cerularius. Abdicated due to illness." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed Patriarch Michael I Cerularius. Abdicated due to illness.";  /* **** */

"Constantine X Doukas" = "Constantine X Doukas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who suffered territorial losses to Normans, Hungarians, and Turks." = "Byzantine emperor who suffered territorial losses to Normans, Hungarians, and Turks.";  /* **** */

"Romanos IV Diogenes" = "Romanos IV Diogenes";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor captured at the Battle of Manzikert and deposed upon his release." = "Byzantine emperor captured at the Battle of Manzikert and deposed upon his release.";  /* **** */

"Michael VII Doukas" = "Michael VII Doukas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor whose reign saw a series of military defeats and territorial losses." = "Byzantine emperor whose reign saw a series of military defeats and territorial losses.";  /* **** */

"Nikephoros III Botaneiates" = "Nikephoros III Botaneiates";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor deposed by Alexius I Comnenos." = "Byzantine emperor deposed by Alexius I Comnenos.";  /* **** */

"Alexios I Komnenos" = "Alexios I Komnenos";  /* **** */
"Alexius I Comnenus" = "Alexius I Comnenus";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who appealed to the Roman pope for aid against the Turks, leading to the First Crusade." = "Byzantine emperor who appealed to the Roman pope for aid against the Turks, leading to the First Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Kilij Arslan I" = "Kilij Arslan I";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Sultan of Rum who fought the Crusaders." = "Seljuq Sultan of Rum who fought the Crusaders.";  /* **** */

"John II Komnenos" = "John II Komnenos";  /* **** */
"John II Comnenus" = "John II Comnenus";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor known for his piety and military success against the Turks." = "Byzantine emperor known for his piety and military success against the Turks.";  /* **** */

"Manuel I Komnenos" = "Manuel I Komnenos";  /* **** */
"Manuel I Comnenus" = "Manuel I Comnenus";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor during the Second Crusade. He suffered a major defeat by the Turks near the end of his reign." = "Byzantine emperor during the Second Crusade. He suffered a major defeat by the Turks near the end of his reign.";  /* **** */

"Alexios II Komnenos" = "Alexios II Komnenos";  /* **** */
"Alexius II Comnenus" = "Alexius II Comnenus";  /* **** */
"Child emperor under the regency of his mother until deposed and killed by Andronikos I Komnenus." = "Child emperor under the regency of his mother until deposed and killed by Andronikos I Komnenus.";  /* **** */

"Andronikos I Komnenos" = "Andronikos I Komnenos";  /* **** */
"Andronicus I Comnenus" = "Andronicus I Comnenus";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor whose seizure of the throne led to waves of violence and who was violently deposed." = "Byzantine emperor whose seizure of the throne led to waves of violence and who was violently deposed.";  /* **** */

"Isaac II Angelos" = "Isaac II Angelos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor installed in a popular uprising, deposed and blinded by his older brother, and later restored to the throne." = "Byzantine emperor installed in a popular uprising, deposed and blinded by his older brother, and later restored to the throne.";  /* **** */

"Alexios III Angelos" = "Alexios III Angelos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed his brother and was deposed by the Fourth Crusade." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed his brother and was deposed by the Fourth Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Alexios IV Angelos" = "Alexios IV Angelos";  /* **** */
"Became Byzantine emperor alongside his father after enlisting support from the Fourth Crusade. Soon deposed for failing to meet the crusaders’ demands." = "Became Byzantine emperor alongside his father after enlisting support from the Fourth Crusade. Soon deposed for failing to meet the crusaders’ demands.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine emperor restored to the throne by the Fourth Crusade, alongside his son Alexios IV." = "Byzantine emperor restored to the throne by the Fourth Crusade, alongside his son Alexios IV.";  /* **** */

"Alexios V Doukas" = "Alexios V Doukas";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who seized power and tried to defend against the Fourth Crusade. Forced to flee and died in exile." = "Byzantine emperor who seized power and tried to defend against the Fourth Crusade. Forced to flee and died in exile.";  /* **** */

"Michael VIII Palaiologos" = "Michael VIII Palaiologos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor of Nicea who recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine empire." = "Byzantine emperor of Nicea who recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Andronicus II Palaiologos" = "Andronicus II Palaiologos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who suffered devastating military losses and was deposed after a long civil war." = "Byzantine emperor who suffered devastating military losses and was deposed after a long civil war.";  /* **** */

"Micael IX Palaiologos" = "Micael IX Palaiologos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine co-emperor with Andronicus II who fought unsuccessful battles against the Catalans and Ottomans." = "Byzantine co-emperor with Andronicus II who fought unsuccessful battles against the Catalans and Ottomans.";  /* **** */

"Osman I" = "Osman I";  /* **** */
"Osman Ghazi" = "Osman Ghazi";  /* **** */
"Turkish tribal leader who conquered Byzantine territory to establish the Ottoman sultanate." = "Turkish tribal leader who conquered Byzantine territory to establish the Ottoman sultanate.";  /* **** */

"Andronicus III Palaiologos" = "Andronicus III Palaiologos";  /* **** */
"Byzantine emperor who deposed his grandfather after a long civil war." = "Byzantine emperor who deposed his grandfather after a long civil war.";  /* **** */

"Constantine IX Palaiologos" = "Constantine IX Palaiologos";  /* **** */
"Last Byzantine emperor apparently killed during the fall of Constantinople." = "Last Byzantine emperor apparently killed during the fall of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Mehmed II" = "Mehmed II";  /* **** */
"Mehmed the Conqueror" = "Mehmed the Conqueror";  /* **** */
"Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople and expanded the empire." = "Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople and expanded the empire.";  /* **** */

"Bayezid II" = "Bayezid II";  /* **** */
"Ottoman sultan who strengthened the empire and resettled Jews expelled from Spain." = "Ottoman sultan who strengthened the empire and resettled Jews expelled from Spain.";  /* **** */

"Suleiman I" = "Suleiman I";  /* **** */
"Suleiman the Magnificent" = "Suleiman the Magnificent";  /* **** */
"Ottoman caliph who expanded into Europe and ruled the Ottoman empire at its height." = "Ottoman caliph who expanded into Europe and ruled the Ottoman empire at its height.";  /* **** */



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Individuals */

"Papias" = "Papias";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Hierapolis and apostolic father whose work is quoted by Irenaeus." = "Bishop of Hierapolis and apostolic father whose work is quoted by Irenaeus.";  /* **** */

"Polycarp" = "Policarpo";
"Bishop of Smyrna, apostolic father, and martyr." = "Bishop of Smyrna, apostolic father, and martyr.";  /* **** */

"Marcion" = "Marcion";  /* **** */
"Docetist Heretic who formed a narrow New Testament canon which spurred the development of the orthodox canon." = "Docetist Heretic who formed a narrow New Testament canon which spurred the development of the orthodox canon.";  /* **** */

"Gregory Thaumaturgus" = "Gregory Thaumaturgus";  /* **** */
"Student of Origen who became a bishop in Pontus. Ante-Nicene proponent of Trinitarianism." = "Student of Origen who became a bishop in Pontus. Ante-Nicene proponent of Trinitarianism.";  /* **** */

"Basil the Great" = "Basil the Great";  /* **** */
"Cappadocian father and bishop who defended Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism and Apollinarianism." = "Cappadocian father and bishop who defended Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism and Apollinarianism.";  /* **** */

"Gregory the Theologian" = "Gregory the Theologian";  /* **** */
"Cappadocian father who defended Nicene orthodoxy and the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit." = "Cappadocian father who defended Nicene orthodoxy and the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit.";  /* **** */

"Gregory of Nyssa" = "Gregory of Nyssa";  /* **** */
"Cappadocian father and bishop who lent his philosophical theology to the defense of Nicene orthodoxy." = "Cappadocian father and bishop who lent his philosophical theology to the defense of Nicene orthodoxy.";  /* **** */

"Theodore of Mopsuestia" = "Theodore of Mopsuestia";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Mopsuestia and founder of the literalistic Antiochene school of interpreters. Later condemned for his association with Nestorius." = "Bishop of Mopsuestia and founder of the literalistic Antiochene school of interpreters. Later condemned for his association with Nestorius.";  /* **** */

"Mesrob" = "Mesrob";  /* **** */
"Mashtotz" = "Mashtotz";  /* **** */
"Armenian Christian scholar who invented the Armenian alphabet in order to translate the Scriptures into Armenian." = "Armenian Christian scholar who invented the Armenian alphabet in order to translate the Scriptures into Armenian.";  /* **** */

"Palladius of Galatia" = "Palladius of Galatia";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Helenopolis, defender of Chrysostom, and author of a history of early monasticism." = "Bishop of Helenopolis, defender of Chrysostom, and author of a history of early monasticism.";  /* **** */

"Eutyches" = "Eutyches";  /* **** */
"Church official in Constantinople who taught that Christ has one nature and is not consubstantial with men (monophysitism)." = "Church official in Constantinople who taught that Christ has one nature and is not consubstantial with men (monophysitism).";  /* **** */

"Pulcheria" = "Pulcheria";  /* **** */
"Sister of Theodosius II and nominal wife of Marcian who played a major role in the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon." = "Sister of Theodosius II and nominal wife of Marcian who played a major role in the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon.";  /* **** */

"Marius Mercator" = "Marius Mercator";  /* **** */
"Influential apologist who wrote against Pelagianism and Nestorianism." = "Influential apologist who wrote against Pelagianism and Nestorianism.";  /* **** */

"Maximus the Confessor" = "Maximus the Confessor";  /* **** */
"Byzantine theologian who defended Chalcedonian orthodoxy. He was maimed and exiled for his opposition to Monothelitism." = "Byzantine theologian who defended Chalcedonian orthodoxy. He was maimed and exiled for his opposition to Monothelitism.";  /* **** */



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Writings */

"Hittite–Egyptian Peace Treaty" = "Hittite–Egyptian Peace Treaty";  /* **** */
"Peace treaty between Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and Hittite king Hattusilis III." = "Peace treaty between Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and Hittite king Hattusilis III.";  /* **** */

"Creed of the Council of Nicea which affirmed the deity of Christ." = "Creed of the Council of Nicea which affirmed the deity of Christ.";  /* **** */

"Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed" = "Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed";  /* **** */
"Nicene Creed" = "Nicene Creed";  /* **** */
"A longer variation of the Nicene Creed of 325 which clarified the doctrine of the Holy Spirit." = "A longer variation of the Nicene Creed of 325 which clarified the doctrine of the Holy Spirit.";  /* **** */

"Definition of Chalcedon" = "Definition of Chalcedon";  /* **** */
"Chalcedonian Creed" = "Chalcedonian Creed";  /* **** */
"Creed of the Council of Chalcedon which affirms that Christ has two natures: human and divine. Not accepted by Oriental Orthodox churches which affirm that Christ has one nature." = "Creed of the Council of Chalcedon which affirms that Christ has two natures: human and divine. Not accepted by Oriental Orthodox churches which affirm that Christ has one nature.";  /* **** */

"Henoticon" = "Henoticon";  /* **** */
"A decree by the Emperor Zeno which attempted to solve the Miaphysite controversy by minimizing the Definition of Chalcedon. One of the causes of the Acacian Schism." = "A decree by the Emperor Zeno which attempted to solve the Miaphysite controversy by minimizing the Definition of Chalcedon. One of the causes of the Acacian Schism.";  /* **** */

"Code of Justinian" = "Code of Justinian";  /* **** */
"Corpus Iuris Civilis" = "Corpus Iuris Civilis";  /* **** */
"Comprehensive revision of Roman law sponsored by Justinian I." = "Comprehensive revision of Roman law sponsored by Justinian I.";  /* **** */

"Ecthesis" = "Ecthesis";  /* **** */
"Edict of the emperor Heraclius and Patriarch Sergius which gave imperial sanction to Monothelitism, the view that Christ has two natures but one will." = "Edict of the emperor Heraclius and Patriarch Sergius which gave imperial sanction to Monothelitism, the view that Christ has two natures but one will.";  /* **** */

"Type of Constans" = "Type of Constans";  /* **** */
"Edict of Constans II forbidding discussion of the Christological controversies of Monoenergism and Monothelitism." = "Edict of Constans II forbidding discussion of the Christological controversies of Monoenergism and Monothelitism.";  /* **** */



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Events */

"Mursilis I Sacks Babylon" = "Mursili I saccheggia Babilonia";

"Earthquake ravages Troy" = "Terremoto di Troia";
"An earthquake destroys many of the palaces of the citadel of Troy." = "An earthquake destroys many of the palaces of the citadel of Troy.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Troy" = "Caduta di Troia";
"Trojan War" = "Guerra di Troia";
"Legendary siege of Troy ends when Greeks capture the city." = "Legendary siege of Troy ends when Greeks capture the city.";  /* **** */

"Cimmerians Defeat Urartu" = "I Cimmeri sconfiggono Urartu";
"Cimmerians defeat Urartu and move further west." = "Cimmerians defeat Urartu and move further west.";  /* **** */

"Cimmerians Defeat Phrygia" = "I Cimmeri sconfiggono la Frigia";
"Cimmerians destroy the Phrygian capital of Gordion, prompting Mita to commit suicide." = "Cimmerians destroy the Phrygian capital of Gordion, prompting Mita to commit suicide.";  /* **** */

"Cimmerians Defeat Lydia" = "I Cimmeri sconfiggono la Lidia";
"Cimmerians attack the Lydian capital of Sardis and kill Gyges." = "Cimmerians attack the Lydian capital of Sardis and kill Gyges.";  /* **** */

"Assyrians Defeat Cimmerians" = "Gli Assiri sconfiggono i Cimmeri";
"Ashurbanipal of Assyria subjugates the Cimmerians." = "Ashurbanipal of Assyria subjugates the Cimmerians.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Sardis" = "Caduta di Sardi";
"Persians Conquer Lydia" = "I Persiani conquistano la Lidia";
"Persians under Cyrus the Great sack the Lydian capital of Sardis." = "Persians under Cyrus the Great sack the Lydian capital of Sardis.";  /* **** */

"Ionian Revolt Against Persia" = "Rivolta ionica contro la Persia";
"Ionian Greek city-states revolt and burn the Persian provincial capital of Sardis." = "Ionian Greek city-states revolt and burn the Persian provincial capital of Sardis.";  /* **** */

"Battle at the Granicus River" = "Battaglia del Granico";
"Alexander the Great defeats Persian army to seize control of Anatolia." = "Alexander the Great defeats Persian army to seize control of Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Pergamum Bequeathed to Rome" = "Cessione di Pergamo a Roma";
"Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman empire." = "Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Roman Conquest of Anatolia" = "Conquista romana dell'Anatolia";
"Pompey defeats Mithridates VI of Pontus to gain control of Anatolia." = "Pompey defeats Mithridates VI of Pontus to gain control of Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Paul at Ephesus" = "Paolo ad Efeso";

"Paul has an extended ministry at Ephesus." = "Paul has an extended ministry at Ephesus.";  /* **** */

"Montanism Begins" = "Montanism Begins";  /* **** */
"Montanus begins prophesying in Phrygia, sparking the New Prophecy movement (Montanism), regarded by much of the church as heretical." = "Montanus begins prophesying in Phrygia, sparking the New Prophecy movement (Montanism), regarded by much of the church as heretical.";  /* **** */

"Founding of Constantinople" = "Fondazione di Constantinopoli";
"Constantine establishes Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman empire." = "Constantine establishes Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Council of Nicea" = "Concilio di Nicea";
"1st Ecumenical Council" = "1st Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which clarified orthodox Christology." = "Ecumenical council which clarified orthodox Christology.";  /* **** */

"1st Council of Constantinople" = "1st Council of Constantinople";  /* **** */
"2nd Ecumenical Council" = "2nd Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which produced the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed." = "Ecumenical council which produced the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.";  /* **** */

"Synod of the Oak" = "Synod of the Oak";  /* **** */
"Synod that deposed John Chysostom as archbishop of Constantinople." = "Synod that deposed John Chysostom as archbishop of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"1st Council of Ephesus" = "1st Council of Ephesus";  /* **** */
"3rd Ecumenical Council" = "3rd Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council that confirmed the Nicene creed and condemned Pelagius and Nestorius of heresy." = "Ecumenical council that confirmed the Nicene creed and condemned Pelagius and Nestorius of heresy.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Ephesus" = "2nd Council of Ephesus";  /* **** */
"Robber Council of Ephesus" = "Robber Council of Ephesus";  /* **** */
"Council which reinstated the monophysite Eutyches and affirmed a miaphysite position. Rejected by Catholics and Orthodox, but seen as valid by the Oriental Orthodox churches." = "Council which reinstated the monophysite Eutyches and affirmed a miaphysite position. Rejected by Catholics and Orthodox, but seen as valid by the Oriental Orthodox churches.";  /* **** */

"Council of Chalcedon" = "Council of Chalcedon";  /* **** */
"4th Ecumenical Council" = "4th Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which produced the definition of Chalcedon, which affirms that Christ had both a human and divine nature. Rejected by Oriental Orthodox churches." = "Ecumenical council which produced the definition of Chalcedon, which affirms that Christ had both a human and divine nature. Rejected by Oriental Orthodox churches.";  /* **** */

"Acacian Schism" = "Acacian Schism";  /* **** */

"Hagia Sophia Constructed" = "Hagia Sophia Constructed";  /* **** */
"Justinian I constructs enormous Byzantine cathedral." = "Justinian I constructs enormous Byzantine cathedral.";  /* **** */

"Plague of Justinian" = "Plague of Justinian";  /* **** */
"Outbreak of bubonic plague devastates the Byzantine empire." = "Outbreak of bubonic plague devastates the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Three Chapters Anathametized" = "Three Chapters Anathametized";  /* **** */
"Justinian I anathematizes certain writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theororet, and Ibas of Edessa. It sparked controversy for undermining the Council of Chalcedon." = "Justinian I anathematizes certain writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theororet, and Ibas of Edessa. It sparked controversy for undermining the Council of Chalcedon.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Constantinople" = "2nd Council of Constantinople";  /* **** */
"5th Ecumenical Council" = "5th Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which condemned Nestorianism in an attempt to placate the Miaphysites. It also condemned Origenism." = "Ecumenical council which condemned Nestorianism in an attempt to placate the Miaphysites. It also condemned Origenism.";  /* **** */

"Muslim Siege of Constantinople" = "Muslim Siege of Constantinople";  /* **** */
"Muslims under Mu’awiya I unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople." = "Muslims under Mu’awiya I unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"3rd Council of Constantinople" = "3rd Council of Constantinople";  /* **** */
"6th Ecumenical Council" = "6th Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which condemned Monothelitism, sealing the rift with the Miaphysite churches." = "Ecumenical council which condemned Monothelitism, sealing the rift with the Miaphysite churches.";  /* **** */

"Quinisext Council" = "Quinisext Council";  /* **** */
"Council of eastern bishops which introduced disciplinary canons to complete the work of the 5th and 6th Ecumenical Councils. Rejected by the Roman Catholic church." = "Council of eastern bishops which introduced disciplinary canons to complete the work of the 5th and 6th Ecumenical Councils. Rejected by the Roman Catholic church.";  /* **** */

"Muslims under Sulayman unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople." = "Muslims under Sulayman unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Nicea" = "2nd Council of Nicea";  /* **** */
"7th Ecumenical Council" = "7th Ecumenical Council";  /* **** */
"Ecumenical council which condemned iconoclasm and advocated “veneration” but not “adoration” of saints." = "Ecumenical council which condemned iconoclasm and advocated “veneration” but not “adoration” of saints.";  /* **** */

"Great Schism" = "Great Schism";  /* **** */
"Eastern Schism" = "Eastern Schism";  /* **** */
"Official breach of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches." = "Official breach of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Manzikert" = "Battle of Manzikert";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantines to gain control of eastern Anatolia." = "Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantines to gain control of eastern Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Xerigordos" = "Siege of Xerigordos";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Turks besiege People’s crusaders at Xerigordos. After their surrender, they are forced to convert to Islam or be killed." = "Seljuq Turks besiege People’s crusaders at Xerigordos. After their surrender, they are forced to convert to Islam or be killed.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Civetot" = "Battle of Civetot";  /* **** */
"People’s crusaders are tricked into a Seljuq ambush and slaughtered." = "People’s crusaders are tricked into a Seljuq ambush and slaughtered.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Nicea" = "Siege of Nicea";  /* **** */
"The Crusaders, with Byzantine support, capture the city of Nicea from the Seljuq Turks." = "The Crusaders, with Byzantine support, capture the city of Nicea from the Seljuq Turks.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Dorylaeum" = "Battle of Dorylaeum";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Turks ambush the Normans, who resist until Frankish forces arrive." = "Seljuq Turks ambush the Normans, who resist until Frankish forces arrive.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Myriokephalon" = "Battle of Myriokephalon";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Turks trap the Byzantines and force them to abandon strategic fortresses." = "Seljuq Turks trap the Byzantines and force them to abandon strategic fortresses.";  /* **** */

"Massacre of the Latins" = "Massacre of the Latins";  /* **** */
"Outbreak of Orthodox mob violence against the influential Latin population of Constantinople." = "Outbreak of Orthodox mob violence against the influential Latin population of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Crusaders Sack Constantinople" = "Crusaders Sack Constantinople";  /* **** */
"The armies of the Fourth Crusade breach Constantinople’s walls and the emperor flees." = "The armies of the Fourth Crusade breach Constantinople’s walls and the emperor flees.";  /* **** */

"Byzantines Take Constantinople" = "Byzantines Take Constantinople";  /* **** */
"Byzantines from the Empire of Nicea recover the city of Constantinople and reinstate the Byzantine empire." = "Byzantines from the Empire of Nicea recover the city of Constantinople and reinstate the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Bapheus" = "Battle of Bapheus";  /* **** */
"Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantines to seize control of Bithynia." = "Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantines to seize control of Bithynia.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Constantinople" = "Fall of Constantinople";  /* **** */
"Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks." = "Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks.";  /* **** */

"Armenian Genocide" = "Armenian Genocide";  /* **** */
"Armenian Holocaust" = "Armenian Holocaust";  /* **** */
"Ottoman Turks engage in the systematic slaughter of the Armenian population." = "Ottoman Turks engage in the systematic slaughter of the Armenian population.";  /* **** */



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Political */

"Early Trans-Caucasian Movement" = "Primo Movimento Trans-Caucasico";
"Early culture originating around the Caucasus and spreading through Anatolia." = "Early culture originating around the Caucasus and spreading through Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Troy I" = "Troia I";
"Troy is a small village surrounded by stone walls." = "Troy is a small village surrounded by stone walls.";  /* **** */

"Troy II" = "Troia II";
"Troy is a walled citadel with large buildings and monumental gates." = "Troy is a walled citadel with large buildings and monumental gates.";  /* **** */

"Widespread Destruction" = "Distruzione diffusa";
"Bronze Age Troy destroyed in a period of widespread upheaval." = "Bronze Age Troy destroyed in a period of widespread upheaval.";  /* **** */

"Troy III–V" = "Troia III–V";
"Troy is repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt with larger walls." = "Troy is repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt with larger walls.";  /* **** */

"Independent City-States" = "Indipendenza delle Città-Stato";
"Independent city-states form and begin competing with each other." = "Independent city-states form and begin competing with each other.";  /* **** */

"Troy VI" = "Troia VI";
"New inhabitants build a major Bronze Age city." = "New inhabitants build a major Bronze Age city.";  /* **** */

"Old Hittite Period" = "Periodo ittita antico";
"Hittites establish a strong kingdom in central Anatolia." = "Hittites establish a strong kingdom in central Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Middle Hittite Period" = "Periodo ittita medio";
"Hittites begin to push back Mitanni and expand into northern Syria." = "Hittites begin to push back Mitanni and expand into northern Syria.";  /* **** */

"Hittite Empire" = "Impero ittita";
"Hittites build an empire which rivals that of Egypt." = "Hittites build an empire which rivals that of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Troy VIIa" = "Troia VIIa";
"The fortified city-state of the Trojan War." = "The fortified city-state of the Trojan War.";  /* **** */

"Troy VIIb" = "Troia VIIb";
"After the Trojan War, new inhabitants move into the city, living alongside the native population." = "After the Trojan War, new inhabitants move into the city, living alongside the native population.";  /* **** */

"Neo-Hittite States" = "Stati neo-ittiti";
"During the Bronze Age Collapse, the Hittite Empire fragments into splinter states." = "During the Bronze Age Collapse, the Hittite Empire fragments into splinter states.";  /* **** */

"Ionian City-States" = "Città-stato ioniche";
"Ionian Greeks establish city-states along the Aegean coast of Anatolia." = "Ionian Greeks establish city-states along the Aegean coast of Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Assyrian Conquests" = "Conquiste assire";
"The rising Neo-Assyrian Empire begins expanding into eastern Anatolia." = "The rising Neo-Assyrian Empire begins expanding into eastern Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Phrygia" = "Frigia";
"Central Anatolian kingdom whose kings became immortalized in Greek legend." = "Central Anatolian kingdom whose kings became immortalized in Greek legend.";  /* **** */

"Urartu" = "Urartu";  /* **** */
"Eastern Anatolian kingdom resists Assyrian expansion." = "Eastern Anatolian kingdom resists Assyrian expansion.";  /* **** */

"Cimmerians" = "Cimmeri";
"Nomadic people displaced by the Scythians who invaded eastern Anatolia." = "Nomadic people displaced by the Scythians who invaded eastern Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Lydia" = "Lidia";
"Western Anatolian kingdom which produced some of the first coins." = "Western Anatolian kingdom which produced some of the first coins.";  /* **** */

"Median Empire" = "Impero medo";
"Eastern Anatolia under the control of the Median empire." = "Eastern Anatolia under the control of the Median empire.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Anatolia)" = "Impero persiano (Anatolia)";
"Anatolia under the control of the Persian empire." = "Anatolia under the control of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Anatolia)" = "Impero greco (Anatolia)";
"Alexander the Great seizes control over most of Anatolia." = "Alexander the Great seizes control over most of Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Hellenistic Kingdoms" = "Regni ellenistici";
"Anatolia comprised of various kingdoms sharing a Hellenistic culture." = "Anatolia comprised of various kingdoms sharing a Hellenistic culture.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Anatolia)" = "Impero romano (Anatolia)";
"Anatolia under the control of the Roman empire." = "Anatolia under the control of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire" = "Byzantine Empire";  /* **** */
"Eastern Roman Empire" = "Eastern Roman Empire";  /* **** */
"Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Western Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Western Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Seljuq Empire (Anatolia)" = "Seljuq Empire (Anatolia)";  /* **** */
"Seljuq Turks control Central and Eastern Anatolia." = "Seljuq Turks control Central and Eastern Anatolia.";  /* **** */

"Latin Empire & Byzantine States" = "Latin Empire & Byzantine States";  /* **** */
"Latins rule Constantinople but Byzantine rump states remain." = "Latins rule Constantinople but Byzantine rump states remain.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Sultanate" = "Ottoman Sultanate";  /* **** */
"Ottoman Turks grow in power and put increasing pressure on the Byzantine empire." = "Ottoman Turks grow in power and put increasing pressure on the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire" = "Ottoman Empire";  /* **** */
"Ottoman Turks control a vast Muslim empire and establish an Ottoman caliphate." = "Ottoman Turks control a vast Muslim empire and establish an Ottoman caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Turkey (Nation)" = "Turkey (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Modern republic of Turkey." = "Modern republic of Turkey.";  /* **** */



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Religious Leaders */

"Stachys" = "Stachys";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium." = "Bishop of Byzantium.";  /* **** */

"Onesimus" = "Onesimus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium converted by Paul and written of in Philemon. Also served as bishop of Ephesus." = "Bishop of Byzantium converted by Paul and written of in Philemon. Also served as bishop of Ephesus.";  /* **** */

"Polycarpus I" = "Polycarpus I";  /* **** */

"Plutarch" = "Plutarch";  /* **** */

"Sedecion" = "Sedecion";  /* **** */

"Diogenes" = "Diogenes";  /* **** */

"Eleutherius" = "Eleutherius";  /* **** */

"Felix" = "Felix";  /* **** */

"Polycarpus II" = "Polycarpus II";  /* **** */

"Athenodorus" = "Athenodorus";  /* **** */

"Euzois" = "Euzois";  /* **** */

"Alympius" = "Alympius";  /* **** */
"Olympius" = "Olympius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium whose dates are uncertain." = "Bishop of Byzantium whose dates are uncertain.";  /* **** */

"Pertinax" = "Pertinace";
"Bishop of Byzantium who converted to Christianity after being healed of an illness." = "Bishop of Byzantium who converted to Christianity after being healed of an illness.";  /* **** */

"Olympianus" = "Olympianus";  /* **** */

"Mark I" = "Mark I";  /* **** */
"Marcus I" = "Marcus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium during period of persecution." = "Bishop of Byzantium during period of persecution.";  /* **** */

"Cyriakus I" = "Cyriakus I";  /* **** */

"Castinus" = "Castinus";  /* **** */
"Roman senator who converted to Christianity, gave his wealth to the poor, and became Bishop of Byzantium." = "Roman senator who converted to Christianity, gave his wealth to the poor, and became Bishop of Byzantium.";  /* **** */

"Eugenius I" = "Eugenius I";  /* **** */

"Dometius" = "Dometius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium who was brother of the Roman emperor Probus." = "Bishop of Byzantium who was brother of the Roman emperor Probus.";  /* **** */

"Rufinus I" = "Rufinus I";  /* **** */

"Probus" = "Probo";
"Bishop of Byzantium who was son of Dometius." = "Bishop of Byzantium who was son of Dometius.";  /* **** */

"Metrophanes" = "Metrophanes";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Byzantium who was possibly a son of Dometius." = "Bishop of Byzantium who was possibly a son of Dometius.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Byzantium and first Archbishop of Constantinople who participated in the Council of Nicea." = "Bishop of Byzantium and first Archbishop of Constantinople who participated in the Council of Nicea.";  /* **** */

"Paul I" = "Paul I";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Constantius II." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Constantius II.";  /* **** */

"Eusebius of Nicomedia" = "Eusebius of Nicomedia";  /* **** */
"Arian Bishop of Nicomedia made Archbishop of Constantinople by Constantius II." = "Arian Bishop of Nicomedia made Archbishop of Constantinople by Constantius II.";  /* **** */

"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated but deposed in favor of Macedonius I." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated but deposed in favor of Macedonius I.";  /* **** */

"Macedonius I" = "Macedonius I";  /* **** */
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople backed by Constantius II." = "Arian Archbishop of Constantinople backed by Constantius II.";  /* **** */

"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated to avoid war with the Western Roman emperor Constans." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated to avoid war with the Western Roman emperor Constans.";  /* **** */

"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated by Constantius II. Later denied the deity of the Holy Spirit." = "Arian Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated by Constantius II. Later denied the deity of the Holy Spirit.";  /* **** */

"Eudoxius of Antioch" = "Eudoxius of Antioch";  /* **** */
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople who influenced the emperor Valens." = "Arian Archbishop of Constantinople who influenced the emperor Valens.";  /* **** */

"Demophilus" = "Demophilus";  /* **** */
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Theodosius I for rejecting the Nicene Creed." = "Arian Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Theodosius I for rejecting the Nicene Creed.";  /* **** */

"Evagrius" = "Evagrius";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople exiled by the emperor Valens." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople exiled by the emperor Valens.";  /* **** */

"Gregory of Nazianzus" = "Gregory of Nazianzus";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople who resigned at the First Council of Constantinople." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople who resigned at the First Council of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Maximus" = "Maximus";  /* **** */
"Maximus the Cynic" = "Maximus the Cynic";  /* **** */
"Rival claimant to the Archbishopric of Constantinople against Gregory the Theologian." = "Rival claimant to the Archbishopric of Constantinople against Gregory the Theologian.";  /* **** */

"Nectarius" = "Nectarius";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople appointed by Theodosius I." = "Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople appointed by Theodosius I.";  /* **** */

"John I Chrysostom" = "John I Chrysostom";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Bishop of Constantinople and celebrated preacher who condemned the empress Eudoxia and was exiled." = "Orthodox Bishop of Constantinople and celebrated preacher who condemned the empress Eudoxia and was exiled.";  /* **** */

"Arsacius of Tarsus" = "Arsacius of Tarsus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople opposed by the populace for helping to depose Chrysostom." = "Archbishop of Constantinople opposed by the populace for helping to depose Chrysostom.";  /* **** */

"Atticus" = "Atticus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to win over the populace after the deposition of Chrysostom." = "Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to win over the populace after the deposition of Chrysostom.";  /* **** */

"Sisinnius I" = "Sisinnius I";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople." = "Archbishop of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Archbishop of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East." = "Archbishop of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East.";  /* **** */

"Maximian" = "Massimiano";
"Maximianus" = "Maximianus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to heal the divisions after the First Council of Ephesus." = "Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to heal the divisions after the First Council of Ephesus.";  /* **** */

"Proclus" = "Proclus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople whose moderation helped reconcile supporters of Chrystostom and some Nestorians." = "Archbishop of Constantinople whose moderation helped reconcile supporters of Chrystostom and some Nestorians.";  /* **** */

"Flavian" = "Flavian";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Constantinople who censured Eutyches and was then beaten and exiled at the Second Council of Ephesus." = "Archbishop of Constantinople who censured Eutyches and was then beaten and exiled at the Second Council of Ephesus.";  /* **** */

"Anatolius" = "Anatolius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who presided over the Council of Chalcedon and who crowned Emperor Leo I." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who presided over the Council of Chalcedon and who crowned Emperor Leo I.";  /* **** */

"Gennadius I" = "Gennadius I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who wrote commentaries and opposed the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who wrote commentaries and opposed the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria.";  /* **** */

"Acacius" = "Acacius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople whose retreat from the Definition of Chalcedon led to the Acacian Schism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople whose retreat from the Definition of Chalcedon led to the Acacian Schism.";  /* **** */

"Phrabitas" = "Phrabitas";  /* **** */
"Fravitta" = "Fravitta";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism.";  /* **** */

"Euphemius" = "Euphemius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism. Eventually deposed by Emperor Anastasius I." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism. Eventually deposed by Emperor Anastasius I.";  /* **** */

"Macedonius II" = "Macedonius II";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Emperor Anastasius I for his adherence to Chalcedonian Christology." = "Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Emperor Anastasius I for his adherence to Chalcedonian Christology.";  /* **** */

"Timothy I" = "Timothy I";  /* **** */
"Timotheus I" = "Timotheus I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who condemned the Definition of Chalcedon and supported Miaphysitism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who condemned the Definition of Chalcedon and supported Miaphysitism.";  /* **** */

"John II of Cappadocia" = "John II of Cappadocia";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who affirmed the Definition of Chalcedon and ended the Acacian Schism with Rome." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who affirmed the Definition of Chalcedon and ended the Acacian Schism with Rome.";  /* **** */

"Epiphanius" = "Epiphanius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople during the early reign of Justinian I." = "Patriarch of Constantinople during the early reign of Justinian I.";  /* **** */

"Anthimus I" = "Anthimus I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Pope Agapetus I for his support of the Miaphysites." = "Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Pope Agapetus I for his support of the Miaphysites.";  /* **** */

"Menas" = "Menas";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who opposed Miaphysitism and Origenism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who opposed Miaphysitism and Origenism.";  /* **** */

"Eutychius" = "Eutychius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who called the 2nd Council of Constantinople. Exiled for opposing Justinian’s Aphthartodocetism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who called the 2nd Council of Constantinople. Exiled for opposing Justinian’s Aphthartodocetism.";  /* **** */

"John III Scholasticus" = "John III Scholasticus";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who contributed to Eastern canon law and tried to reconcile the Miaphysites." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who contributed to Eastern canon law and tried to reconcile the Miaphysites.";  /* **** */

"Patriarch of Constantinople reinstated after having been exiled by Justinian I." = "Patriarch of Constantinople reinstated after having been exiled by Justinian I.";  /* **** */

"John IV Nesteutes" = "John IV Nesteutes";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who first assumed the title of Ecumenical Patriarch." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who first assumed the title of Ecumenical Patriarch.";  /* **** */

"Cyriacus" = "Cyriacus";  /* **** */
"Kyriakos" = "Kyriakos";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who used the title of Ecumenical Patriarch in spite of objections from Pope Gregory I." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who used the title of Ecumenical Patriarch in spite of objections from Pope Gregory I.";  /* **** */

"Thomas I" = "Thomas I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who reacted to a prophecy of future disasters by praying that he would not live to see them." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who reacted to a prophecy of future disasters by praying that he would not live to see them.";  /* **** */

"Sergius I" = "Sergius I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Pyrrhus I" = "Pyrrhus I";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople who recanted Monothelitism after a dialogue with Maximus the Confessor, but later returned to it." = "Patriarch of Constantinople who recanted Monothelitism after a dialogue with Maximus the Confessor, but later returned to it.";  /* **** */

"Paul II" = "Paul II";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople believed to have written the Type of Constans." = "Patriarch of Constantinople believed to have written the Type of Constans.";  /* **** */

"Peter" = "Peter";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople" = "Patriarch of Constantinople";  /* **** */

"Thomas II" = "Thomas II";  /* **** */

"John V" = "John V";  /* **** */

"Constantine I" = "Costantino I";

"Theodore I" = "Theodore I";  /* **** */

"George I" = "George I";  /* **** */

"Paul III" = "Paul III";  /* **** */

"Callinicus I" = "Callinicus I";  /* **** */

"Cyrus" = "Cyrus";  /* **** */

"John VI" = "John VI";  /* **** */

"Germanus I" = "Germanus I";  /* **** */

"Anastasius" = "Anastasius";  /* **** */

"Constantine II" = "Costantino II";

"Nicetas" = "Nicetas";  /* **** */

"Paul IV" = "Paul IV";  /* **** */

"Tarasius" = "Tarasius";  /* **** */

"Nicephorus I" = "Nicephorus I";  /* **** */

"Theodotus I Cassiteras" = "Theodotus I Cassiteras";  /* **** */

"Antony I" = "Antony I";  /* **** */

"John VII Grammaticus" = "John VII Grammaticus";  /* **** */

"Methodius I" = "Methodius I";  /* **** */

"Ignatius I" = "Ignatius I";  /* **** */

"Photius I the Great" = "Photius I the Great";  /* **** */

"Photius I" = "Photius I";  /* **** */

"Stephanus I" = "Stephanus I";  /* **** */

"Antony II Kauleas" = "Antony II Kauleas";  /* **** */

"Nicholas I Mysticus" = "Nicholas I Mysticus";  /* **** */

"Euthymius I Syncellus" = "Euthymius I Syncellus";  /* **** */

"Stephanus II of Amasea" = "Stephanus II of Amasea";  /* **** */

"Tryphon" = "Tryphon";  /* **** */

"Theophylactus" = "Theophylactus";  /* **** */

"Polyeuctus" = "Polyeuctus";  /* **** */

"Basil I Skamandrenus" = "Basil I Skamandrenus";  /* **** */

"Antony III Studites" = "Antony III Studites";  /* **** */

"Nicholas II Chrysoberges" = "Nicholas II Chrysoberges";  /* **** */

"Sisinnius II" = "Sisinnius II";  /* **** */

"Sergius II" = "Sergius II";  /* **** */

"Eustathius" = "Eustathius";  /* **** */

"Alexius I Studites" = "Alexius I Studites";  /* **** */

"Michael I Cerularius" = "Michael I Cerularius";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople involved in the Great Schism with the Roman Catholic Church." = "Patriarch of Constantinople involved in the Great Schism with the Roman Catholic Church.";  /* **** */

"Constantine III Lichoudas" = "Constantine III Lichoudas";  /* **** */

"John VIII Xiphilinus" = "John VIII Xiphilinus";  /* **** */

"Cosmas I" = "Cosmas I";  /* **** */

"Eustratius Garidas" = "Eustratius Garidas";  /* **** */

"Nicholas III Grammaticus" = "Nicholas III Grammaticus";  /* **** */

"John IX Agapetus" = "John IX Agapetus";  /* **** */

"Leo Styppis" = "Leo Styppis";  /* **** */

"Michael II Kurkuas" = "Michael II Kurkuas";  /* **** */

"Cosmas II Atticus" = "Cosmas II Atticus";  /* **** */

"Nicholas IV Muzalon" = "Nicholas IV Muzalon";  /* **** */

"Theodotus II" = "Theodotus II";  /* **** */

"Neophytus I" = "Neophytus I";  /* **** */

"Constantine IV Chliarenus" = "Constantine IV Chliarenus";  /* **** */

"Luke Chrysoberges" = "Luke Chrysoberges";  /* **** */

"Michael III of Anchialus" = "Michael III of Anchialus";  /* **** */

"Chariton" = "Chariton";  /* **** */

"Theodosius I Borradiotes" = "Theodosius I Borradiotes";  /* **** */

"Basil II Carnaterus" = "Basil II Carnaterus";  /* **** */

"Nicetas II Muntanes" = "Nicetas II Muntanes";  /* **** */

"Leon Theotokites" = "Leon Theotokites";  /* **** */

"Dositheus" = "Dositheus";  /* **** */

"George II Xiphilinus" = "George II Xiphilinus";  /* **** */

"John X Camaterus" = "John X Camaterus";  /* **** */

"Michael IV Autoreianus" = "Michael IV Autoreianus";  /* **** */

"Theodore II Eirenicus" = "Theodore II Eirenicus";  /* **** */

"Manuel I Charitopoulos" = "Manuel I Charitopoulos";  /* **** */

"Maximus II" = "Maximus II";  /* **** */

"Germanus II" = "Germanus II";  /* **** */

"Methodius II" = "Methodius II";  /* **** */

"Manuel II" = "Manuel II";  /* **** */

"Arsenius Autoreianus" = "Arsenius Autoreianus";  /* **** */

"Nicephorus II" = "Nicephorus II";  /* **** */

"Germanus III" = "Germanus III";  /* **** */

"Joseph I Galesiotes" = "Joseph I Galesiotes";  /* **** */

"John XI Bekkos" = "John XI Bekkos";  /* **** */

"Gregory II Cyprus" = "Gregory II Cyprus";  /* **** */

"Athanasius I" = "Athanasius I";  /* **** */

"John XII" = "John XII";  /* **** */

"Nephon I" = "Nephon I";  /* **** */

"John XIII Glykys" = "John XIII Glykys";  /* **** */

"Gerasimus I" = "Gerasimus I";  /* **** */

"Isaias I" = "Isaias I";  /* **** */

"John XIV Kalekas" = "John XIV Kalekas";  /* **** */

"Isidore I" = "Isidore I";  /* **** */

"Callistus I" = "Callistus I";  /* **** */

"Philotheus Kokkinos" = "Philotheus Kokkinos";  /* **** */

"Callistus I " = "Callistus I ";  /* **** */

"Macarius" = "Macarius";  /* **** */

"Nilus Kerameus" = "Nilus Kerameus";  /* **** */

"Antony IV" = "Antony IV";  /* **** */

"Macarius " = "Macarius ";  /* **** */

"Callistus II Xanothopoulos" = "Callistus II Xanothopoulos";  /* **** */

"Matthew I" = "Matthew I";  /* **** */

"Euthymius II" = "Euthymius II";  /* **** */

"Joseph II" = "Joseph II";  /* **** */

"Metrophanes II" = "Metrophanes II";  /* **** */

"Gregory III Mammas" = "Gregory III Mammas";  /* **** */

"Athanasius II" = "Athanasius II";  /* **** */

"Gennadius II Scholarius" = "Gennadius II Scholarius";  /* **** */

"Isidore II Xanthopoulos" = "Isidore II Xanthopoulos";  /* **** */

"Sophronius I Syropoulos" = "Sophronius I Syropoulos";  /* **** */

"Joasaph I" = "Joasaph I";  /* **** */

"Dionysius I" = "Dionysius I";  /* **** */

"Marcus II Xylokaraves" = "Marcus II Xylokaraves";  /* **** */

"Symeon I of Trebizond" = "Symeon I of Trebizond";  /* **** */

"Raphael I" = "Raphael I";  /* **** */

"Maximus III" = "Maximus III";  /* **** */

"Nephon II" = "Nephon II";  /* **** */

"Maximus IV" = "Maximus IV";  /* **** */

"Joachim I" = "Joachim I";  /* **** */

"Pachomius I" = "Pachomius I";  /* **** */

"Joachim I " = "Joachim I ";  /* **** */

"Theoleptus I" = "Theoleptus I";  /* **** */

"Jeremias I" = "Jeremias I";  /* **** */

"Dionysius II" = "Dionysius II";  /* **** */

"Joannicus I" = "Joannicus I";  /* **** */

"Joasaph II" = "Joasaph II";  /* **** */

"Metrophanes III" = "Metrophanes III";  /* **** */

"Jeremias II Tranos" = "Jeremias II Tranos";  /* **** */

"Metrophanes III " = "Metrophanes III ";  /* **** */

"Pachomius II" = "Pachomius II";  /* **** */

"Theoleptus II" = "Theoleptus II";  /* **** */

"Gabriel I" = "Gabriel I";  /* **** */

"Matthew II" = "Matthew II";  /* **** */

"Meletius I Pegas(locum tenens)" = "Meletius I Pegas(locum tenens)";  /* **** */

"Theophanes I Karykes" = "Theophanes I Karykes";  /* **** */

"Neophytus II" = "Neophytus II";  /* **** */

"Raphael II" = "Raphael II";  /* **** */

"Cyril I Lucaris (locum tenens)" = "Cyril I Lucaris (locum tenens)";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Constantinople whose Calvinist sympathies were condemned at the Synod of Jerusalem." = "Patriarch of Constantinople whose Calvinist sympathies were condemned at the Synod of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Timothy or Timotheus (II) " = "Timothy or Timotheus (II) ";  /* **** */

"Cyril I Lucaris" = "Cyril I Lucaris";  /* **** */

"Anthimus II" = "Anthimus II";  /* **** */

"Gregory IV of Amasea" = "Gregory IV of Amasea";  /* **** */

"Cyril II Kontares" = "Cyril II Kontares";  /* **** */

"Athanasius III Patelaros " = "Athanasius III Patelaros ";  /* **** */

"Cyril I Lucaris " = "Cyril I Lucaris ";  /* **** */

"Neophytus III of Nicea " = "Neophytus III of Nicea ";  /* **** */

"Parthenius I" = "Parthenius I";  /* **** */

"Parthenius II" = "Parthenius II";  /* **** */

"Joannicus II" = "Joannicus II";  /* **** */

"Parthenius II " = "Parthenius II ";  /* **** */

"Cyril III" = "Cyril III";  /* **** */

"Paisius I" = "Paisius I";  /* **** */

"Parthenius III" = "Parthenius III";  /* **** */

"Gabriel II" = "Gabriel II";  /* **** */

"Parthenius IV" = "Parthenius IV";  /* **** */

"See vacant" = "See vacant";  /* **** */

"Theophanes II" = "Theophanes II";  /* **** */

"Dionysius III" = "Dionysius III";  /* **** */

"Clement" = "Clement";  /* **** */

"Methodius III" = "Methodius III";  /* **** */

"Dionysius IV Muselimes (the Mus" = "Dionysius IV Muselimes (the Mus";  /* **** */

"Gerasimus II" = "Gerasimus II";  /* **** */

"Parthenius IV " = "Parthenius IV ";  /* **** */

"Dionysius IV Muselimes" = "Dionysius IV Muselimes";  /* **** */

"Athanasius IV" = "Athanasius IV";  /* **** */

"James" = "James";  /* **** */

"Dionysius IV Muselimes " = "Dionysius IV Muselimes ";  /* **** */

"James " = "James ";  /* **** */

"Callinicus II" = "Callinicus II";  /* **** */

"Neophytus IV" = "Neophytus IV";  /* **** */

"Callinicus II " = "Callinicus II ";  /* **** */

"Gabriel III" = "Gabriel III";  /* **** */

"Cyprianus I" = "Cyprianus I";  /* **** */

"Neophytus V" = "Neophytus V";  /* **** */

"Athanasius V" = "Athanasius V";  /* **** */

"Cyril IV" = "Cyril IV";  /* **** */

"Cosmas III" = "Cosmas III";  /* **** */

"Jeremias III" = "Jeremias III";  /* **** */

"Callinicus III" = "Callinicus III";  /* **** */

"Paisius II" = "Paisius II";  /* **** */

"Serapheim I" = "Serapheim I";  /* **** */

"Neophytus VI" = "Neophytus VI";  /* **** */

"Paisius II " = "Paisius II ";  /* **** */

"Neophytus VI " = "Neophytus VI ";  /* **** */

"Cyril V" = "Cyril V";  /* **** */

"Callinicus IV" = "Callinicus IV";  /* **** */

"Serapheim II" = "Serapheim II";  /* **** */

"Joannicus III" = "Joannicus III";  /* **** */

"Samuel I Chatzeres" = "Samuel I Chatzeres";  /* **** */

"Meletius II" = "Meletius II";  /* **** */

"Sophronius II" = "Sophronius II";  /* **** */

"Gabriel IV" = "Gabriel IV";  /* **** */

"Procopius I" = "Procopius I";  /* **** */

"Neophytus VII" = "Neophytus VII";  /* **** */

"Gerasimus III" = "Gerasimus III";  /* **** */

"Gregory V" = "Gregory V";  /* **** */

"Callinicus V" = "Callinicus V";  /* **** */

"Gregory V " = "Gregory V ";  /* **** */

"Jeremias IV" = "Jeremias IV";  /* **** */

"Cyril VI" = "Cyril VI";  /* **** */

"Eugenius II" = "Eugenius II";  /* **** */

"Anthimus III" = "Anthimus III";  /* **** */

"Chrysanthus I" = "Chrysanthus I";  /* **** */

"Agathangelus I" = "Agathangelus I";  /* **** */

"Constantius I" = "Costanzo I";

"Gregory VI" = "Gregory VI";  /* **** */

"Anthimus IV" = "Anthimus IV";  /* **** */

"Anthimus V" = "Anthimus V";  /* **** */

"Germanus IV" = "Germanus IV";  /* **** */

"Anthimus VI" = "Anthimus VI";  /* **** */

"Meletius III" = "Meletius III";  /* **** */

"Anthimus IV " = "Anthimus IV ";  /* **** */

"Germanus IV " = "Germanus IV ";  /* **** */

"Cyril VII" = "Cyril VII";  /* **** */

"Joachim II" = "Joachim II";  /* **** */

"Sophronius III" = "Sophronius III";  /* **** */

"Gregory VI " = "Gregory VI ";  /* **** */

"Anthimus VI " = "Anthimus VI ";  /* **** */

"Joachim III" = "Joachim III";  /* **** */

"Joachim IV" = "Joachim IV";  /* **** */

"Dionysius V" = "Dionysius V";  /* **** */

"Neophytus VIII" = "Neophytus VIII";  /* **** */

"Anthimus VII" = "Anthimus VII";  /* **** */

"Germanus V" = "Germanus V";  /* **** */

"Meletius IV Metaxakis" = "Meletius IV Metaxakis";  /* **** */

"Gregory VII" = "Gregory VII";  /* **** */

"Basil III" = "Basil III";  /* **** */

"Photius II" = "Photius II";  /* **** */

"Benjamin I" = "Benjamin I";  /* **** */

"Maximus V" = "Maximus V";  /* **** */

"Athenagoras I" = "Athenagoras I";  /* **** */

"Bartholomew I" = "Bartholomew I";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* GREECE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* GREECE - Rulers */

"Peisistratus" = "Pisistrato";
"Athenian nobleman and general who became tyrant of Athens." = "Athenian nobleman and general who became tyrant of Athens.";  /* **** */

"Cleisthenes" = "Clistene";
"Reformer known as the father of Athenian democracy." = "Reformer known as the father of Athenian democracy.";  /* **** */

"Pericles" = "Pericle";

"Philip II of Macedon" = "Filippo II di Macedonia";
"Macedonian king who conquered Greece and prepared to invade the Persian empire." = "Macedonian king who conquered Greece and prepared to invade the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Alexander the Great" = "Alessandro Magno";
"Macedonian king who conquered a vast empire and died young." = "Macedonian king who conquered a vast empire and died young.";  /* **** */

"Pyrrhus" = "Pyrrhus";  /* **** */
"King of Epirus and gifted general who defeated Rome in battle but couldn’t match Rome’s resources." = "King of Epirus and gifted general who defeated Rome in battle but couldn’t match Rome’s resources.";  /* **** */



/* GREECE - Individuals */

"Homer" = "Omero";
"Greek poet of the Archaic period who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey." = "Greek poet of the Archaic period who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey.";  /* **** */

"Solon" = "Solone";
"Statesman whose reforms laid the foundation of Athenian democracy." = "Statesman whose reforms laid the foundation of Athenian democracy.";  /* **** */

"Aeschylus" = "Eschilo";
"Athenian playwright known as the father of tragedy." = "Athenian playwright known as the father of tragedy.";  /* **** */

"Sophocles" = "Sofocle";
"Athenian tragic playwright who added a third actor and painted scenery." = "Athenian tragic playwright who added a third actor and painted scenery.";  /* **** */

"Pericles (life)" = "Pericle (Vita)";
"Athenian statesman who led Athens during its golden age of cultural achievement." = "Athenian statesman who led Athens during its golden age of cultural achievement.";  /* **** */

"Euripedes" = "Euripide";
"Athenian tragic playwright who explored human motivations." = "Athenian tragic playwright who explored human motivations.";  /* **** */

"Herodotus" = "Erodoto";
"Greek historian regarded as the father of history." = "Greek historian regarded as the father of history.";  /* **** */

"Socrates" = "Socrate";
"Athenian philosopher famous for teaching by asking probing questions." = "Athenian philosopher famous for teaching by asking probing questions.";  /* **** */

"Thucydides" = "Tucidide";
"Greek historian who chronicled the Pelopponesian War." = "Greek historian who chronicled the Pelopponesian War.";  /* **** */

"Aristophanes" = "Aristofane";
"Athenian playwright known as the father of comedy." = "Athenian playwright known as the father of comedy.";  /* **** */

"Athenian philosopher whose ideas have been central to Western thought." = "Athenian philosopher whose ideas have been central to Western thought.";  /* **** */

"Aristotle" = "Aristotele";
"Macedonian philosopher and scientist who influenced both Western and Islamic thought." = "Macedonian philosopher and scientist who influenced both Western and Islamic thought.";  /* **** */

"Philip II of Macedon (life)" = "Filippo II di Macedonia (Vita)";

"Alexander the Great (life)" = "Alessandro Magno (vita)";

"Epiphanius of Salamis" = "Epiphanius of Salamis";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Salamis who wrote the Panarion, which addresses 80 heresies." = "Bishop of Salamis who wrote the Panarion, which addresses 80 heresies.";  /* **** */



/* GREECE - Writings */

"History of the Persian Wars" = "Storia delle Guerre Persiane";
"Herodotus " = "Erodoto ";
"Herodotus’s history of the conflict between Persia and Greece." = "Herodotus’s history of the conflict between Persia and Greece.";  /* **** */

"History of the Peloponnesian Wa" = "History of the Peloponnesian Wa";  /* **** */
"Thucydides’ history of the war between Sparta and Athens." = "Thucydides’ history of the war between Sparta and Athens.";  /* **** */

"Republic" = "Repubblica";
"Plato" = "Platone";
"Socratic dialogue of Plato exploring the most just form of society." = "Socratic dialogue of Plato exploring the most just form of society.";  /* **** */



/* GREECE - Events */

"Epochal war between Mycenaean Greek kingdoms and Troy." = "Epochal war between Mycenaean Greek kingdoms and Troy.";  /* **** */

"Dorian Invasions" = "Invasioni Doriche";
"Dorians from northwest Greece invade southern Greece." = "Dorians from northwest Greece invade southern Greece.";  /* **** */

"Rise of Greek City-States" = "Nascita delle città-stato in Grecia";
"Increasing urbanization leads to city-states which become Greek cultural centers." = "Increasing urbanization leads to city-states which become Greek cultural centers.";  /* **** */

"Olympic Games begin" = "Inizio dei Giochi Olimpici";
"Panhellenic athletic competition grows out of religious festival at Olympia." = "Panhellenic athletic competition grows out of religious festival at Olympia.";  /* **** */

"Sparta Conquers Messenia" = "Sparta conquista la Messenia";
"Sparta conquers Messenia, reducing its population to serfdom." = "Sparta conquers Messenia, reducing its population to serfdom.";  /* **** */

"Athens under Draconian Law-Code" = "Atene sotto le Leggi di Dracone";
"Draco institutes first written law-code at Athens, with notoriously harsh punishments." = "Draco institutes first written law-code at Athens, with notoriously harsh punishments.";  /* **** */

"Solon’s Reforms at Athens" = "Riforma di Solone ad Atene";
"Solon institutes sweeping political, economic, and legal reforms at Athens." = "Solon institutes sweeping political, economic, and legal reforms at Athens.";  /* **** */

"Pelopponesian League Formed" = "Formazione della Lega peloponnesiaca";
"Sparta establishes alliances which give it effective control over all of southern Greece." = "Sparta establishes alliances which give it effective control over all of southern Greece.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Marathon" = "Battaglia di Maratona";
"Athenian led-Greek army crushes the Persian infantry." = "Athenian led-Greek army crushes the Persian infantry.";  /* **** */

"Greco-Persian Wars" = "Greco-Persian Wars";  /* **** */
"Greek city-states band together to repel a series of Persian invasions." = "Greek city-states band together to repel a series of Persian invasions.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Salamis" = "Battaglia di Salamina";
"Greeks crush the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis." = "Greeks crush the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Thermopylae" = "Battaglia delle Termopili";
"Spartans and their allies make a heroic stand in the Thermopylae pass, delaying the Persian advance." = "Spartans and their allies make a heroic stand in the Thermopylae pass, delaying the Persian advance.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Plataea" = "Battaglia di Platea";
"Greek victory over the Persian army which effectively ends the second Persian invasion." = "Greek victory over the Persian army which effectively ends the second Persian invasion.";  /* **** */

"Delian League Formed" = "Delian League Formed";  /* **** */
"Athens establishes alliances which give it effective naval control of the Aegean." = "Athens establishes alliances which give it effective naval control of the Aegean.";  /* **** */

"Peloponnesian War" = "Guerra del Peloponneso";
"Protracted war between Sparta and Athens and the alliances they controlled." = "Protracted war between Sparta and Athens and the alliances they controlled.";  /* **** */

"Plato Founds the Academy" = "Platone fonda l'Accademia";
"Plato founds a school at Athens foundational to Western education." = "Plato founds a school at Athens foundational to Western education.";  /* **** */

"Philip II Conquers Greece" = "Filippo II conquista la Grecia";
"Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes to unite most of Greece under his rule." = "Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes to unite most of Greece under his rule.";  /* **** */

"Alexander subdues Thebes" = "Alessandro sottomette Tebe";
"Alexander defeats a Theban rebellion and razes the city." = "Alexander defeats a Theban rebellion and razes the city.";  /* **** */

"Alexander crosses into Asia" = "Alessandro passa in Asia";
"Alexander crosses the Hellespont to begin his invasion of the Persian empire." = "Alexander crosses the Hellespont to begin his invasion of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Paul at Athens" = "Paolo ad Atene";

"Paul at Corinth" = "Paolo a Corinto";

"Paul preaches in Athens, most famously at the Areopagus." = "Paul preaches in Athens, most famously at the Areopagus.";  /* **** */

"Paul plants the church at Corinth." = "Paul plants the church at Corinth.";  /* **** */

"Edict of Thessalonica" = "Edict of Thessalonica";  /* **** */
"Edict by Roman emperors making orthodox Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire." = "Edict by Roman emperors making orthodox Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Greek War of Independence" = "Greek War of Independence";  /* **** */
"With British, French, and Russian support, Greece wins independence from the Ottoman empire." = "With British, French, and Russian support, Greece wins independence from the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Navarino" = "Battle of Navarino";  /* **** */
"Decisive naval battle in the Greek War of Independence." = "Decisive naval battle in the Greek War of Independence.";  /* **** */



/* GREECE - Political */

"Minoan Period" = "Periodo minoico";
"Early Cretan civilization which heavily influenced later Greek civilizations." = "Early Cretan civilization which heavily influenced later Greek civilizations.";  /* **** */

"Mycenaean Period" = "Periodo miceneo";
"Militaristic Greek civilization centered at Mycenae." = "Militaristic Greek civilization centered at Mycenae.";  /* **** */

"Dark Age" = "Medioevo Ellenico";
"During the Bronze Age Collapse, Greek civilization rapidly declines." = "During the Bronze Age Collapse, Greek civilization rapidly declines.";  /* **** */

"Archaic Period" = "Periodo arcaico";
"Period of Greek cultural development after the Dark Age." = "Period of Greek cultural development after the Dark Age.";  /* **** */

"Classical Period" = "Periodo Classico";
"Peak period of Greek cultural achievement." = "Peak period of Greek cultural achievement.";  /* **** */

"Macedonian Empire" = "Impero macedone";
"Greece subject to the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander the Great." = "Greece subject to the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander the Great.";  /* **** */

"Hellenistic Period" = "Periodo ellenistico";
"Greece is ruled by the Antigonids after the wars of succession." = "Greece is ruled by the Antigonids after the wars of succession.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Greece)" = "Impero romano (Grecia)";
"Greece under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Greece under the control of the Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Greece)" = "Byzantine Empire (Greece)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Greece remains part of the Byzantine empire." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Greece remains part of the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Greece)" = "Ottoman Empire (Greece)";  /* **** */
"Greece under the control of the Ottoman Empire." = "Greece under the control of the Ottoman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Greece (Nation)" = "Greece (Nation)";  /* **** */
"The nation-state of Greece, ruled by various governments." = "The nation-state of Greece, ruled by various governments.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ROME/ITALY */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ROME/ITALY - Rulers */

"Lucius Sulla" = "Lucio Silla";
"Roman general who took Rome by force and declared himself dictator." = "Roman general who took Rome by force and declared himself dictator.";  /* **** */

"Julius Caesar" = "Giulio Cesare";
"General and statesman who became sole ruler of the Roman empire." = "General and statesman who became sole ruler of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Augustus" = "Augusto";
"Octavius" = "Ottavio";
"First emperor of Rome who inaugurated the Pax Romana." = "First emperor of Rome who inaugurated the Pax Romana.";  /* **** */

"Tiberius" = "Tiberio";
"Roman emperor during the ministry of Jesus." = "Roman emperor during the ministry of Jesus.";  /* **** */

"Caligula" = "Caligola";
"Notorious Roman emperor who ordered his statue placed in the Jewish Temple." = "Notorious Roman emperor who ordered his statue placed in the Jewish Temple.";  /* **** */

"Claudius" = "Claudio";
"Roman emperor who banished Jews from Rome." = "Roman emperor who banished Jews from Rome.";  /* **** */

"Nero" = "Nerone";
"Notorious Roman emperor who persecuted Christians." = "Notorious Roman emperor who persecuted Christians.";  /* **** */

"Galba" = "Galba";  /* **** */
"Roman emperor who quickly lost support and was assassinated." = "Roman emperor who quickly lost support and was assassinated.";  /* **** */

"Otho" = "Otone";
"Roman emperor who committed suicide after being defeated by Vitellius." = "Roman emperor who committed suicide after being defeated by Vitellius.";  /* **** */

"Vespasian" = "Vespasiano";
"Roman emperor who subjugated Judea and built the Colosseum." = "Roman emperor who subjugated Judea and built the Colosseum.";  /* **** */

"Vitellius" = "Vitellio";
"Roman emperor defeated and killed by Vespasian." = "Roman emperor defeated and killed by Vespasian.";  /* **** */

"Roman emperor who succeeded his father, Vespasian." = "Roman emperor who succeeded his father, Vespasian.";  /* **** */

"Domitian" = "Domiziano";
"Roman emperor who persecuted Christians." = "Roman emperor who persecuted Christians.";  /* **** */

"Nerva" = "Nerva";  /* **** */
"Elderly Roman emperor who adopted Trajan as his heir." = "Elderly Roman emperor who adopted Trajan as his heir.";  /* **** */

"Trajan" = "Traiano";
"Emperor who ruled the Roman empire at its height." = "Emperor who ruled the Roman empire at its height.";  /* **** */

"Hadrian" = "Adriano";
"Roman emperor who built a wall in Britain and sparked the Bar Kokhba Revolt." = "Roman emperor who built a wall in Britain and sparked the Bar Kokhba Revolt.";  /* **** */

"Antoninus Pius" = "Antonino Pio";
"Roman emperor with a long and peaceful reign." = "Roman emperor with a long and peaceful reign.";  /* **** */

"Lucius Verus" = "Lucio Vero";
"Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius." = "Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius.";  /* **** */

"Marcus Aurelius" = "Marco Aurelio";
"Roman emperor known for his Stoic philosophy." = "Roman emperor known for his Stoic philosophy.";  /* **** */

"Commodus" = "Commodo";
"Notorious Roman emperor who was eventually assassinated." = "Notorious Roman emperor who was eventually assassinated.";  /* **** */

"Didius Julianus" = "Didio Giuliano";
"Roman emperor who reigned for just two months." = "Roman emperor who reigned for just two months.";  /* **** */

"Roman emperor installed and later assassinated by Praetorians." = "Roman emperor installed and later assassinated by Praetorians.";  /* **** */

"Septimius Severus" = "Settimio Severo";
"Roman emperor who conquered much of Mesopotamia." = "Roman emperor who conquered much of Mesopotamia.";  /* **** */

"Caracalla" = "Caracalla";  /* **** */
"Roman emperor who killed his brother and waged war with Parthia." = "Roman emperor who killed his brother and waged war with Parthia.";  /* **** */

"Macrinus" = "Macrino";
"Roman emperor who was deposed in favor of Elagabalus." = "Roman emperor who was deposed in favor of Elagabalus.";  /* **** */

"Elagabalus" = "Eliogabalo";
"Adolescent emperor known for immorality and promotion of a Syrian religion." = "Adolescent emperor known for immorality and promotion of a Syrian religion.";  /* **** */

"Severus Alexander" = "Severo Alessandro";
"Adolescent emperor who reversed the policies of Elagabalus." = "Adolescent emperor who reversed the policies of Elagabalus.";  /* **** */

"Maximinus Thrax" = "Massimino il Trace";
"Roman emperor who faced rival claimants and was killed by his own troops." = "Roman emperor who faced rival claimants and was killed by his own troops.";  /* **** */

"Balbinus" = "Balbino";
"Co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III." = "Co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III.";  /* **** */

"Gordian I" = "Gordiano I";
"Elderly governor who led a failed rebellion against Maximinus Thrax." = "Elderly governor who led a failed rebellion against Maximinus Thrax.";  /* **** */

"Gordian II" = "Gordiano II";
"Son and co-emperor with Gordian I killed in a failed rebellion." = "Son and co-emperor with Gordian I killed in a failed rebellion.";  /* **** */

"Gordian III" = "Gordiano III";
"Adolescent emperor who died under suspicious circumstances." = "Adolescent emperor who died under suspicious circumstances.";  /* **** */

"Pupienus" = "Pupieno";
"Co-emperor with Balbienus and Gordian III." = "Co-emperor with Balbienus and Gordian III.";  /* **** */

"Philippus" = "Filippo";
"Philip the Arab" = "Philip the Arab";  /* **** */
"Roman emperor who was generally favorable to Christians." = "Roman emperor who was generally favorable to Christians.";  /* **** */

"Decius" = "Decio";
"Roman emperor who initiated widespread persecution of Christians." = "Roman emperor who initiated widespread persecution of Christians.";  /* **** */

"Gallus" = "Gallo";
"Roman emperor defeated by Aemilianus." = "Roman emperor defeated by Aemilianus.";  /* **** */

"Aemilianus" = "Emiliano";
"Roman emperor who defeated Gallus only to fall to Valerian." = "Roman emperor who defeated Gallus only to fall to Valerian.";  /* **** */

"Gallienus" = "Gallieno";
"Son of Valerian who tried to hold together the fragmenting Roman empire." = "Son of Valerian who tried to hold together the fragmenting Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Valerian" = "Valeriano";
"Roman emperor who persecuted Christians and was captured by the Parthians." = "Roman emperor who persecuted Christians and was captured by the Parthians.";  /* **** */

"Claudius II" = "Claudio II";
"Roman emperor who won back territory from the breakaway Gallic empire." = "Roman emperor who won back territory from the breakaway Gallic empire.";  /* **** */

"Aurelian" = "Aureliano";
"Roman emperor who restored the unity of the Roman empire." = "Roman emperor who restored the unity of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Tacitus" = "Tacito";
"Elderly senator who became emperor after months of rule by Aurelian’s queen." = "Elderly senator who became emperor after months of rule by Aurelian’s queen.";  /* **** */

"Florian" = "Floriano";
"Florianus" = "Florianus";  /* **** */
"Roman emperor deposed by the rival emperor Probus." = "Roman emperor deposed by the rival emperor Probus.";  /* **** */

"Roman emperor assassinated by mutinous soldiers." = "Roman emperor assassinated by mutinous soldiers.";  /* **** */

"Carus" = "Caro";
"Roman emperor who defeated the Parthians but was killed by lightning." = "Roman emperor who defeated the Parthians but was killed by lightning.";  /* **** */

"Carinus" = "Carino";
"Son of Carus named co-emperor with Numerianus but deposed by Diocletian." = "Son of Carus named co-emperor with Numerianus but deposed by Diocletian.";  /* **** */

"Numerianus" = "Numeriano";
"Son of Carus who withdrew from Parthia and was killed by his prefect." = "Son of Carus who withdrew from Parthia and was killed by his prefect.";  /* **** */

"Diocletian" = "Diocleziano";
"Diocles" = "Diocle";
"Roman emperor who established a tetrarchy of two Augusti and two Caesars." = "Roman emperor who established a tetrarchy of two Augusti and two Caesars.";  /* **** */

"Western Roman co-emperor with Diocletian." = "Western Roman co-emperor with Diocletian.";  /* **** */

"Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius and father of Constantine I." = "Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius and father of Constantine I.";  /* **** */

"Constantine the Great" = "Costantino il Grande";
"Roman emperor who united the empire, built Constantinople, and converted to Christianity." = "Roman emperor who united the empire, built Constantinople, and converted to Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Severus" = "Severo";
"Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius who failed to suppress a revolt in Italy." = "Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius who failed to suppress a revolt in Italy.";  /* **** */

"Constans" = "Costante";
"Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Defeated Constantine II." = "Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Defeated Constantine II.";  /* **** */

"Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Died in conflict with Constans." = "Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Died in conflict with Constans.";  /* **** */

"Magnentius" = "Magnenzio";
"Usurper who killed Constans and was defeated by Constantius II." = "Usurper who killed Constans and was defeated by Constantius II.";  /* **** */

"Julian" = "Giuliano";
"Julian the Apostate" = "Giuliano l'Apostata";
"Sole emperor who sought to promote paganism against Christianity." = "Sole emperor who sought to promote paganism against Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Jovian" = "Gioviano";
"Emperor who reversed the anti-Christian policies of Julian." = "Emperor who reversed the anti-Christian policies of Julian.";  /* **** */

"Valentinian I" = "Valentiniano I";
"Western Roman co-emperor with his brother Valens." = "Western Roman co-emperor with his brother Valens.";  /* **** */

"Gratian" = "Graziano";
"Western Roman co-emperor who promoted Christianity and opposed paganism." = "Western Roman co-emperor who promoted Christianity and opposed paganism.";  /* **** */

"Valentinian II" = "Valentiniano II";
"Western Roman co-emperor whose childhood reign was dominated by others." = "Western Roman co-emperor whose childhood reign was dominated by others.";  /* **** */

"Eugenius" = "Eugenio";
"Western Roman co-emperor installed after the death of Valentinian II and defeated by Theodosius I." = "Western Roman co-emperor installed after the death of Valentinian II and defeated by Theodosius I.";  /* **** */

"Honorius" = "Onorio";
"Western Roman co-emperor during whose reign Rome was sacked by the Visigoths." = "Western Roman co-emperor during whose reign Rome was sacked by the Visigoths.";  /* **** */

"Valentinian III" = "Valentiniano III";
"Western Roman emperor who suffered territorial losses and the threat of Attila the Hun." = "Western Roman emperor who suffered territorial losses and the threat of Attila the Hun.";  /* **** */

"Avitus" = "Avitus";  /* **** */
"Western Roman emperor of Gallic descent who was soon deposed." = "Western Roman emperor of Gallic descent who was soon deposed.";  /* **** */

"Petronius Maximus" = "Petronio Massimo";
"Usurper who became Western Roman emperor and enraged the Vandal king Huneric." = "Usurper who became Western Roman emperor and enraged the Vandal king Huneric.";  /* **** */

"Majorian" = "Maggioriano";
"Western Roman emperor who waged campaigns and instituted reforms to restore the Western empire." = "Western Roman emperor who waged campaigns and instituted reforms to restore the Western empire.";  /* **** */

"Libius Severus" = "Libio Severo";
"Western Roman emperor largely under the control of the general Ricimer." = "Western Roman emperor largely under the control of the general Ricimer.";  /* **** */

"Anthemius" = "Antemio";
"Western Roman emperor installed by eastern emperor Leo I and deposed by the general Ricimer." = "Western Roman emperor installed by eastern emperor Leo I and deposed by the general Ricimer.";  /* **** */

"Olybrius" = "Olibrio";
"Western Roman emperor installed by Ricimer. He died of disease after a brief reign." = "Western Roman emperor installed by Ricimer. He died of disease after a brief reign.";  /* **** */

"Glycerius" = "Glicerio";
"Western Roman emperor forced to abdicate by Julius Nepos." = "Western Roman emperor forced to abdicate by Julius Nepos.";  /* **** */

"Julius Nepos" = "Giulio Nepote";
"Western Roman emperor who deposed Glycerius and was deposed by Orestes." = "Western Roman emperor who deposed Glycerius and was deposed by Orestes.";  /* **** */

"Romulus Augustulus" = "Romolo Augustolo";
"Last Western Roman emperor, a teenager installed by his father Orestes and deposed by Odoacer." = "Last Western Roman emperor, a teenager installed by his father Orestes and deposed by Odoacer.";  /* **** */

"Odoacer" = "Odoacer";  /* **** */
"Military commander who deposed the western Roman emperor to rule as king of Italy." = "Military commander who deposed the western Roman emperor to rule as king of Italy.";  /* **** */

"Theodoric" = "Theodoric";  /* **** */
"Ostragoth who deposed Odoacer to become king of Italy." = "Ostragoth who deposed Odoacer to become king of Italy.";  /* **** */



/* ROME/ITALY - Individuals */

"Cicero" = "Cicerone";
"Roman orator who sought to preserve the Roman republic." = "Roman orator who sought to preserve the Roman republic.";  /* **** */

"Julius Caesar (Life)" = "Giulio Cesare (Vita)";
"General who became sole ruler of Rome, assassinated after declaring himself permanent dictator." = "General who became sole ruler of Rome, assassinated after declaring himself permanent dictator.";  /* **** */

"Catullus" = "Catullo";
"Roman poet regarded as among the finest Latin lyric poets." = "Roman poet regarded as among the finest Latin lyric poets.";  /* **** */

"Virgil" = "Virgilio";
"Latin epic poet whose Aeneid chronicled Rome’s legendary founding." = "Latin epic poet whose Aeneid chronicled Rome’s legendary founding.";  /* **** */

"Ovid" = "Ovidio";
"Roman poet whose Metamorphoses codified many Greek myths." = "Roman poet whose Metamorphoses codified many Greek myths.";  /* **** */

"Clement of Rome" = "Clement of Rome";  /* **** */
"Apostolic father, Bishop of Rome (Clement I), martyr." = "Apostolic father, Bishop of Rome (Clement I), martyr.";  /* **** */

"Josephus" = "Giuseppe";
"Joseph ben Mattathias, Flavius " = "Joseph ben Mattathias, Flavius ";  /* **** */
"Jewish historian who chronicled the First Jewish Revolt and Jewish antiquity." = "Jewish historian who chronicled the First Jewish Revolt and Jewish antiquity.";  /* **** */

"Roman historian who wrote the Histories and Annals." = "Roman historian who wrote the Histories and Annals.";  /* **** */

"Valentinus" = "Valentinus";  /* **** */
"Influential gnostic teacher whose followers became known as Valentinians." = "Influential gnostic teacher whose followers became known as Valentinians.";  /* **** */

"Justin Martyr" = "Giustino Martire";
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and martyr." = "Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and martyr.";  /* **** */

"Hippolytus" = "Hippolytus";  /* **** */
"Ante-Nicene father who wrote important commentaries and theological works." = "Ante-Nicene father who wrote important commentaries and theological works.";  /* **** */

"Plotinus" = "Plotino";
"Platonic philosopher regarded as the founder of Neo-Platonism." = "Platonic philosopher regarded as the founder of Neo-Platonism.";  /* **** */

"Constantine I (LIfe)" = "Constantine I (LIfe)";  /* **** */

"Ambrose" = "Ambrose";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Milan who opposed Arianism and influenced Augustine." = "Archbishop of Milan who opposed Arianism and influenced Augustine.";  /* **** */

"Julian of Eclanum" = "Julian of Eclanum";  /* **** */
"Pelagian bishop of Eclanum and theological opponent of Augustine." = "Pelagian bishop of Eclanum and theological opponent of Augustine.";  /* **** */

"Maximus of Turin" = "Maximus of Turin";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Turin whose sermons on theological matters were preserved." = "Bishop of Turin whose sermons on theological matters were preserved.";  /* **** */

"Cassiodorus" = "Cassiodorus";  /* **** */
"Roman statesman and monastic who established the Medieval monastic tradition of preserving classical learning." = "Roman statesman and monastic who established the Medieval monastic tradition of preserving classical learning.";  /* **** */

"Benedict of Nursia" = "Benedict of Nursia";  /* **** */
"Italian monastic whose Rule of St. Benedict was adopted by most Medieval monastic orders." = "Italian monastic whose Rule of St. Benedict was adopted by most Medieval monastic orders.";  /* **** */

"Boethius" = "Boethius";  /* **** */
"Roman senator who translated classical works into Latin and wrote The Consolation of Philosophy." = "Roman senator who translated classical works into Latin and wrote The Consolation of Philosophy.";  /* **** */

"Peter Damian" = "Peter Damian";  /* **** */
"Italian monk and reformer who wrote against clerical abuses and immorality." = "Italian monk and reformer who wrote against clerical abuses and immorality.";  /* **** */

"Francis of Assisi" = "Francis of Assisi";  /* **** */
"Italian who renounced wealth to become a mendicant friar. Founder of the Franciscan monastic order." = "Italian who renounced wealth to become a mendicant friar. Founder of the Franciscan monastic order.";  /* **** */

"Peter Martyr" = "Peter Martyr";  /* **** */
"Dominican priest and inquisitor who preached against the Cathar heresy and was assassinated by Cathars." = "Dominican priest and inquisitor who preached against the Cathar heresy and was assassinated by Cathars.";  /* **** */

"Bonaventura" = "Bonaventura";  /* **** */
"Italian Franciscan scholastic theologian who sought to integrate faith and reason." = "Italian Franciscan scholastic theologian who sought to integrate faith and reason.";  /* **** */

"Marco Polo" = "Marco Polo";  /* **** */
"Venetian merchant who travelled to East Asia along the silk road and published his adventures." = "Venetian merchant who travelled to East Asia along the silk road and published his adventures.";  /* **** */

"Dante Alighieri" = "Dante Alighieri";  /* **** */
"Florentine poet who authored the Divine Comedy." = "Florentine poet who authored the Divine Comedy.";  /* **** */

"Catherine of Siena" = "Catherine of Siena";  /* **** */
"Lay Dominican mystic who influenced Pope Gregory XI to return the papacy to Rome." = "Lay Dominican mystic who influenced Pope Gregory XI to return the papacy to Rome.";  /* **** */

"Donatello" = "Donatello";  /* **** */
"Italian Renaissance sculptor." = "Italian Renaissance sculptor.";  /* **** */

"Sandro Botticelli" = "Sandro Botticelli";  /* **** */
"Early Italian Renaissance painter famous for The Birth of Venus." = "Early Italian Renaissance painter famous for The Birth of Venus.";  /* **** */

"Catherine of Genoa" = "Catherine of Genoa";  /* **** */
"Italian Catholic mystic known for her ministry to the sick." = "Italian Catholic mystic known for her ministry to the sick.";  /* **** */

"Leonardo da Vinci" = "Leonardo da Vinci";  /* **** */
"Italian Renaissance artist and polymath famous for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa." = "Italian Renaissance artist and polymath famous for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.";  /* **** */

"Savonarola" = "Savonarola";  /* **** */
"Dominican friar and Florentine reformer excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI and executed." = "Dominican friar and Florentine reformer excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI and executed.";  /* **** */

"Cajetan" = "Cajetan";  /* **** */
"Italian cardinal who questioned Luther at Augsburg." = "Italian cardinal who questioned Luther at Augsburg.";  /* **** */

"Michelangelo" = "Michelangelo";  /* **** */
"Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor famous for David, the Pieta, the Sistine Ceiling, and The Last Judgment." = "Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor famous for David, the Pieta, the Sistine Ceiling, and The Last Judgment.";  /* **** */

"Raphael" = "Raphael";  /* **** */
"Italian Renaissance painter famous for The School of Athens and the Transfiguration." = "Italian Renaissance painter famous for The School of Athens and the Transfiguration.";  /* **** */

"Galileo Galilei" = "Galileo Galilei";  /* **** */
"Italian astronomer, mathematician, and scientist charged with heresy for his promotion of heliocentrism." = "Italian astronomer, mathematician, and scientist charged with heresy for his promotion of heliocentrism.";  /* **** */

"John Bosco" = "John Bosco";  /* **** */
"Italian Catholic priest and educator who founded the Salesian order." = "Italian Catholic priest and educator who founded the Salesian order.";  /* **** */

"Frances-Xavier Cabrini" = "Frances-Xavier Cabrini";  /* **** */
"Italian Catholic nun who ministered to Italian immigrants in the US. First US citizen to be canonized." = "Italian Catholic nun who ministered to Italian immigrants in the US. First US citizen to be canonized.";  /* **** */



/* ROME/ITALY - Writings */

"Gallic Wars" = "Guerre Galliche";
"Julius Caesar’s account of his various campaigns in Gaul." = "Julius Caesar’s account of his various campaigns in Gaul.";  /* **** */

"Jewish War" = "Guerra giudaica";
"Eye-witness account of the First Jewish Revolt by Josephus." = "Eye-witness account of the First Jewish Revolt by Josephus.";  /* **** */

"Jewish Antiquities" = "Antichità giudaiche";
"Account of Jewish antiquity by Josephus." = "Account of Jewish antiquity by Josephus.";  /* **** */

"Didache" = "Didaché";
"Early Christian treatise on morals and church order." = "Early Christian treatise on morals and church order.";  /* **** */

"Codex Vaticanus" = "Codex Vaticanus";  /* **** */
"B" = "B";  /* **** */
"Early codex containing most of the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (Vatican Museum)" = "Early codex containing most of the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (Vatican Museum)";  /* **** */

"Athanasian Creed" = "Athanasian Creed";  /* **** */
"Pseudo-Athanasian Creed" = "Pseudo-Athanasian Creed";  /* **** */
"Creed of unknown but probably Latin origin which affirms Nicene Trinitarianism in terms reminiscent of Augustine. Used by some eastern churches in a modified form." = "Creed of unknown but probably Latin origin which affirms Nicene Trinitarianism in terms reminiscent of Augustine. Used by some eastern churches in a modified form.";  /* **** */

"Tome of Leo" = "Tome of Leo";  /* **** */
"Letter from Pope Leo I to Flavian of Constantinople condemning Eutyches and affirming that Christ has two natures. It was debated and accepted at the Council of Chalcedon." = "Letter from Pope Leo I to Flavian of Constantinople condemning Eutyches and affirming that Christ has two natures. It was debated and accepted at the Council of Chalcedon.";  /* **** */

"Travels of Marco Polo" = "Travels of Marco Polo";  /* **** */
"Marco Polo’s account of his travels to East Asia, which inspired future European exploration." = "Marco Polo’s account of his travels to East Asia, which inspired future European exploration.";  /* **** */

"Unam Sanctam" = "Unam Sanctam";  /* **** */
"Bull of Boniface VIII which asserted papal supremacy over earthly kings." = "Bull of Boniface VIII which asserted papal supremacy over earthly kings.";  /* **** */

"Divine Comedy" = "Divine Comedy";  /* **** */
"Italian narrative poem which explores Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradisio)." = "Italian narrative poem which explores Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradisio).";  /* **** */



/* ROME/ITALY - Events */

"Rome Founded?" = "Fondazione di Roma?";
"According to legend, Romulus founds Rome after killing his brother." = "According to legend, Romulus founds Rome after killing his brother.";  /* **** */

"Gauls Sack Rome" = "Gauls Sack Rome";  /* **** */
"The Senones tribe of Gauls defeat the Roman army and sack Rome." = "The Senones tribe of Gauls defeat the Roman army and sack Rome.";  /* **** */

"First Samnite War" = "First Samnite War";  /* **** */
"First war between Rome and Samnium." = "First war between Rome and Samnium.";  /* **** */

"Second Samnite War" = "Second Samnite War";  /* **** */
"Second war between Rome and Samnium." = "Second war between Rome and Samnium.";  /* **** */

"Third Samnite War" = "Third Samnite War";  /* **** */
"Third war between Rome and Samnium." = "Third war between Rome and Samnium.";  /* **** */

"Pyrrhic War" = "Pyrrhic War";  /* **** */
"Rome initially defeated but eventually outlasts the armies of Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus." = "Rome initially defeated but eventually outlasts the armies of Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.";  /* **** */

"First Punic War" = "Prima Guerra Punica";
"First war between Rome and Carthage. Rome expands its navy." = "First war between Rome and Carthage. Rome expands its navy.";  /* **** */

"Second Punic War" = "Seconda guerra punica";
"Second war between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal invades Italy but is defeated in Africa." = "Second war between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal invades Italy but is defeated in Africa.";  /* **** */

"Third Punic War" = "Terza guerra punica";
"Third war between Rome and Carthage. Romans raze Carthage and annex northern Africa." = "Third war between Rome and Carthage. Romans raze Carthage and annex northern Africa.";  /* **** */

"Spartacus Leads Slave Revolt" = "Spartacus Leads Slave Revolt";  /* **** */
"Third Servile War" = "Third Servile War";  /* **** */
"The gladiator Spartacus leads a revolt against Rome." = "The gladiator Spartacus leads a revolt against Rome.";  /* **** */

"Julius Caesar assassinated" = "Assassinio di Giulio Cesare";
"Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by members of the Roman Senate." = "Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by members of the Roman Senate.";  /* **** */

"Paul imprisoned in Rome" = "Prigionia di Paolo a Roma";

"Awaiting trial before Caesar, Paul is under house arrest in Rome." = "Awaiting trial before Caesar, Paul is under house arrest in Rome.";  /* **** */

"Peter Arrives in Rome" = "Arrivo di Pietro a Roma";
"The apostle Peter takes a leading role in the church at Rome." = "The apostle Peter takes a leading role in the church at Rome.";  /* **** */

"Fire in Rome" = "Incendio di Roma";
"Fire destroys two-thirds of the city of Rome." = "Fire destroys two-thirds of the city of Rome.";  /* **** */

"Martyrdom of Peter" = "Martirio di Pietro";
"Peter is crucified upside-down in Rome." = "Peter is crucified upside-down in Rome.";  /* **** */

"Neronic Persecution" = "Persecuzione di Nerone";
"Blaming Christians for the fire in Rome, Nero executes many, including Peter and Paul." = "Blaming Christians for the fire in Rome, Nero executes many, including Peter and Paul.";  /* **** */

"Martyrdom of Paul" = "Martirio di Paolo";

"Paul is beheaded in Rome." = "Paul is beheaded in Rome.";  /* **** */

"Roman Colosseum constructed" = "Roman Colosseum constructed";  /* **** */
"Flavian Amphitheater" = "Flavian Amphitheater";  /* **** */
"Roman Colosseum built with spoils from the First Jewish Revolt." = "Roman Colosseum built with spoils from the First Jewish Revolt.";  /* **** */

"Eruption of Vesuvius" = "Eruzione del Vesuvio";
"Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum." = "Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum.";  /* **** */

"Adoptionism Begins" = "Adoptionism Begins";  /* **** */
"Theodotus of Byzantium teaches the heresy of adoptionism, which denies the deity of Christ." = "Theodotus of Byzantium teaches the heresy of adoptionism, which denies the deity of Christ.";  /* **** */

"Sabellius Teaches Modalism" = "Sabellius Teaches Modalism";  /* **** */
"Sabellius teaches a form of modalism, which argues that the persons of the Godhead are temporal modes of God’s self-revelation." = "Sabellius teaches a form of modalism, which argues that the persons of the Godhead are temporal modes of God’s self-revelation.";  /* **** */

"Decian Persecution" = "Persecuzione di Decio";
"Christians who refuse to sacrifice for the emperor Decius are persecuted and martyred." = "Christians who refuse to sacrifice for the emperor Decius are persecuted and martyred.";  /* **** */

"Valerian Persecution" = "Persecuzione di Valeriano";
"Valerian orders the widespread persecution of Christians." = "Valerian orders the widespread persecution of Christians.";  /* **** */

"Gallienus Ends Persecution" = "Gallieno pone fine alla persecuzione";
"After Valerian’s capture, Gallienus issues a decree of toleration for Christians." = "After Valerian’s capture, Gallienus issues a decree of toleration for Christians.";  /* **** */

"Formation of Tetrarchy" = "Formazione della Tetrarchia";
"Diocletian divides the empire between four emperors (two Augusti and two Caesars)." = "Diocletian divides the empire between four emperors (two Augusti and two Caesars).";  /* **** */

"Diocletian Persecution" = "Persecuzione di Diocleziano";
"Diocletian initiates the most comprehensive persecution of Christians." = "Diocletian initiates the most comprehensive persecution of Christians.";  /* **** */

"Galerian Persecution" = "Persecuzione di Galerio";
"Galerian continues, but later abandons, the persecution of Christians." = "Galerian continues, but later abandons, the persecution of Christians.";  /* **** */

"Edict of Milan" = "Editto di Milano";
"Joint edict by Constantine I and Licinius to give Christianity legal status." = "Joint edict by Constantine I and Licinius to give Christianity legal status.";  /* **** */

"Final Division of Empire" = "Divisione finale dell'Impero";
"Theodosius I divides the empire between his two sons, a division which remained permanent." = "Theodosius I divides the empire between his two sons, a division which remained permanent.";  /* **** */

"Visigoths Sack Rome" = "Visigoths Sack Rome";  /* **** */
"Visigoths sack Rome—the first sack of the city in 800 years." = "Visigoths sack Rome—the first sack of the city in 800 years.";  /* **** */

"Vandals Sack Rome" = "Vandals Sack Rome";  /* **** */
"Vandals sack Rome in response to Petronius Maximus cancelling a political marriage." = "Vandals sack Rome in response to Petronius Maximus cancelling a political marriage.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Western Empire" = "Caduta dell'Impero d'Occidente";
"Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus, ending the Western Roman empire." = "Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus, ending the Western Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Schism between Western and Eastern churches during the Miaphysite controversy. Begun when Pope Felix III excommunicated Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople." = "Schism between Western and Eastern churches during the Miaphysite controversy. Begun when Pope Felix III excommunicated Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Gothic War" = "Gothic War";  /* **** */
"Byzantines under Justinian I conquer much of Italy." = "Byzantines under Justinian I conquer much of Italy.";  /* **** */

"Donation of Pepin" = "Donation of Pepin";  /* **** */
"Pepin the Short of France donates territory in central Italy to the Roman Catholic papacy." = "Pepin the Short of France donates territory in central Italy to the Roman Catholic papacy.";  /* **** */

"Charlemagne Crowned Emperor" = "Charlemagne Crowned Emperor";  /* **** */
"Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans.”" = "Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans.”";  /* **** */

"Muslim Raid on Rome" = "Muslim Raid on Rome";  /* **** */
"Muslims raid churches on the outskirts of Rome." = "Muslims raid churches on the outskirts of Rome.";  /* **** */

"Cadaver Synod" = "Cadaver Synod";  /* **** */
"Synod in which the deceased pope Formosus was exhumed, tried, and condemned." = "Synod in which the deceased pope Formosus was exhumed, tried, and condemned.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Stilo" = "Battle of Stilo";  /* **** */
"Muslim forces defeat the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II." = "Muslim forces defeat the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II.";  /* **** */

"First Crusade" = "First Crusade";  /* **** */
"Princes’ Crusade" = "Princes’ Crusade";  /* **** */
"Organized crusade which conquered Jerusalem and established several Middle Eastern Crusader States." = "Organized crusade which conquered Jerusalem and established several Middle Eastern Crusader States.";  /* **** */

"People’s Crusade" = "People’s Crusade";  /* **** */
"Peasants’ Crusade" = "Peasants’ Crusade";  /* **** */
"An independent crusade of peasants which set out before the First Crusade and were largely slaughtered by the Seljuq Turks." = "An independent crusade of peasants which set out before the First Crusade and were largely slaughtered by the Seljuq Turks.";  /* **** */

"Second Crusade" = "Second Crusade";  /* **** */
"Unsuccessful crusade to restore the Crusader County of Edessa." = "Unsuccessful crusade to restore the Crusader County of Edessa.";  /* **** */

"Third Crusade" = "Third Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade which succeeded in recapturing territory in Israel, but did not recapture Jerusalem." = "Crusade which succeeded in recapturing territory in Israel, but did not recapture Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Fourth Crusade" = "Fourth Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade intended to defeat the Ayyubid Sultanate but which sacked Constantinople instead." = "Crusade intended to defeat the Ayyubid Sultanate but which sacked Constantinople instead.";  /* **** */

"Fifth Crusade" = "Fifth Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade against the Ayyubids of Egypt which ultimately ended in defeat." = "Crusade against the Ayyubids of Egypt which ultimately ended in defeat.";  /* **** */

"Sixth Crusade" = "Sixth Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade in which Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated with the Ayyubid sultan for control of Jerusalem." = "Crusade in which Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated with the Ayyubid sultan for control of Jerusalem.";  /* **** */

"Barons’ Crusade" = "Barons’ Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade with few military victories but in which the crusaders negotiated major territorial concessions." = "Crusade with few military victories but in which the crusaders negotiated major territorial concessions.";  /* **** */

"Seventh Crusade" = "Seventh Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade in which Louis IX of France was captured and ransomed by the Mamluks of Egypt." = "Crusade in which Louis IX of France was captured and ransomed by the Mamluks of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Eighth Crusade" = "Eighth Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade in which Louis IX besieged Tunis. Louis died and the crusade was abandoned due to an outbreak of dysentary." = "Crusade in which Louis IX besieged Tunis. Louis died and the crusade was abandoned due to an outbreak of dysentary.";  /* **** */

"Ninth Crusade" = "Ninth Crusade";  /* **** */
"Lord Edward’s Crusade" = "Lord Edward’s Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade led by Edward I of England which saw some military success, but which failed to reverse Mamluk gains." = "Crusade led by Edward I of England which saw some military success, but which failed to reverse Mamluk gains.";  /* **** */

"Western Schism" = "Western Schism";  /* **** */
"Papal Schism" = "Papal Schism";  /* **** */
"Rival papacies at Rome, Avignon, and later Pisa are eventually settled at the Council of Constance." = "Rival papacies at Rome, Avignon, and later Pisa are eventually settled at the Council of Constance.";  /* **** */

"Council of Florence" = "Council of Florence";  /* **** */

"Bonfire of the Vanities" = "Bonfire of the Vanities";  /* **** */
"Savonorola inspires Florentines to burn sinful objects, including Renaissance books and art." = "Savonorola inspires Florentines to burn sinful objects, including Renaissance books and art.";  /* **** */

"Luther Visits Rome" = "Luther Visits Rome";  /* **** */
"Luther visits Rome and is disillusioned with its opulence and corruption." = "Luther visits Rome and is disillusioned with its opulence and corruption.";  /* **** */

"Council of Trent" = "Council of Trent";  /* **** */
"Roman Catholic council which reaffirmed and clarified doctrines opposed by Protestantism." = "Roman Catholic council which reaffirmed and clarified doctrines opposed by Protestantism.";  /* **** */

"1st Vatican Council" = "1st Vatican Council";  /* **** */
"Vatican I" = "Vatican I";  /* **** */
"Council of Roman Catholic bishops which defined the doctrine of papal infallibility." = "Council of Roman Catholic bishops which defined the doctrine of papal infallibility.";  /* **** */

"2nd Vatican Council" = "2nd Vatican Council";  /* **** */
"Vatican II" = "Vatican II";  /* **** */
"Council of Roman Catholic bishops which addressed the relationship between the Catholic church and the modern world." = "Council of Roman Catholic bishops which addressed the relationship between the Catholic church and the modern world.";  /* **** */



/* ROME/ITALY - Political */

"Proto-Villanovan Culture" = "Proto-Villanovan Culture";  /* **** */
"A Late Bronze Age culture which may have given rise to the Etruscans." = "A Late Bronze Age culture which may have given rise to the Etruscans.";  /* **** */

"Early Latin Settlement" = "Primo Insediamento Latino";
"A settlement of Latins grows into a small independent kingdom." = "A settlement of Latins grows into a small independent kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Etruscans" = "Etruscans";  /* **** */
"An Italic people of uncertain origin control much of the northern Italian peninsula." = "An Italic people of uncertain origin control much of the northern Italian peninsula.";  /* **** */

"Etruscan Rule (Rome)" = "Etruscan Rule (Rome)";  /* **** */
"Rome is subject to the Etruscans." = "Rome is subject to the Etruscans.";  /* **** */

"Roman Republic" = "Repubblica romana";
"Ruled by elected consuls and the Senate, Rome begins building an empire." = "Ruled by elected consuls and the Senate, Rome begins building an empire.";  /* **** */

"Magna Graecia" = "Magna Graecia";  /* **** */
"Greeks establish colonies on the southern coast of Italy." = "Greeks establish colonies on the southern coast of Italy.";  /* **** */

"Cisalpine Gaul" = "Cisalpine Gaul";  /* **** */
"Several Gallic tribes control northern Italy." = "Several Gallic tribes control northern Italy.";  /* **** */

"Roman Rule (Etruria)" = "Roman Rule (Etruria)";  /* **** */
"After a series of wars, Rome controls the territory of the Etruscans." = "After a series of wars, Rome controls the territory of the Etruscans.";  /* **** */

"Roman Rule (N. Italy)" = "Roman Rule (N. Italy)";  /* **** */
"After a series of wars, Rome controls northern Italy." = "After a series of wars, Rome controls northern Italy.";  /* **** */

"Roman Rule (Magna Graecia)" = "Roman Rule (Magna Graecia)";  /* **** */
"Rome conquers the city-states of Magna Graecia." = "Rome conquers the city-states of Magna Graecia.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire" = "Impero romano";
"Ruled by emperors, Rome controls a vast empire." = "Ruled by emperors, Rome controls a vast empire.";  /* **** */

"Western Empire" = "Impero occidentale";
"After the permanent division of the Roman empire, the Western empire soon begins a rapid decline." = "After the permanent division of the Roman empire, the Western empire soon begins a rapid decline.";  /* **** */

"Ostragoth Kingdom" = "Ostragoth Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Ostragoths rule Italy as an independent kingdom until defeated by Byzantines." = "Ostragoths rule Italy as an independent kingdom until defeated by Byzantines.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Venice" = "Byzantine Venice";  /* **** */
"Northeastern Italy controlled by the Byzantine Empire." = "Northeastern Italy controlled by the Byzantine Empire.";  /* **** */

"Lombard Kingdom" = "Lombard Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Lombards control large portions of Italy." = "Lombards control large portions of Italy.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Exarchate" = "Byzantine Exarchate";  /* **** */
"Byzantines control Ravenna and Rome." = "Byzantines control Ravenna and Rome.";  /* **** */

"Venice (Republic)" = "Venice (Republic)";  /* **** */
"Northeastern Italy controlled by the maritime republic of Venice." = "Northeastern Italy controlled by the maritime republic of Venice.";  /* **** */

"Frankish Empire" = "Frankish Empire";  /* **** */
"Northern Italy under the control of the Carolingian Franks." = "Northern Italy under the control of the Carolingian Franks.";  /* **** */

"Lombard Duchies" = "Lombard Duchies";  /* **** */
"Southern Italy largely controlled by independent Lombard duchies." = "Southern Italy largely controlled by independent Lombard duchies.";  /* **** */

"Papal States" = "Papal States";  /* **** */
"Much of central Italy is under the direct political control of the Roman Catholic papacy." = "Much of central Italy is under the direct political control of the Roman Catholic papacy.";  /* **** */

"Holy Roman Empire (Italy)" = "Holy Roman Empire (Italy)";  /* **** */
"Northern Italy forms a major part of the Holy Roman Empire." = "Northern Italy forms a major part of the Holy Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Province" = "Byzantine Province";  /* **** */
"Much of southern Italy under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Much of southern Italy under the control of the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Norman Rule" = "Norman Rule";  /* **** */
"Normans control southern Italy." = "Normans control southern Italy.";  /* **** */

"Sicily (Kingdom)" = "Sicily (Kingdom)";  /* **** */
"Southern Italy controlled by the kingdom of Sicily, part of the Holy Roman Empire." = "Southern Italy controlled by the kingdom of Sicily, part of the Holy Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Naples & Sicily (Kingdoms)" = "Naples & Sicily (Kingdoms)";  /* **** */
"Southern Italy divided between the mainland kingdom of Naples (officially still named Sicily) and the island kingdom of Sicily." = "Southern Italy divided between the mainland kingdom of Naples (officially still named Sicily) and the island kingdom of Sicily.";  /* **** */

"Foreign Rule" = "Foreign Rule";  /* **** */
"Northern Italy controlled by various foreign powers (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, House of Savoy, Napoleon, etc.)" = "Northern Italy controlled by various foreign powers (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, House of Savoy, Napoleon, etc.)";  /* **** */

"Northeastern Italy controlled by Napoleon of France and the Austrian empire." = "Northeastern Italy controlled by Napoleon of France and the Austrian empire.";  /* **** */

"Two Sicilies (Kingdom)" = "Two Sicilies (Kingdom)";  /* **** */
"Naples and Sicily merge to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies." = "Naples and Sicily merge to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.";  /* **** */

"Italy (Nation)" = "Italy (Nation)";  /* **** */
"Italy becomes a united nation-state, ruled by a monarchy, followed by a constitutional republic." = "Italy becomes a united nation-state, ruled by a monarchy, followed by a constitutional republic.";  /* **** */



/* ROME/ITALY - Religious Leaders */

"Linus" = "Linus";  /* **** */
"Early Bishop of Rome (Pope)." = "Early Bishop of Rome (Pope).";  /* **** */

"Anacletus" = "Anacletus";  /* **** */
"Cletus" = "Cletus";  /* **** */

"Clement I" = "Clement I";  /* **** */
"Apostolic father, Early Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr." = "Apostolic father, Early Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr.";  /* **** */

"Evaristus" = "Evaristus";  /* **** */
"Aristus" = "Aristus";  /* **** */

"Alexander I" = "Alexander I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope)." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope).";  /* **** */

"Sixtus I" = "Sixtus I";  /* **** */

"Telesphorus" = "Telesphorus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr.";  /* **** */

"Hyginus" = "Hyginus";  /* **** */

"Pius I" = "Pius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Marcion." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Marcion.";  /* **** */

"Anicetus" = "Anicetus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who debated Polycarp on the date of Easter." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who debated Polycarp on the date of Easter.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Montanism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Montanism.";  /* **** */

"Victor I" = "Victor I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who tried to excommunicate quartodeciman churches." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who tried to excommunicate quartodeciman churches.";  /* **** */

"Zephyrinus" = "Zephyrinus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) known for defending the divinity of Christ." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) known for defending the divinity of Christ.";  /* **** */

"Callixtus I" = "Callixtus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) associated with a catacomb and opposed by Hippolytus." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) associated with a catacomb and opposed by Hippolytus.";  /* **** */

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Callistus I and Urban I. Reconciled to Pontian." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Callistus I and Urban I. Reconciled to Pontian.";  /* **** */

"Urban I" = "Urban I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Hippolytus." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Hippolytus.";  /* **** */

"Pontian" = "Pontian";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who resigned when exiled." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who resigned when exiled.";  /* **** */

"Anterus" = "Anterus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected after Pontian’s resignation." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected after Pontian’s resignation.";  /* **** */

"Fabian" = "Fabian";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during the Decian Persecution." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during the Decian Persecution.";  /* **** */

"Cornelius" = "Cornelius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Novatian." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Novatian.";  /* **** */

"Novatian" = "Novatian";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Cornelius over lapsed Christians." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Cornelius over lapsed Christians.";  /* **** */

"Lucius I" = "Lucius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) briefly exiled." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) briefly exiled.";  /* **** */

"Stephen I" = "Stephen I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) in favor of restoring lapsed Christians." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) in favor of restoring lapsed Christians.";  /* **** */

"Sixtus II" = "Sixtus II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during Valerian persecution." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during Valerian persecution.";  /* **** */

"Dionysius" = "Dionysius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who restored order after the end of persecution." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who restored order after the end of persecution.";  /* **** */

"Felix I" = "Felix I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the removal of Paul of Samosata." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the removal of Paul of Samosata.";  /* **** */

"Eutychian" = "Eutychian";  /* **** */

"Caius" = "Caius";  /* **** */
"Gaius" = "Gaio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have been martyred." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have been martyred.";  /* **** */

"Marcellinus" = "Marcellinus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have lapsed but repented during the DIocletian persecution." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have lapsed but repented during the DIocletian persecution.";  /* **** */

"Marcellus I" = "Marcellus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over harsh treatment of lapsed Christians." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over harsh treatment of lapsed Christians.";  /* **** */

"Eusebius" = "Eusebio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over treatment of lapsed Christians." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over treatment of lapsed Christians.";  /* **** */

"Miltiades" = "Miltiades";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) when Christianity was legalized." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) when Christianity was legalized.";  /* **** */

"Sylvester I" = "Sylvester I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the reign of Constantine I." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the reign of Constantine I.";  /* **** */

"Marcus" = "Marcus";  /* **** */

"Julius I" = "Julius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Athanasius against the Arians." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Athanasius against the Arians.";  /* **** */

"Liberius" = "Liberius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) exiled by Constantius II for opposing Arianism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) exiled by Constantius II for opposing Arianism.";  /* **** */

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) installed by Constantius II." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) installed by Constantius II.";  /* **** */

"Damasus I" = "Damasus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Ursinus." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Ursinus.";  /* **** */

"Ursinus" = "Ursinus";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Damasus I, eventually exiled to Gaul." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Damasus I, eventually exiled to Gaul.";  /* **** */

"Siricius" = "Siricius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose decretal letters strengthened papal authority." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose decretal letters strengthened papal authority.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Origen." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Origen.";  /* **** */

"Innocent I" = "Innocent I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and supported Chrysostom." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and supported Chrysostom.";  /* **** */

"Zosimus" = "Zosimus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism.";  /* **** */

"Boniface I " = "Boniface I ";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Augustus against the Pelagians." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Augustus against the Pelagians.";  /* **** */

"Eulalius" = "Eulalius";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Boniface I." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Boniface I.";  /* **** */

"Celestine I" = "Celestine I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and Nestorianism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and Nestorianism.";  /* **** */

"Sixtus III" = "Sixtus III";  /* **** */

"Leo I (the Great)" = "Leo I (the Great)";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw.";  /* **** */

"Hilarius" = "Hilarius";  /* **** */

"Simplicius" = "Simplicius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Felix III" = "Felix III";  /* **** */
"Felix II" = "Felix II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Acacius of Constantinople to begin the Acacian Schism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Acacius of Constantinople to begin the Acacian Schism.";  /* **** */

"Gelasius I" = "Gelasius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who asserted Roman primacy during the Acacian Schism. First pope to be called “Vicar of Christ.”" = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who asserted Roman primacy during the Acacian Schism. First pope to be called “Vicar of Christ.”";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose concessions to end the Acacian Schism led to a schism between rival popes after his death." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose concessions to end the Acacian Schism led to a schism between rival popes after his death.";  /* **** */

"Laurentius" = "Laurentius";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Symmachus." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Symmachus.";  /* **** */

"Symmachus " = "Symmachus ";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Symmachus, who retained his seat by the decision of King Theodoric." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Symmachus, who retained his seat by the decision of King Theodoric.";  /* **** */

"Hormisdas" = "Hormisdas";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ended the Acacian Schism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ended the Acacian Schism.";  /* **** */

"John I" = "John I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) sent by the Arian king Theodoric to Justinian I to request moderation of an anti-Arian decree." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) sent by the Arian king Theodoric to Justinian I to request moderation of an anti-Arian decree.";  /* **** */

"Felix IV (III)" = "Felix IV (III)";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the urging of King Theodoric." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the urging of King Theodoric.";  /* **** */

"Boniface II" = "Boniface II";  /* **** */
"Ostragoth bishop of Rome (Pope) chosen by his predecessor. He confirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Orange." = "Ostragoth bishop of Rome (Pope) chosen by his predecessor. He confirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Orange.";  /* **** */

"Dioscorus" = "Dioscorus";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Boniface II, who died a month after his election." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Boniface II, who died a month after his election.";  /* **** */

"John II" = "John II";  /* **** */
"First bishop of Rome (Pope) to assume a new name upon his election, since he deemed his birth name (Mercurius) too pagan." = "First bishop of Rome (Pope) to assume a new name upon his election, since he deemed his birth name (Mercurius) too pagan.";  /* **** */

"Agapetus I " = "Agapetus I ";  /* **** */
"Agapitus I" = "Agapitus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who deposed Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople for his support of Miaphysitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who deposed Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople for his support of Miaphysitism.";  /* **** */

"Silverius" = "Silverius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elevated by the Gothic king and deposed by a Byzantine general during the Gothic War." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) elevated by the Gothic king and deposed by a Byzantine general during the Gothic War.";  /* **** */

"Vigilius" = "Vigilius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by the Byzantines whom Justinian I forcibly summoned to Constantinople." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by the Byzantines whom Justinian I forcibly summoned to Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Pelagius I" = "Pelagius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the behest of Justinian I, who agreed with the emperor’s condemnation of the Three Chapters." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the behest of Justinian I, who agreed with the emperor’s condemnation of the Three Chapters.";  /* **** */

"John III" = "John III";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the Lombard invasion of Italy." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the Lombard invasion of Italy.";  /* **** */

"Benedict I" = "Benedict I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who founded several monasteries before his election." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who founded several monasteries before his election.";  /* **** */

"Pelagius II" = "Pelagius II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who promoted clerical celibacy and died of plague." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who promoted clerical celibacy and died of plague.";  /* **** */

"Gregory I (the Great)" = "Gregory I (the Great)";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who fostered missionary efforts and ecclesiastical reforms." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who fostered missionary efforts and ecclesiastical reforms.";  /* **** */

"Sabinian" = "Sabinian";  /* **** */

"Boniface III" = "Boniface III";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who reformed papal elections." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who reformed papal elections.";  /* **** */

"Boniface IV" = "Boniface IV";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who converted the Pantheon into a church." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who converted the Pantheon into a church.";  /* **** */

"Deusdedit" = "Deusdedit";  /* **** */
"Adeodatus I" = "Adeodatus I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sealed his decrees with lead “bullae,” giving rise to the term “papal bull.”" = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sealed his decrees with lead “bullae,” giving rise to the term “papal bull.”";  /* **** */

"Boniface V" = "Boniface V";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported missionary efforts in England." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported missionary efforts in England.";  /* **** */

"Honorius I" = "Honorius I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"John IV" = "John IV";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism but defended the orthodoxy of Honorius I." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism but defended the orthodoxy of Honorius I.";  /* **** */

"Severinus" = "Severinus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose imperial recognition was delayed over his refusal to accept Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose imperial recognition was delayed over his refusal to accept Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Martin I" = "Martin I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was imprisoned by Constans II for his opposition to Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was imprisoned by Constans II for his opposition to Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Eugene I" = "Eugene I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ran afoul of Constans II, but died before the emperor could depose him." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ran afoul of Constans II, but died before the emperor could depose him.";  /* **** */

"Vitalian" = "Vitalian";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who took a conciliatory stance toward the Byzantine emperors, but still opposed Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who took a conciliatory stance toward the Byzantine emperors, but still opposed Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Adeodatus (II)" = "Adeodatus (II)";  /* **** */

"Donus" = "Donus";  /* **** */

"Agatho" = "Agatho";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sent a large delegation to the 3rd Council of Constantinople." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sent a large delegation to the 3rd Council of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who confirmed the decrees of the 3rd Council of Constantinople." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who confirmed the decrees of the 3rd Council of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Benedict II" = "Benedict II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who obtained a decree from the Byzantine emperor that popes could be confirmed by the Exarch of Ravenna." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who obtained a decree from the Byzantine emperor that popes could be confirmed by the Exarch of Ravenna.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strengthened relations with the Byzantine empire." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strengthened relations with the Byzantine empire.";  /* **** */

"Conon" = "Conon";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who commissioned the Irish missionary Kilian." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who commissioned the Irish missionary Kilian.";  /* **** */

"Paschal" = "Paschal";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who refused to accept the canons of the Quinisext Council." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who refused to accept the canons of the Quinisext Council.";  /* **** */

"Theodore" = "Theodore";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius I." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius I.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who bribed the Lombards into withdrawing from Rome." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who bribed the Lombards into withdrawing from Rome.";  /* **** */

"John VII" = "John VII";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who had good relations with the Lombards, but strained relations with the Byzantines." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who had good relations with the Lombards, but strained relations with the Byzantines.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who accepted a compromise on the canons of the Quinisext council, but opposed Monothelitism." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who accepted a compromise on the canons of the Quinisext council, but opposed Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Sisinnius" = "Sisinnius";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose papacy lasted just 20 days." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose papacy lasted just 20 days.";  /* **** */

"Gregory II" = "Gregory II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed the iconoclasm of Byzantine Emperor Leo III." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed the iconoclasm of Byzantine Emperor Leo III.";  /* **** */

"Gregory III" = "Gregory III";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed iconoclasm and faced the growing Lombard threat." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed iconoclasm and faced the growing Lombard threat.";  /* **** */

"Zachary" = "Zachary";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sanctioned Pepin the Short’s usurpation of the Frankish throne." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sanctioned Pepin the Short’s usurpation of the Frankish throne.";  /* **** */

"Stephen" = "Stephen";  /* **** */
"Stephen II" = "Stephen II";  /* **** */
"Pope-elect who died before his consecration. Formerly called Stephen II." = "Pope-elect who died before his consecration. Formerly called Stephen II.";  /* **** */

"Stephen III" = "Stephen III";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sought Frankish protection from the Lombards and received the Donation of Peppin. Formerly called Stephen III." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sought Frankish protection from the Lombards and received the Donation of Peppin. Formerly called Stephen III.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) preoccupied with power struggles with the Franks, Lombards, and Byzantines." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) preoccupied with power struggles with the Franks, Lombards, and Byzantines.";  /* **** */

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, who was violently deposed." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, who was violently deposed.";  /* **** */

"Stephen IV" = "Stephen IV";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Constantine II and Philip. Formerly called Stephen IV." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Constantine II and Philip. Formerly called Stephen IV.";  /* **** */

"Philip" = "Philip";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, installed by the Lombards but immediately removed." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, installed by the Lombards but immediately removed.";  /* **** */

"Adrian I" = "Adrian I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called on Charlemagne for protection from the Lombards." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called on Charlemagne for protection from the Lombards.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, not recognizing the Byzantine empress Irene." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, not recognizing the Byzantine empress Irene.";  /* **** */

"Stephen V" = "Stephen V";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Louis the Pious emperor of the Romans. Formerly called Stephen V." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Louis the Pious emperor of the Romans. Formerly called Stephen V.";  /* **** */

"Paschal I" = "Paschal I";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who rebuilt churches and employed exiled Byzantine mosaic artists." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who rebuilt churches and employed exiled Byzantine mosaic artists.";  /* **** */

"Eugene II" = "Eugene II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called a council which promoted the education of clerics." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called a council which promoted the education of clerics.";  /* **** */

"Gregory IV" = "Gregory IV";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who attempted to arbitrate the disputes among the Carolingian rulers." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who attempted to arbitrate the disputes among the Carolingian rulers.";  /* **** */

"Valentine" = "Valentine";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 5 weeks after his unusual election." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 5 weeks after his unusual election.";  /* **** */

"John" = "John";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius II who was immediately deposed." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius II who was immediately deposed.";  /* **** */

"Sergius II " = "Sergius II ";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who saw the outskirts of Rome sacked by Muslims." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who saw the outskirts of Rome sacked by Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who built the Leonine walls to defend Rome against Muslim attack." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who built the Leonine walls to defend Rome against Muslim attack.";  /* **** */

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Benedict III." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Benedict III.";  /* **** */

"Benedict III" = "Benedict III";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Anastasius." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Anastasius.";  /* **** */

"Nicholas I (the Great)" = "Nicholas I (the Great)";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strongly asserted papal supremacy over Carolingian monarchs and the Byzantine emperor." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strongly asserted papal supremacy over Carolingian monarchs and the Byzantine emperor.";  /* **** */

"Adrian II" = "Adrian II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the missionaries Cyril and Methodius." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the missionaries Cyril and Methodius.";  /* **** */

"John VIII" = "John VIII";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who allowed Methodius to translate the Bible and liturgy into Slavonic." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who allowed Methodius to translate the Bible and liturgy into Slavonic.";  /* **** */

"Marinus I" = "Marinus I";  /* **** */

"Adrian III" = "Adrian III";  /* **** */

"Stephen VI" = "Stephen VI";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VI." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VI.";  /* **** */

"Formosus" = "Formosus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) posthumously tried and condemned in the Cadaver Synod." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) posthumously tried and condemned in the Cadaver Synod.";  /* **** */

"Boniface VI" = "Boniface VI";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 15 days after his election." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 15 days after his election.";  /* **** */

"Stephen VII" = "Stephen VII";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) deposed after holding the Cadaver Synod. Formerly called Stephen VII." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) deposed after holding the Cadaver Synod. Formerly called Stephen VII.";  /* **** */

"Romanus" = "Romanus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) " = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) ";  /* **** */

"Theodore II" = "Theodore II";  /* **** */

"John IX" = "John IX";  /* **** */

"Benedict IV" = "Benedict IV";  /* **** */

"Christopher, antipope" = "Christopher, antipope";  /* **** */

"Sergius III" = "Sergius III";  /* **** */

"Anastasius III" = "Anastasius III";  /* **** */

"Lando" = "Lando";  /* **** */

"John X" = "John X";  /* **** */

"Stephen VIII" = "Stephen VIII";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VIII." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VIII.";  /* **** */

"John XI" = "John XI";  /* **** */

"Leo VII" = "Leo VII";  /* **** */

"Stephen IX" = "Stephen IX";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen IX." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen IX.";  /* **** */

"Marinus II" = "Marinus II";  /* **** */

"Agapetus II" = "Agapetus II";  /* **** */

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned but then conspired against Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, who then deposed him." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned but then conspired against Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, who then deposed him.";  /* **** */

"Leo VIII" = "Leo VIII";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I after deposing John XII." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I after deposing John XII.";  /* **** */

"Benedict V" = "Benedict V";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Leo VIII, deposed by Otto I." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Leo VIII, deposed by Otto I.";  /* **** */

"John XIII" = "John XIII";  /* **** */

"Benedict VI" = "Benedict VI";  /* **** */

"John XIV" = "John XIV";  /* **** */

"Benedict VII " = "Benedict VII ";  /* **** */

"John XV" = "John XV";  /* **** */

"John XVI" = "John XVI";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) " = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) ";  /* **** */

"Sylvester II" = "Sylvester II";  /* **** */

"John XVII" = "John XVII";  /* **** */

"John XVIII" = "John XVIII";  /* **** */

"Sergius IV" = "Sergius IV";  /* **** */

"Benedict VIII" = "Benedict VIII";  /* **** */

"Gregory" = "Gregory";  /* **** */

"John XIX" = "John XIX";  /* **** */

"Benedict IX" = "Benedict IX";  /* **** */

"Sylvester III" = "Sylvester III";  /* **** */

"Clement II" = "Clement II";  /* **** */

"Damasus II" = "Damasus II";  /* **** */

"Leo IX" = "Leo IX";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) involved in the Great Schism with the Eastern Orthodox Church." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) involved in the Great Schism with the Eastern Orthodox Church.";  /* **** */

"Victor II" = "Victor II";  /* **** */

"Stephen X" = "Stephen X";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen X." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen X.";  /* **** */

"Benedict X" = "Benedict X";  /* **** */

"Nicholas II" = "Nicholas II";  /* **** */

"Alexander II" = "Alexander II";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected by cardinals who authorized the Norman conquest of England." = "Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected by cardinals who authorized the Norman conquest of England.";  /* **** */

"Honorius II" = "Honorius II";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Alexander II." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Alexander II.";  /* **** */

"Pope who instituted clerical reforms and strengthened the papacy, forbidding use of the term “pope” to any other bishop." = "Pope who instituted clerical reforms and strengthened the papacy, forbidding use of the term “pope” to any other bishop.";  /* **** */

"Guibert" = "Guibert";  /* **** */
"Clement III" = "Clement III";  /* **** */
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II." = "Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II.";  /* **** */

"Victor III" = "Victor III";  /* **** */
"Pope" = "Pope";  /* **** */

"Urban II" = "Urban II";  /* **** */
"Pope who called and orchestrated the First Crusade." = "Pope who called and orchestrated the First Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Paschal II" = "Paschal II";  /* **** */

"Maginulf" = "Maginulf";  /* **** */
"Sylvester IV" = "Sylvester IV";  /* **** */

"Aleric" = "Aleric";  /* **** */
"Antipope " = "Antipope ";  /* **** */

"Burdin" = "Burdin";  /* **** */
"Gregory VIII" = "Gregory VIII";  /* **** */

"Gelasius II" = "Gelasius II";  /* **** */

"Callistus II" = "Callistus II";  /* **** */
"Callixtus II" = "Callixtus II";  /* **** */
"Pope who ended the Investiture Controversy." = "Pope who ended the Investiture Controversy.";  /* **** */

"Celestine II" = "Celestine II";  /* **** */

"Anacletus II" = "Anacletus II";  /* **** */

"Innocent II" = "Innocent II";  /* **** */

"Gregory Conti" = "Gregory Conti";  /* **** */
"Victor IV" = "Victor IV";  /* **** */

"Lucius II" = "Lucius II";  /* **** */

"Eugene III" = "Eugene III";  /* **** */
"Pope who called the Second Crusade." = "Pope who called the Second Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Anastasius IV" = "Anastasius IV";  /* **** */

"Adrian IV" = "Adrian IV";  /* **** */

"Alexander III" = "Alexander III";  /* **** */
"Pope who faced a series of antipopes and who was repeatedly exiled from Rome." = "Pope who faced a series of antipopes and who was repeatedly exiled from Rome.";  /* **** */

"Antipope to Alexander III." = "Antipope to Alexander III.";  /* **** */

"Pascal III" = "Pascal III";  /* **** */

"Callistus III" = "Callistus III";  /* **** */

"Innocent III" = "Innocent III";  /* **** */

"Lucius III" = "Lucius III";  /* **** */

"Urban III" = "Urban III";  /* **** */

"Pope who called the Third Crusade during a papacy which lasted just two months." = "Pope who called the Third Crusade during a papacy which lasted just two months.";  /* **** */

"Celestine III" = "Celestine III";  /* **** */

"Powerful Medieval pope who called the Albigensian and Fourth Crusades." = "Powerful Medieval pope who called the Albigensian and Fourth Crusades.";  /* **** */

"Honorius III" = "Honorius III";  /* **** */
"Pope who organized the Fifth Crusade but died before it began." = "Pope who organized the Fifth Crusade but died before it began.";  /* **** */

"Gregory IX" = "Gregory IX";  /* **** */
"Pope who clashed with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II over the Sixth Crusade and control of Sicily." = "Pope who clashed with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II over the Sixth Crusade and control of Sicily.";  /* **** */

"Celestine IV" = "Celestine IV";  /* **** */

"Innocent IV" = "Innocent IV";  /* **** */
"Pope " = "Pope ";  /* **** */

"Alexander IV" = "Alexander IV";  /* **** */

"Urban IV" = "Urban IV";  /* **** */

"Clement IV" = "Clement IV";  /* **** */

"Gregory X" = "Gregory X";  /* **** */

"Adrian V" = "Adrian V";  /* **** */

"Innocent V" = "Innocent V";  /* **** */

"John XXI" = "John XXI";  /* **** */

"Nicholas III" = "Nicholas III";  /* **** */

"Martin IV" = "Martin IV";  /* **** */

"Honorius IV" = "Honorius IV";  /* **** */

"Nicholas IV" = "Nicholas IV";  /* **** */

"Boniface VIII" = "Boniface VIII";  /* **** */
"Pope who affirmed papal supremacy over temporal kings. He died after being captured and beaten by agents of Philip IV of France." = "Pope who affirmed papal supremacy over temporal kings. He died after being captured and beaten by agents of Philip IV of France.";  /* **** */

"Celestine V" = "Celestine V";  /* **** */

"Benedict XI" = "Benedict XI";  /* **** */
"Pope who rescinded his predecessor’s excommunication of Philip IV of France." = "Pope who rescinded his predecessor’s excommunication of Philip IV of France.";  /* **** */

"Nicholas V" = "Nicholas V";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon installed in Rome by Louis IV of Bavaria." = "Pope in Avignon installed in Rome by Louis IV of Bavaria.";  /* **** */

"Urban VI" = "Urban VI";  /* **** */
"Pope in Rome whose election sparked the Western Schism." = "Pope in Rome whose election sparked the Western Schism.";  /* **** */

"Boniface IX" = "Boniface IX";  /* **** */
"Second pope in Rome during the Western Schism." = "Second pope in Rome during the Western Schism.";  /* **** */

"Innocent VII " = "Innocent VII ";  /* **** */
"Third pope in Rome during the Western Schism." = "Third pope in Rome during the Western Schism.";  /* **** */

"Gregory XII " = "Gregory XII ";  /* **** */
"Fourth pope in Rome during the Western Schism, who resigned at the Council of Constance." = "Fourth pope in Rome during the Western Schism, who resigned at the Council of Constance.";  /* **** */

"Pietro Philarghi" = "Pietro Philarghi";  /* **** */
"Alexander V" = "Alexander V";  /* **** */
"Antipope in Pisa elected by the Council of Pisa in an attempt to end the Western Schism." = "Antipope in Pisa elected by the Council of Pisa in an attempt to end the Western Schism.";  /* **** */

"Baldassare Cossa" = "Baldassare Cossa";  /* **** */
"John XXIII" = "John XXIII";  /* **** */
"Second antipope in Pisa who called the Council of Constance." = "Second antipope in Pisa who called the Council of Constance.";  /* **** */

"Martin V" = "Martin V";  /* **** */
"Pope in Rome elected at the Council of Constance to end the Western Schism." = "Pope in Rome elected at the Council of Constance to end the Western Schism.";  /* **** */

"Eugene IV" = "Eugene IV";  /* **** */
"Pope in Rome who came into conflict with the Conciliar movement." = "Pope in Rome who came into conflict with the Conciliar movement.";  /* **** */

"Pope who sponsored lavish building projects in Rome and saw the fall of Constantinople." = "Pope who sponsored lavish building projects in Rome and saw the fall of Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Callixtus III" = "Callixtus III";  /* **** */
"Pope who ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc, which posthumously exonerated her." = "Pope who ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc, which posthumously exonerated her.";  /* **** */

"Pius II" = "Pius II";  /* **** */
"Pope who wrote an autobiography." = "Pope who wrote an autobiography.";  /* **** */

"Pope." = "Pope.";  /* **** */

"Sixtus IV" = "Sixtus IV";  /* **** */
"Pope who restored the Sistine Chapel, patronized Renaissance art." = "Pope who restored the Sistine Chapel, patronized Renaissance art.";  /* **** */

"Innocent VIII" = "Innocent VIII";  /* **** */
"Pope who was paid by the Ottoman sultan to imprison the sultan’s brother." = "Pope who was paid by the Ottoman sultan to imprison the sultan’s brother.";  /* **** */

"Alexander VI" = "Alexander VI";  /* **** */
"Pope of the Borgia family notorious for immorality. Patron of Renaissance artists. Excommunicated Savonarola." = "Pope of the Borgia family notorious for immorality. Patron of Renaissance artists. Excommunicated Savonarola.";  /* **** */

"Julius II" = "Julius II";  /* **** */
"Pope who expanded the Papal States, commissioned the Sistine Ceiling, and began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica." = "Pope who expanded the Papal States, commissioned the Sistine Ceiling, and began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica.";  /* **** */

"Pius III" = "Pius III";  /* **** */
"Pope who died a month after his election." = "Pope who died a month after his election.";  /* **** */

"Leo X" = "Leo X";  /* **** */
"Pope at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation who excommunicated Luther." = "Pope at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation who excommunicated Luther.";  /* **** */

"Adrian VI" = "Adrian VI";  /* **** */
"Pope who conceded the need for reformation, but demanded the condemnation of Luther." = "Pope who conceded the need for reformation, but demanded the condemnation of Luther.";  /* **** */

"Pope who faced the separation of the Church of England, the growth of Protestantism, the sack of Rome, and imprisonment." = "Pope who faced the separation of the Church of England, the growth of Protestantism, the sack of Rome, and imprisonment.";  /* **** */

"Pope who called the Council of Trent and recognized the Jesuits." = "Pope who called the Council of Trent and recognized the Jesuits.";  /* **** */

"Julius III" = "Julius III";  /* **** */

"Marcellus II" = "Marcellus II";  /* **** */

"Pius IV" = "Pius IV";  /* **** */

"Pius V" = "Pius V";  /* **** */

"Gregory XIII" = "Gregory XIII";  /* **** */

"Sixtus V" = "Sixtus V";  /* **** */

"Gregory XIV" = "Gregory XIV";  /* **** */

"Urban VII" = "Urban VII";  /* **** */

"Innocent IX" = "Innocent IX";  /* **** */

"Leo XI" = "Leo XI";  /* **** */

"Paul V" = "Paul V";  /* **** */

"Gregory XV" = "Gregory XV";  /* **** */

"Urban VIII" = "Urban VIII";  /* **** */

"Innocent X" = "Innocent X";  /* **** */

"Alexander VII" = "Alexander VII";  /* **** */

"Clement IX" = "Clement IX";  /* **** */

"Clement X" = "Clement X";  /* **** */

"Innocent XI" = "Innocent XI";  /* **** */

"Alexander VIII" = "Alexander VIII";  /* **** */

"Innocent XII" = "Innocent XII";  /* **** */

"Clement XI" = "Clement XI";  /* **** */

"Innocent XIII" = "Innocent XIII";  /* **** */

"Clement XII" = "Clement XII";  /* **** */

"Benedict XIV" = "Benedict XIV";  /* **** */

"Clement XIII" = "Clement XIII";  /* **** */

"Clement XIV" = "Clement XIV";  /* **** */

"Pius VI" = "Pius VI";  /* **** */

"Pius VII" = "Pius VII";  /* **** */

"Leo XII" = "Leo XII";  /* **** */

"Pius VIII" = "Pius VIII";  /* **** */

"Gregory XVI" = "Gregory XVI";  /* **** */

"Pius IX" = "Pius IX";  /* **** */
"Pope who defined the Immaculate Conception and called the 1st Vatican Council." = "Pope who defined the Immaculate Conception and called the 1st Vatican Council.";  /* **** */

"Leo XIII" = "Leo XIII";  /* **** */

"Pius X" = "Pius X";  /* **** */

"Benedict XV" = "Benedict XV";  /* **** */

"Pius XI" = "Pius XI";  /* **** */

"Pius XII" = "Pius XII";  /* **** */

"Pope who called the 2nd Vatican Council." = "Pope who called the 2nd Vatican Council.";  /* **** */

"Paul VI" = "Paul VI";  /* **** */
"Pope who reconvened the 2nd Vatican Council and implemented its reforms." = "Pope who reconvened the 2nd Vatican Council and implemented its reforms.";  /* **** */

"John Paul I" = "John Paul I";  /* **** */
"Pope who died 33 days after his election." = "Pope who died 33 days after his election.";  /* **** */

"John Paul II" = "John Paul II";  /* **** */
"Polish pope who saw the end of Communism in Europe and upheld traditional Catholic stances on social issues." = "Polish pope who saw the end of Communism in Europe and upheld traditional Catholic stances on social issues.";  /* **** */

"Benedict XVI" = "Benedict XVI";  /* **** */
"Joseph Ratzinger" = "Joseph Ratzinger";  /* **** */
"Pope who resigned to become pope emeritus." = "Pope who resigned to become pope emeritus.";  /* **** */

"Francis" = "Francis";  /* **** */
"Jorge Bergoglio" = "Jorge Bergoglio";  /* **** */
"First Jesuit pope." = "First Jesuit pope.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* WORLD */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* WORLD - Rulers */

"Xia Dynasty" = "Xia Dynasty";  /* **** */
"First dynasty of China." = "First dynasty of China.";  /* **** */

"Shang Dynasty" = "Shang Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Second dynasty of China." = "Second dynasty of China.";  /* **** */

"Zhou Dynasty" = "Zhou Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Third Dynasty of China." = "Third Dynasty of China.";  /* **** */

"Chandragupta Maurya" = "Chandragupta Maurya";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Maurya dynasty." = "Founder of the Maurya dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Ashoka" = "Ashoka";  /* **** */
"Mauryan emperor who adopted Buddhism after waging a destructive war." = "Mauryan emperor who adopted Buddhism after waging a destructive war.";  /* **** */

"Qin Dynasty" = "Qin Dynasty";  /* **** */
"First dynasty of Imperial China." = "First dynasty of Imperial China.";  /* **** */

"Han Dynasty" = "Han Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Second imperial dynasty of China which ruled during China’s first golden age." = "Second imperial dynasty of China which ruled during China’s first golden age.";  /* **** */

"Jin Dynasty" = "Jin Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Dynasty which briefly reunited China before northern China broke up into warring kingdoms." = "Dynasty which briefly reunited China before northern China broke up into warring kingdoms.";  /* **** */

"Northern & Southern Dynasties" = "Northern & Southern Dynasties";  /* **** */
"China is dvided between northern and southern kingdoms." = "China is dvided between northern and southern kingdoms.";  /* **** */

"Sui Dynasty" = "Sui Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Short-lived dynasty that reunited China and laid the foundation for future imperial periods." = "Short-lived dynasty that reunited China and laid the foundation for future imperial periods.";  /* **** */

"Tang Dynasty" = "Tang Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Imperial dynasty which ruled during China’s second golden age." = "Imperial dynasty which ruled during China’s second golden age.";  /* **** */

"Song Dynasty" = "Song Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Chinese imperial dynasty that saw the invention of gunpowder, paper currency, and the navigational compass." = "Chinese imperial dynasty that saw the invention of gunpowder, paper currency, and the navigational compass.";  /* **** */

"Kublai Khan" = "Kublai Khan";  /* **** */
"Grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty." = "Grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Yuan Dynasty" = "Yuan Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Imperial dynasty of China established by the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan." = "Imperial dynasty of China established by the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan.";  /* **** */

"Ming Dynasty" = "Ming Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Last Han Chinese imperial dynasty of China. This period is famous for advances in porcelain production." = "Last Han Chinese imperial dynasty of China. This period is famous for advances in porcelain production.";  /* **** */

"Qing Dynasty" = "Qing Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Manchurian imperial dynasty of China." = "Manchurian imperial dynasty of China.";  /* **** */

"Arthur Phillip" = "Arthur Phillip";  /* **** */
"British naval officer who became the first governor of the penal colony of New South Wales." = "British naval officer who became the first governor of the penal colony of New South Wales.";  /* **** */

"George Washington" = "George Washington";  /* **** */
"1st President of the United States. No party affiliation." = "1st President of the United States. No party affiliation.";  /* **** */

"John Adams" = "John Adams";  /* **** */
"2nd President of the United States. Federalist party." = "2nd President of the United States. Federalist party.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Jefferson" = "Thomas Jefferson";  /* **** */
"3rd President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "3rd President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party.";  /* **** */

"James Madison" = "James Madison";  /* **** */
"4th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "4th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party.";  /* **** */

"James Monroe" = "James Monroe";  /* **** */
"5th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "5th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party.";  /* **** */

"John Quincy Adams" = "John Quincy Adams";  /* **** */
"6th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "6th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Andrew Jackson" = "Andrew Jackson";  /* **** */
"7th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "7th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Martin Van Buren" = "Martin Van Buren";  /* **** */
"8th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "8th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"John Tyler" = "John Tyler";  /* **** */
"10th President of the United States. Whig party." = "10th President of the United States. Whig party.";  /* **** */

"William Henry Harrison" = "William Henry Harrison";  /* **** */
"9th President of the United States. Whig party." = "9th President of the United States. Whig party.";  /* **** */

"James K. Polk" = "James K. Polk";  /* **** */
"11th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "11th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Zachary Taylor" = "Zachary Taylor";  /* **** */
"12th President of the United States. Whig party." = "12th President of the United States. Whig party.";  /* **** */

"Millard Fillmore" = "Millard Fillmore";  /* **** */
"13th President of the United States. Whig party." = "13th President of the United States. Whig party.";  /* **** */

"Franklin PIerce" = "Franklin PIerce";  /* **** */
"14th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "14th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"James Buchanan" = "James Buchanan";  /* **** */
"15th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "15th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Abraham Lincoln" = "Abraham Lincoln";  /* **** */
"16th President of the United States. Republican party." = "16th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Andrew Johnson" = "Andrew Johnson";  /* **** */
"17th President of the United States. National Union/Democratic party." = "17th President of the United States. National Union/Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Ulysses S. Grant" = "Ulysses S. Grant";  /* **** */
"18th President of the United States. Republican party." = "18th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Rutherford B. Hayes" = "Rutherford B. Hayes";  /* **** */
"19th President of the United States. Republican party." = "19th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Chester A. Arthur" = "Chester A. Arthur";  /* **** */
"21st President of the United States. Republican party." = "21st President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"James A. Garfield" = "James A. Garfield";  /* **** */
"20th President of the United States. Republican party." = "20th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Grover Cleveland" = "Grover Cleveland";  /* **** */
"22nd (and 24th) President of the United States. Democratic party." = "22nd (and 24th) President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Benjamin Harrison" = "Benjamin Harrison";  /* **** */
"23rd President of the United States. Republican party." = "23rd President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"24th (and 22nd) President of the United States. Democratic party." = "24th (and 22nd) President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"William McKinley" = "William McKinley";  /* **** */
"25th President of the United States. Republican party." = "25th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Theodore Roosevelt" = "Theodore Roosevelt";  /* **** */
"26th President of the United States. Republican party." = "26th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"William H. Taft" = "William H. Taft";  /* **** */
"27th President of the United States. Republican party." = "27th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Repubic of China" = "Repubic of China";  /* **** */
"Chinese republic seeks to navigate rival parties and World War II." = "Chinese republic seeks to navigate rival parties and World War II.";  /* **** */

"Woodrow Wilson" = "Woodrow Wilson";  /* **** */
"28th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "28th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Warren Harding" = "Warren Harding";  /* **** */
"29th President of the United States. Republican party." = "29th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Calvin Coolidge" = "Calvin Coolidge";  /* **** */
"30th President of the United States. Republican party." = "30th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Herbert Hoover" = "Herbert Hoover";  /* **** */
"31st President of the United States. Republican party." = "31st President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Franklin D. Roosevelt" = "Franklin D. Roosevelt";  /* **** */
"32nd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "32nd President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Harry Truman" = "Harry Truman";  /* **** */
"33rd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "33rd President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"People’s Republic of China" = "People’s Republic of China";  /* **** */
"China ruled as a single party communist state." = "China ruled as a single party communist state.";  /* **** */

"Republic of China (Taiwan)" = "Republic of China (Taiwan)";  /* **** */
"The nationalist government of China relocates to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, still maintaining that it is the legitimate government of China." = "The nationalist government of China relocates to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, still maintaining that it is the legitimate government of China.";  /* **** */

"Dwight D. Eisenhower" = "Dwight D. Eisenhower";  /* **** */
"34th President of the United States. Republican party." = "34th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"John F. Kennedy" = "John F. Kennedy";  /* **** */
"35th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "35th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Lyndon Johnson" = "Lyndon Johnson";  /* **** */
"36th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "36th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Richard Nixon" = "Richard Nixon";  /* **** */
"37th President of the United States. Republican party." = "37th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Gerald Ford" = "Gerald Ford";  /* **** */
"38th President of the United States. Republican party." = "38th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Jimmy Carter" = "Jimmy Carter";  /* **** */
"39th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "39th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Ronald Reagan" = "Ronald Reagan";  /* **** */
"40th President of the United States. Republican party." = "40th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"George H. W. Bush" = "George H. W. Bush";  /* **** */
"41st President of the United States. Republican party." = "41st President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"William Clinton" = "William Clinton";  /* **** */
"42nd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "42nd President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"George W. Bush" = "George W. Bush";  /* **** */
"43rd President of the United States. Republican party." = "43rd President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */

"Barack Obama" = "Barack Obama";  /* **** */
"44th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "44th President of the United States. Democratic party.";  /* **** */

"Donald Trump" = "Donald Trump";  /* **** */
"45th President of the United States. Republican party." = "45th President of the United States. Republican party.";  /* **** */



/* WORLD - Individuals */

"Adam" = "Adam";  /* **** */
"The first man, cast out of Eden. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "The first man, cast out of Eden. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Seth" = "Seth";  /* **** */
"Third son of Adam and Eve and progenitor of a faithful line. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Third son of Adam and Eve and progenitor of a faithful line. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Enosh" = "Enosh";  /* **** */
"Third generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Third generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Kenan" = "Kenan";  /* **** */
"Fourth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Fourth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Mahalalel" = "Mahalalel";  /* **** */
"Fifth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Fifth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Jared" = "Jared";  /* **** */
"Sixth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Sixth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Enoch" = "Enoch";  /* **** */
"Seventh generation by Seth, who walked with God and was “taken” rather than dying. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Seventh generation by Seth, who walked with God and was “taken” rather than dying. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Methuselah" = "Methuselah";  /* **** */
"Eighth generation by Seth and longest living antediluvian. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Eighth generation by Seth and longest living antediluvian. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Lamech" = "Lamech";  /* **** */
"Ninth generation by Seth, father of Noah. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Ninth generation by Seth, father of Noah. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Noah" = "Noah";  /* **** */
"Tenth generation by Seth, who survived the Flood. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Tenth generation by Seth, who survived the Flood. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Laozi" = "Laozi";  /* **** */
"Lao Tzu" = "Lao Tzu";  /* **** */
"Chinese sage and philosopher traditionally credited with writing the Tao Te Ching." = "Chinese sage and philosopher traditionally credited with writing the Tao Te Ching.";  /* **** */

"Buddha" = "Buddha";  /* **** */
"Siddhartha Gautama" = "Siddhartha Gautama";  /* **** */
"Founder of Buddhism." = "Founder of Buddhism.";  /* **** */

"Confucius" = "Confucius";  /* **** */
"Chinese philosopher famous for his wisdom and emphasis on filial piety." = "Chinese philosopher famous for his wisdom and emphasis on filial piety.";  /* **** */

"Genghis Khan" = "Genghis Khan";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Mongol empire who conquered vast territories in Asia and raided Eastern Europe." = "Founder of the Mongol empire who conquered vast territories in Asia and raided Eastern Europe.";  /* **** */

"Francis Xavier" = "Francis Xavier";  /* **** */
"Jesuit missionary to the East Indies and Japan." = "Jesuit missionary to the East Indies and Japan.";  /* **** */

"Cotton Mather" = "Cotton Mather";  /* **** */
"Puritan minister and prolific author in New England." = "Puritan minister and prolific author in New England.";  /* **** */

"Jonathan Edwards" = "Jonathan Edwards";  /* **** */
"Philosophical theologian and Puritan minister who participated in the Great Awakening." = "Philosophical theologian and Puritan minister who participated in the Great Awakening.";  /* **** */

"David Brainerd" = "David Brainerd";  /* **** */
"Christian missionary to Native Americans." = "Christian missionary to Native Americans.";  /* **** */

"Robert Morrison" = "Robert Morrison";  /* **** */
"Scottish missionary to China who translated the Bible into Chinese." = "Scottish missionary to China who translated the Bible into Chinese.";  /* **** */

"William Miller" = "William Miller";  /* **** */
"American Baptist preacher whose predictions of Christ’s second advent around 1843 launched the Millerite and Adventist movements." = "American Baptist preacher whose predictions of Christ’s second advent around 1843 launched the Millerite and Adventist movements.";  /* **** */

"Luther Rice" = "Luther Rice";  /* **** */
"American Baptist who raised financial support for foreign missions and helped unify Baptist congregations." = "American Baptist who raised financial support for foreign missions and helped unify Baptist congregations.";  /* **** */

"Peter Cartwright" = "Peter Cartwright";  /* **** */
"Methodist pioneer circuit rider in Kentucky and Illinois." = "Methodist pioneer circuit rider in Kentucky and Illinois.";  /* **** */

"Adoniram Judson" = "Adoniram Judson";  /* **** */
"American Baptist missionary to Burma who translated the Bible into Burmese." = "American Baptist missionary to Burma who translated the Bible into Burmese.";  /* **** */

"Charles Hodge" = "Charles Hodge";  /* **** */
"Influential Calvinist theologian and professor at Princeton Seminary." = "Influential Calvinist theologian and professor at Princeton Seminary.";  /* **** */

"Brigham Young" = "Brigham Young";  /* **** */
"Successor to Joseph Smith who established Mormonism in Utah." = "Successor to Joseph Smith who established Mormonism in Utah.";  /* **** */

"Joseph Smith" = "Joseph Smith";  /* **** */
"Founder of Mormonism." = "Founder of Mormonism.";  /* **** */

"Philip Schaff" = "Philip Schaff";  /* **** */
"Swiss-American professor of church history and prolific author and editor." = "Swiss-American professor of church history and prolific author and editor.";  /* **** */

"Ellen White" = "Ellen White";  /* **** */
"Millerite who became one of the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church." = "Millerite who became one of the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church.";  /* **** */

"Hudson Taylor" = "Hudson Taylor";  /* **** */
"British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission." = "British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission.";  /* **** */

"E.M. Bounds" = "E.M. Bounds";  /* **** */
"Methodist Episcopal minister who wrote extensively on prayer." = "Methodist Episcopal minister who wrote extensively on prayer.";  /* **** */

"Dwight L. Moody" = "Dwight L. Moody";  /* **** */
"American evangelist who founded Moody Church and Moody Bible Institute in Chicago." = "American evangelist who founded Moody Church and Moody Bible Institute in Chicago.";  /* **** */

"C.I. Scofield" = "C.I. Scofield";  /* **** */
"American theologian whose Scofield Reference Bible popularized dispensational premillennialism." = "American theologian whose Scofield Reference Bible popularized dispensational premillennialism.";  /* **** */

"A.B. Simpson" = "A.B. Simpson";  /* **** */
"Canadian preacher and founder of the Christian & Missionary Alliance." = "Canadian preacher and founder of the Christian & Missionary Alliance.";  /* **** */

"John Alexander Dowie" = "John Alexander Dowie";  /* **** */
"Scottish-Australian minister who became a faith healer in Australia and America." = "Scottish-Australian minister who became a faith healer in Australia and America.";  /* **** */

"B.B. Warfield" = "B.B. Warfield";  /* **** */
"“Old Princeton” theologian who opposed modernism and defended biblical inerrancy." = "“Old Princeton” theologian who opposed modernism and defended biblical inerrancy.";  /* **** */

"Charles Taze Russell" = "Charles Taze Russell";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses who published his teachings through his Zion’s Watchtower Tract Society." = "Founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses who published his teachings through his Zion’s Watchtower Tract Society.";  /* **** */

"R.A. Torrey" = "R.A. Torrey";  /* **** */
"American evangelist, prolific author, educator, and editor of The Fundamentals." = "American evangelist, prolific author, educator, and editor of The Fundamentals.";  /* **** */

"Billy Sunday" = "Billy Sunday";  /* **** */
"American baseball player who became a popular evangelist and supporter of Prohibition." = "American baseball player who became a popular evangelist and supporter of Prohibition.";  /* **** */

"Amy Charmichael" = "Amy Charmichael";  /* **** */
"Irish Evangelical missionary to India." = "Irish Evangelical missionary to India.";  /* **** */

"J. Gresham Machen" = "J. Gresham Machen";  /* **** */
"Conservative theologian who opposed theological liberalism at Princeton and founded Westminster Theological Seminary." = "Conservative theologian who opposed theological liberalism at Princeton and founded Westminster Theological Seminary.";  /* **** */

"E. Stanley Jones" = "E. Stanley Jones";  /* **** */
"American Methodist missionary to India." = "American Methodist missionary to India.";  /* **** */

"Paul Tillich" = "Paul Tillich";  /* **** */
"German-American philosophical theologian who wrote an influential Systematic Theology." = "German-American philosophical theologian who wrote an influential Systematic Theology.";  /* **** */

"Aimee Semple McPherson" = "Aimee Semple McPherson";  /* **** */
"Pentecostal evangelist and megachurch pastor who founded the Foursquare Church." = "Pentecostal evangelist and megachurch pastor who founded the Foursquare Church.";  /* **** */

"Reinhold Niebuhr" = "Reinhold Niebuhr";  /* **** */
"Neo-orthodox theologian who commented on politics and public policy." = "Neo-orthodox theologian who commented on politics and public policy.";  /* **** */

"H. Richard Niebuhr" = "H. Richard Niebuhr";  /* **** */
"Neo-orthodox theologian who explored the relationship between church and culture." = "Neo-orthodox theologian who explored the relationship between church and culture.";  /* **** */

"Gladys Aylward" = "Gladys Aylward";  /* **** */
"British missionary to China who ministered to orphans and rescued many during the Japanese invasion." = "British missionary to China who ministered to orphans and rescued many during the Japanese invasion.";  /* **** */

"Billy Graham" = "Billy Graham";  /* **** */
"American evangelical minister who conducted large evangelistic crusades." = "American evangelical minister who conducted large evangelistic crusades.";  /* **** */



/* WORLD - Writings */

"Tao Te Ching Canonized" = "Tao Te Ching Canonized";  /* **** */
"Dao De Ching, Laozi" = "Dao De Ching, Laozi";  /* **** */
"Classic text of Taoism receives official sanction during the Han dynasty. It was originally composed centuries earlier, and is traditionally attributed to Laozi." = "Classic text of Taoism receives official sanction during the Han dynasty. It was originally composed centuries earlier, and is traditionally attributed to Laozi.";  /* **** */

"Nestorian Documents" = "Nestorian Documents";  /* **** */
"Jingjiao Documents" = "Jingjiao Documents";  /* **** */
"Collection of Chinese Nestorian Christian texts which use taoist and Buddhist terminology." = "Collection of Chinese Nestorian Christian texts which use taoist and Buddhist terminology.";  /* **** */

"Nestorian Stele" = "Nestorian Stele";  /* **** */
"Xi’an Stele" = "Xi’an Stele";  /* **** */
"Limestone stele with Chinese and Syriac inscriptions describing Nestorian Christian missionary efforts in China." = "Limestone stele with Chinese and Syriac inscriptions describing Nestorian Christian missionary efforts in China.";  /* **** */

"Mayflower Compact" = "Mayflower Compact";  /* **** */
"Legal document establishing the basis for government of the Plymouth colony." = "Legal document establishing the basis for government of the Plymouth colony.";  /* **** */

"Declaration of Independence" = "Declaration of Independence";  /* **** */
"Founding document of the United States justifying independence from Britain." = "Founding document of the United States justifying independence from Britain.";  /* **** */

"US Constitution" = "US Constitution";  /* **** */
"Constitution designed to establish and constrain the federal government of the United States." = "Constitution designed to establish and constrain the federal government of the United States.";  /* **** */

"Book of Mormon" = "Book of Mormon";  /* **** */
"Sacred text of Mormonism." = "Sacred text of Mormonism.";  /* **** */

"Emancipation Proclamation" = "Emancipation Proclamation";  /* **** */
"Executive order by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in the Confederate States." = "Executive order by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in the Confederate States.";  /* **** */

"ASV" = "ASV";  /* **** */
"American Standard Version" = "American Standard Version";  /* **** */
"American revision of the Revised Version." = "American revision of the Revised Version.";  /* **** */

"Fundamentals" = "Fundamentals";  /* **** */
"A series of essays defending “fundamental” orthodox Protestant beliefs against theological liberalism." = "A series of essays defending “fundamental” orthodox Protestant beliefs against theological liberalism.";  /* **** */

"JPS Tanakh" = "JPS Tanakh";  /* **** */
"Jewish Publication Society Tana" = "Jewish Publication Society Tana";  /* **** */
"English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America." = "English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America.";  /* **** */

"Moffatt Bible" = "Moffatt Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible translation by James Moffatt." = "English Bible translation by James Moffatt.";  /* **** */

"RSV" = "RSV";  /* **** */
"Revised Standard Version" = "Revised Standard Version";  /* **** */
"Revision of the Revised Version and the ASV by the National Council of Churches." = "Revision of the Revised Version and the ASV by the National Council of Churches.";  /* **** */

"NJPS Tanakh" = "NJPS Tanakh";  /* **** */
"New Jewish Publication Society " = "New Jewish Publication Society ";  /* **** */
"New English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America." = "New English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America.";  /* **** */

"Good News Translation" = "Good News Translation";  /* **** */
"Today's English Version (TEV)" = "Today's English Version (TEV)";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew published by the American Bible Society." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew published by the American Bible Society.";  /* **** */

"NAB" = "NAB";  /* **** */
"New American Bible" = "New American Bible";  /* **** */
"A Catholic translation of the English Bible from the Greek and Hebrew." = "A Catholic translation of the English Bible from the Greek and Hebrew.";  /* **** */

"Living Bible" = "Living Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible paraphrase based on the ASV by American publisher Kenneth Taylor." = "English Bible paraphrase based on the ASV by American publisher Kenneth Taylor.";  /* **** */

"NASB" = "NASB";  /* **** */
"New American Standard Bible" = "New American Standard Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible revision of the ASV." = "English Bible revision of the ASV.";  /* **** */

"NIV" = "NIV";  /* **** */
"New International Version" = "New International Version";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Updated in 1984 and 2011." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Updated in 1984 and 2011.";  /* **** */

"NKJV" = "NKJV";  /* **** */
"New King James Version" = "New King James Version";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at literary continuity with the King James Bible." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at literary continuity with the King James Bible.";  /* **** */

"NRSV" = "NRSV";  /* **** */
"New Revised Standard Version" = "New Revised Standard Version";  /* **** */
"Revision of the RSV by the National Council of Churches." = "Revision of the RSV by the National Council of Churches.";  /* **** */

"We Didn’t Start the Fire" = "We Didn’t Start the Fire";  /* **** */
"History of the Cold War period by American chronicler Billy Joel." = "History of the Cold War period by American chronicler Billy Joel.";  /* **** */

"Message" = "Message";  /* **** */
"An idiomatic paraphrase from the original languages by Eugene Peterson." = "An idiomatic paraphrase from the original languages by Eugene Peterson.";  /* **** */

"NAS95" = "NAS95";  /* **** */
"New American Standard Updated" = "New American Standard Updated";  /* **** */
"Revision of the NASB aimed at improved readability." = "Revision of the NASB aimed at improved readability.";  /* **** */

"HCSB" = "HCSB";  /* **** */
"Holman Christian Standard Bible" = "Holman Christian Standard Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which aims at “optimal equivalence.”" = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which aims at “optimal equivalence.”";  /* **** */

"ESV" = "ESV";  /* **** */
"English Standard Version" = "English Standard Version";  /* **** */
"Revision of the 1971 RSV driven by an “essentially literal” translation philosophy." = "Revision of the 1971 RSV driven by an “essentially literal” translation philosophy.";  /* **** */

"TNIV" = "TNIV";  /* **** */
"Today's New International Versi" = "Today's New International Versi";  /* **** */
"Revision of the NIV by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Discontinued after the 2011 update to the NIV." = "Revision of the NIV by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Discontinued after the 2011 update to the NIV.";  /* **** */

"NET" = "NET";  /* **** */
"New English Translation" = "New English Translation";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew designed for internet distribution and featuring copious translator’s notes." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew designed for internet distribution and featuring copious translator’s notes.";  /* **** */

"NLT" = "NLT";  /* **** */
"New Living Translation" = "New Living Translation";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which grew out of an effort to revise the Living Bible." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which grew out of an effort to revise the Living Bible.";  /* **** */

"CEB" = "CEB";  /* **** */
"Common English Bible" = "Common English Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at readability." = "English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at readability.";  /* **** */

"CSB" = "CSB";  /* **** */
"Christian Standard Bible" = "Christian Standard Bible";  /* **** */
"A revision of the HCSB which, among other changes, returns to the traditional rendering of the tetragrammaton." = "A revision of the HCSB which, among other changes, returns to the traditional rendering of the tetragrammaton.";  /* **** */



/* WORLD - Events */

"Flood" = "Flood";  /* **** */
"Deluge" = "Deluge";  /* **** */
"Worldwide flood to punish humanity for violence. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Worldwide flood to punish humanity for violence. (Ussher’s chronology)";  /* **** */

"Warring States of China" = "Warring States of China";  /* **** */
"Period of political fragmentation and warfare in ancient China." = "Period of political fragmentation and warfare in ancient China.";  /* **** */

"Alexander the Great in India" = "Alexander the Great in India";  /* **** */
"Alexander the Great achieves a costly victory in the Punjab, but his troops refuse to continue east." = "Alexander the Great achieves a costly victory in the Punjab, but his troops refuse to continue east.";  /* **** */

"Seleucid–Mauryan War" = "Seleucid–Mauryan War";  /* **** */
"The Seleucid and Mauryan empires war over territories conquered by Alexander. The resulting treaty gives the Mauryans land and political brides, while giving war elephants to Seleucus I." = "The Seleucid and Mauryan empires war over territories conquered by Alexander. The resulting treaty gives the Mauryans land and political brides, while giving war elephants to Seleucus I.";  /* **** */

"Three Kingdoms of China" = "Three Kingdoms of China";  /* **** */
"Period in which China was divided among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu." = "Period in which China was divided among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu.";  /* **** */

"Leif Erikson Discovers America" = "Leif Erikson Discovers America";  /* **** */
"Viking explorer explores the coast of Canada." = "Viking explorer explores the coast of Canada.";  /* **** */

"Marco Polo in East Asia" = "Marco Polo in East Asia";  /* **** */
"Venetian merchant Marco Polo travels in East Asia and visits the court of Kublai Khan." = "Venetian merchant Marco Polo travels in East Asia and visits the court of Kublai Khan.";  /* **** */

"Columbus Discovers America" = "Columbus Discovers America";  /* **** */
"Genoese explorer seeking a western route to the East Indies discovers the Americas." = "Genoese explorer seeking a western route to the East Indies discovers the Americas.";  /* **** */

"Magellan in Philippines" = "Magellan in Philippines";  /* **** */
"Spanish explorer Magellan crosses the Pacific and lands in the Philippines, dying in battle with the natives." = "Spanish explorer Magellan crosses the Pacific and lands in the Philippines, dying in battle with the natives.";  /* **** */

"St. Augustine Established" = "St. Augustine Established";  /* **** */
"Spanish establish first permanent European settlement in North America at St. Augustine, Florida." = "Spanish establish first permanent European settlement in North America at St. Augustine, Florida.";  /* **** */

"Europeans Land on Australia" = "Europeans Land on Australia";  /* **** */
"Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon makes the first known European landfall on Australia." = "Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon makes the first known European landfall on Australia.";  /* **** */

"Jamestown Established" = "Jamestown Established";  /* **** */
"First permanent English settlement in North America established at Jamestown, Virginia." = "First permanent English settlement in North America established at Jamestown, Virginia.";  /* **** */

"Slavery at Jamestown" = "Slavery at Jamestown";  /* **** */
"A Dutch ship delivers African slaves to Jamestown." = "A Dutch ship delivers African slaves to Jamestown.";  /* **** */

"Plymouth Colony Established" = "Plymouth Colony Established";  /* **** */
"English Puritan Separitists establish a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts." = "English Puritan Separitists establish a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts.";  /* **** */

"English Land on Australia" = "English Land on Australia";  /* **** */
"British explorer William Dampier lands on the northwest coast of Australia." = "British explorer William Dampier lands on the northwest coast of Australia.";  /* **** */

"Salem Witch Trials" = "Salem Witch Trials";  /* **** */
"Mass hysteria leads to numerous executions for witchcraft in Massachusetts." = "Mass hysteria leads to numerous executions for witchcraft in Massachusetts.";  /* **** */

"Great Awakening" = "Great Awakening";  /* **** */
"A series of spiritual revivals sweep the American colonies." = "A series of spiritual revivals sweep the American colonies.";  /* **** */

"French and Indian War" = "French and Indian War";  /* **** */
"War between the North American colonies of Britain and France and their Native American allies." = "War between the North American colonies of Britain and France and their Native American allies.";  /* **** */

"Cook’s First Voyage" = "Cook’s First Voyage";  /* **** */
"British explorer James Cook explores the eastern coast of Australia." = "British explorer James Cook explores the eastern coast of Australia.";  /* **** */

"English Claim Australia" = "English Claim Australia";  /* **** */
"British explorer James Cook claims Australia for England on the basis of terra nullius, that it is “no one’s land.”" = "British explorer James Cook claims Australia for England on the basis of terra nullius, that it is “no one’s land.”";  /* **** */

"Cook’s Second Voyage" = "Cook’s Second Voyage";  /* **** */
"British explorer James Cook explores the South Pacific and Antarctic Circle." = "British explorer James Cook explores the South Pacific and Antarctic Circle.";  /* **** */

"American Revolution" = "American Revolution";  /* **** */
"A series of clashes build to the American Revolutionary War." = "A series of clashes build to the American Revolutionary War.";  /* **** */

"Cook’s Third Voyage" = "Cook’s Third Voyage";  /* **** */
"British explorer James Cook makes contact with, and is killed by, the people of Hawaii." = "British explorer James Cook makes contact with, and is killed by, the people of Hawaii.";  /* **** */

"New South Wales Established" = "New South Wales Established";  /* **** */
"British establish the penal colony of New South Wales in Australia." = "British establish the penal colony of New South Wales in Australia.";  /* **** */

"Bounty Mutineers on Pitcairn" = "Bounty Mutineers on Pitcairn";  /* **** */
"Mutineers from the HMS Bounty settle Pitcairn Island." = "Mutineers from the HMS Bounty settle Pitcairn Island.";  /* **** */

"Rum Rebellion" = "Rum Rebellion";  /* **** */
"Great Rebellion" = "Great Rebellion";  /* **** */
"Military coup which deposed New South Wales governor William Bligh." = "Military coup which deposed New South Wales governor William Bligh.";  /* **** */

"Blue Mountains Crossed" = "Blue Mountains Crossed";  /* **** */
"Australian settlers cross the Blue Mountains, opening the way for European expansion inland." = "Australian settlers cross the Blue Mountains, opening the way for European expansion inland.";  /* **** */

"Voyage of HMS Beagle" = "Voyage of HMS Beagle";  /* **** */
"British survey expedition on which Darwin began to formulate his theory of natural selection." = "British survey expedition on which Darwin began to formulate his theory of natural selection.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Eureka Stockade" = "Battle of Eureka Stockade";  /* **** */
"Australian gold miners revolt against colonial government and are crushed. In the aftermath, male colonists receive the right to vote." = "Australian gold miners revolt against colonial government and are crushed. In the aftermath, male colonists receive the right to vote.";  /* **** */

"American Civil War" = "American Civil War";  /* **** */
"Civil war fought between the Union and Confederate states over the issue of slavery." = "Civil war fought between the Union and Confederate states over the issue of slavery.";  /* **** */

"End of Convict Transportation" = "End of Convict Transportation";  /* **** */
"The Hougoumont becomes the final ship to transport convicts to Australia." = "The Hougoumont becomes the final ship to transport convicts to Australia.";  /* **** */

"Hawaii Becomes US Territory" = "Hawaii Becomes US Territory";  /* **** */
"Hawaii cedes its sovereignty to the United States, becoming a US territory." = "Hawaii cedes its sovereignty to the United States, becoming a US territory.";  /* **** */

"Boxer Rebellion" = "Boxer Rebellion";  /* **** */
"Boxer Uprising" = "Boxer Uprising";  /* **** */
"Peasant revolt against foreign influence in China." = "Peasant revolt against foreign influence in China.";  /* **** */

"Federation of Australia" = "Federation of Australia";  /* **** */
"Australia adopts a Federal Constitution to become an independent commonwealth." = "Australia adopts a Federal Constitution to become an independent commonwealth.";  /* **** */

"Women’s Suffrage in Australia" = "Women’s Suffrage in Australia";  /* **** */
"Australian women are granted the right to vote and stand for Parliament." = "Australian women are granted the right to vote and stand for Parliament.";  /* **** */

"Hawaii Becomes US State" = "Hawaii Becomes US State";  /* **** */
"Hawaii becomes the 50th US state." = "Hawaii becomes the 50th US state.";  /* **** */

"Aboriginal Suffrage" = "Aboriginal Suffrage";  /* **** */
"Indigenous Australians are granted the right to vote." = "Indigenous Australians are granted the right to vote.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 1" = "Accordance 1";  /* **** */
"Mac-using scholars and pastors rejoice." = "Mac-using scholars and pastors rejoice.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 2" = "Accordance 2";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds tools, notes, and parallels." = "Accordance adds tools, notes, and parallels.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 3" = "Accordance 3";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds Search all and diagramming." = "Accordance adds Search all and diagramming.";  /* **** */

"Accordance Bible Atlas" = "Accordance Bible Atlas";  /* **** */
"Accordance offers a Bible Atlas years ahead of its time." = "Accordance offers a Bible Atlas years ahead of its time.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 4" = "Accordance 4";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds Strong’s Bibles and exact searching." = "Accordance adds Strong’s Bibles and exact searching.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 5" = "Accordance 5";  /* **** */
"Accordance transitions to OS X and adds the Timeline you’re using now." = "Accordance transitions to OS X and adds the Timeline you’re using now.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 6" = "Accordance 6";  /* **** */
"Accordance interface redesigned for OS X, plus workspaces." = "Accordance interface redesigned for OS X, plus workspaces.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 7" = "Accordance 7";  /* **** */
"Accordance improves the Library, adds new analytics, and contextual menus." = "Accordance improves the Library, adds new analytics, and contextual menus.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 8" = "Accordance 8";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds INFER and FUZZY searching, plus support for Intel Macs." = "Accordance adds INFER and FUZZY searching, plus support for Intel Macs.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 9" = "Accordance 9";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds Easy Install, Syntax, Dynamic Interlinear, and Unicode Bibles." = "Accordance adds Easy Install, Syntax, Dynamic Interlinear, and Unicode Bibles.";  /* **** */

"Accordance for iOS" = "Accordance for iOS";  /* **** */
"Accordance for iOS released." = "Accordance for iOS released.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 10" = "Accordance 10";  /* **** */
"Accordance overhauls the interface, adds Flex searching, and supports Windows!" = "Accordance overhauls the interface, adds Flex searching, and supports Windows!";  /* **** */

"Accordance 11" = "Accordance 11";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds Info Pane, Research tab, and goes fully Cocoa." = "Accordance adds Info Pane, Research tab, and goes fully Cocoa.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 12" = "Accordance 12";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds Stacks, Papers, and new Analytics." = "Accordance adds Stacks, Papers, and new Analytics.";  /* **** */

"Accordance for Android" = "Accordance for Android";  /* **** */
"Accordance for Android released." = "Accordance for Android released.";  /* **** */

"Accordance 14" = "Accordance 14";  /* **** */
"Accordance adds tutorials, improved highlighting, PDF import, and TEXT command." = "Accordance adds tutorials, improved highlighting, PDF import, and TEXT command.";  /* **** */



/* WORLD - Political */

"Ussher’s Antediluvian Period" = "Ussher’s Antediluvian Period";  /* **** */
"James Ussher’s chronology of the period before the Noahic Flood." = "James Ussher’s chronology of the period before the Noahic Flood.";  /* **** */

"Indus Valley Civilization" = "Indus Valley Civilization";  /* **** */
"Mature Harappan Civilization" = "Mature Harappan Civilization";  /* **** */
"Early Indian civilization characterized by large, well-planned cities." = "Early Indian civilization characterized by large, well-planned cities.";  /* **** */

"Pre-Colonial Oceania" = "Pre-Colonial Oceania";  /* **** */
"Aboriginal and tribal cultures in Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "Aboriginal and tribal cultures in Australia and the Pacific Islands.";  /* **** */

"Ancient East Asia" = "Ancient East Asia";  /* **** */
"Ancient period of East Asia." = "Ancient period of East Asia.";  /* **** */

"Pre-Columbian Americas" = "Pre-Columbian Americas";  /* **** */

"Vedic Period" = "Vedic Period";  /* **** */
"Indo-Aryan tribes of pastoralists spread across northern India. Period in which the Vedas were composed." = "Indo-Aryan tribes of pastoralists spread across northern India. Period in which the Vedas were composed.";  /* **** */

"Mahajanapada Period" = "Mahajanapada Period";  /* **** */
"16 Kingdoms Period" = "16 Kingdoms Period";  /* **** */
"Northern Italy dominated by sixteen oligarchic republics or kingdoms." = "Northern Italy dominated by sixteen oligarchic republics or kingdoms.";  /* **** */

"Nanda Empire" = "Nanda Empire";  /* **** */
"The Nanda dynasty, famous for its massive army, carves out an empire in northern India." = "The Nanda dynasty, famous for its massive army, carves out an empire in northern India.";  /* **** */

"Maurya Empire" = "Maurya Empire";  /* **** */
"The Maurya empire controls most of India, clashing with Alexander and making a treaty with Seleucus I." = "The Maurya empire controls most of India, clashing with Alexander and making a treaty with Seleucus I.";  /* **** */

"Classical India" = "Classical India";  /* **** */
"Period from the decline of the Maurya empire to the fall of the Gupta empire." = "Period from the decline of the Maurya empire to the fall of the Gupta empire.";  /* **** */

"Medieval India" = "Medieval India";  /* **** */

"Medieval East Asia" = "Medieval East Asia";  /* **** */
"Medieval period of East Asia." = "Medieval period of East Asia.";  /* **** */

"Colonial Americas" = "Colonial Americas";  /* **** */
"European powers establish colonies in North and South America." = "European powers establish colonies in North and South America.";  /* **** */

"European Exploration" = "European Exploration";  /* **** */
"European explorers discover and establish trading outposts in the various islands of Oceania." = "European explorers discover and establish trading outposts in the various islands of Oceania.";  /* **** */

"Mughal Empire" = "Mughal Empire";  /* **** */

"Modern Americas" = "Modern Americas";  /* **** */

"Colonial Oceania" = "Colonial Oceania";  /* **** */
"European powers establish colonies in Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "European powers establish colonies in Australia and the Pacific Islands.";  /* **** */

"Modern East Asia" = "Modern East Asia";  /* **** */
"Modern period of East Asia." = "Modern period of East Asia.";  /* **** */

"British Raj" = "British Raj";  /* **** */

"Modern Oceania" = "Modern Oceania";  /* **** */
"Decolonization leads to the modern nations and territories of Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "Decolonization leads to the modern nations and territories of Australia and the Pacific Islands.";  /* **** */

"Modern India" = "Modern India";  /* **** */



/* WORLD - Religious Leaders */

"Alopen" = "Alopen";  /* **** */
"First recorded Christian missionary to China, known from the Nestorian Stele." = "First recorded Christian missionary to China, known from the Nestorian Stele.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* WESTERN EUROPE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* WESTERN EUROPE - Rulers */

"Clovis I" = "Clovis I";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Merovingian dynasty who united all of the Frankish tribes and converted to Christianity." = "Founder of the Merovingian dynasty who united all of the Frankish tribes and converted to Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Childeric I" = "Childeric I";  /* **** */
"Frankish king of Paris who annexed Orleans and fought other wars of expansion." = "Frankish king of Paris who annexed Orleans and fought other wars of expansion.";  /* **** */

"Clothar I" = "Clothar I";  /* **** */
"Frankish king of Soissons who gradually acquired the kingdoms of his brothers." = "Frankish king of Soissons who gradually acquired the kingdoms of his brothers.";  /* **** */

"Dagobert I" = "Dagobert I";  /* **** */
"King of Austrasia who eventually became sole king of the Franks. Last active ruler of the Merovingian dynasty." = "King of Austrasia who eventually became sole king of the Franks. Last active ruler of the Merovingian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Do-nothing Kings" = "Do-nothing Kings";  /* **** */
"The Merovingian kings become little more than figure-heads. The majordomos become the real Frankish rulers." = "The Merovingian kings become little more than figure-heads. The majordomos become the real Frankish rulers.";  /* **** */

"Charles Martel" = "Charles Martel";  /* **** */
"Charles the Hammer" = "Charles the Hammer";  /* **** */
"Prince of the Franks who effectively reigned as king and defended France from Muslim invasion." = "Prince of the Franks who effectively reigned as king and defended France from Muslim invasion.";  /* **** */

"Pelagius the Visigoth" = "Pelagius the Visigoth";  /* **** */
"Pelayo" = "Pelayo";  /* **** */
"First king of Asturias in northern Spain who successfully resisted Muslim rule." = "First king of Asturias in northern Spain who successfully resisted Muslim rule.";  /* **** */

"Pepin the Short" = "Pepin the Short";  /* **** */
"First Carolingian king of the Franks who defended the papacy against the Lombards." = "First Carolingian king of the Franks who defended the papacy against the Lombards.";  /* **** */

"Abd al-Rahman I" = "Abd al-Rahman I";  /* **** */
"Umayyad prince who became the first Emir of Cordoba." = "Umayyad prince who became the first Emir of Cordoba.";  /* **** */

"Charlemagne" = "Charlemagne";  /* **** */
"Charles the Great, Charles I" = "Charles the Great, Charles I";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king who conquered much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman emperor." = "Carolingian king who conquered much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman emperor.";  /* **** */

"Louis the Pious" = "Louis the Pious";  /* **** */
"Louis I" = "Louis I";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king who encouraged missions and monastic reform. His succession plan led to a series of civil wars." = "Carolingian king who encouraged missions and monastic reform. His succession plan led to a series of civil wars.";  /* **** */

"Egbert" = "Egbert";  /* **** */
"Ecgherht" = "Ecgherht";  /* **** */
"King of Wessex who conquered other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to rule most of England." = "King of Wessex who conquered other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to rule most of England.";  /* **** */

"Charles the Bald" = "Charles the Bald";  /* **** */
"Charles II" = "Charles II";  /* **** */
"First Carolingian king of West Francia." = "First Carolingian king of West Francia.";  /* **** */

"Lothair I" = "Lothair I";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king who failed to seize the whole Frankish empire. He became king of Italy and Middle Francia." = "Carolingian king who failed to seize the whole Frankish empire. He became king of Italy and Middle Francia.";  /* **** */

"Louis the German" = "Louis the German";  /* **** */
"Carolingian ruler of Bavaria under Louis the Pious, then king of East Francia." = "Carolingian ruler of Bavaria under Louis the Pious, then king of East Francia.";  /* **** */

"Alfred the Great" = "Alfred the Great";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated the Danes after early losses." = "Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated the Danes after early losses.";  /* **** */

"Charles the Fat" = "Charles the Fat";  /* **** */

"Louis the Stammerer" = "Louis the Stammerer";  /* **** */
"Louis II" = "Louis II";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king of West Francia. He died while marching against the Vikings." = "Carolingian king of West Francia. He died while marching against the Vikings.";  /* **** */

"Carloman II" = "Carloman II";  /* **** */
"Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Louis III." = "Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Louis III.";  /* **** */

"Louis III" = "Louis III";  /* **** */
"Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Carloman II." = "Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Carloman II.";  /* **** */

"Charles III" = "Charles III";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king of East Francia who briefly controlled the whole Carolingian empire." = "Carolingian king of East Francia who briefly controlled the whole Carolingian empire.";  /* **** */

"Odo of France" = "Odo of France";  /* **** */
"First non-Carolingian king of West Francia, elected after the overthrow of Charles the Fat." = "First non-Carolingian king of West Francia, elected after the overthrow of Charles the Fat.";  /* **** */

"Charles the Simple" = "Charles the Simple";  /* **** */
"Carolingian king of West Francia deposed by his nobles in favor of Robert I." = "Carolingian king of West Francia deposed by his nobles in favor of Robert I.";  /* **** */

"Robert I" = "Robert I";  /* **** */
"Brother of Odo elected king in place of Charles the Simple. Died in battle with the Normans." = "Brother of Odo elected king in place of Charles the Simple. Died in battle with the Normans.";  /* **** */

"Rudolph" = "Rudolph";  /* **** */
"Son of Robert I elected king of West Francia." = "Son of Robert I elected king of West Francia.";  /* **** */

"Abd al-Rahman III" = "Abd al-Rahman III";  /* **** */
"Umayyad Emir of Cordoba who declared himself Caliph." = "Umayyad Emir of Cordoba who declared himself Caliph.";  /* **** */

"Otto I" = "Otto I";  /* **** */
"Otto the Great" = "Otto the Great";  /* **** */
"King of Germany who defeated the Magyars, conquered northern Italy, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor." = "King of Germany who defeated the Magyars, conquered northern Italy, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.";  /* **** */

"Otto II" = "Otto II";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who suffered a major defeat by Muslims in Italy." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who suffered a major defeat by Muslims in Italy.";  /* **** */

"Almanzor" = "Almanzor";  /* **** */
"Chamberlain and power behind the throne of the Cordoba Caliphate who won numerous victories against the Christian kingdoms to the north." = "Chamberlain and power behind the throne of the Cordoba Caliphate who won numerous victories against the Christian kingdoms to the north.";  /* **** */

"Hugh Capet" = "Hugh Capet";  /* **** */
"King of the Franks and founder of the Capetian dynasty." = "King of the Franks and founder of the Capetian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Otto III" = "Otto III";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor whose early death led to a succession crisis." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor whose early death led to a succession crisis.";  /* **** */

"Robert II" = "Robert II";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France whose succession was secured by his lengthy co-regency with his father." = "Capetian king of France whose succession was secured by his lengthy co-regency with his father.";  /* **** */

"Henry II" = "Henry II";  /* **** */
"Pious King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who died without an heir." = "Pious King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who died without an heir.";  /* **** */

"Canute the Great" = "Canute the Great";  /* **** */
"Cnut" = "Cnut";  /* **** */
"Danish king who ruled England and much of Scandinavia." = "Danish king who ruled England and much of Scandinavia.";  /* **** */

"Conrad II" = "Conrad II";  /* **** */
"First King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty." = "First King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Henry I" = "Henry I";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France whose power was severely limited by feudal lords." = "Capetian king of France whose power was severely limited by feudal lords.";  /* **** */

"Henry III" = "Henry III";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who promoted ecclesiastical reform." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who promoted ecclesiastical reform.";  /* **** */

"Philip I" = "Philip I";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who clashed with the church over his affairs and practice of simony." = "Capetian king of France who clashed with the church over his affairs and practice of simony.";  /* **** */

"Harold II" = "Harold II";  /* **** */
"Harold Godwinson" = "Harold Godwinson";  /* **** */
"Last Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated a Norwegian invasion but died in battle with William the Conqueror." = "Last Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated a Norwegian invasion but died in battle with William the Conqueror.";  /* **** */

"William the Conqueror" = "William the Conqueror";  /* **** */
"Norman who became king of England by defeating Harold II at the Battle of Hastings." = "Norman who became king of England by defeating Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.";  /* **** */

"Alfonso VI" = "Alfonso VI";  /* **** */
"King of Leon and Castile who conquered Toledo and proclaimed himself emperor of Spain." = "King of Leon and Castile who conquered Toledo and proclaimed himself emperor of Spain.";  /* **** */

"Henry IV" = "Henry IV";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor involved in the Investiture Controversy." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor involved in the Investiture Controversy.";  /* **** */

"Louis VI" = "Louis VI";  /* **** */
"Louis the Fat" = "Louis the Fat";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who strengthened the French monarchy." = "Capetian king of France who strengthened the French monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Henry V" = "Henry V";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who settled the Investiture Controversy." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who settled the Investiture Controversy.";  /* **** */

"Lothair III" = "Lothair III";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor elected to succeed Henry V." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor elected to succeed Henry V.";  /* **** */

"Louis VII" = "Louis VII";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who struggled to check the growing power of the Angevins." = "Capetian king of France who struggled to check the growing power of the Angevins.";  /* **** */

"Conrad III" = "Conrad III";  /* **** */
"First king of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He participated in the Second Crusade." = "First king of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He participated in the Second Crusade.";  /* **** */

"First Angevin king of England whose men assassinated Thomas Becket." = "First Angevin king of England whose men assassinated Thomas Becket.";  /* **** */

"Frederick Barbarossa" = "Frederick Barbarossa";  /* **** */
"Frederick I" = "Frederick I";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who clashed with the papacy and died on the Third Crusade." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who clashed with the papacy and died on the Third Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Philip II" = "Philip II";  /* **** */
"Philip Augustus" = "Philip Augustus";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who fought on the 3rd Crusade, broke up the Angevin empire, and made territorial gains." = "Capetian king of France who fought on the 3rd Crusade, broke up the Angevin empire, and made territorial gains.";  /* **** */

"Richard I" = "Richard I";  /* **** */
"Richard the Lionheart" = "Richard the Lionheart";  /* **** */
"Angevin king of England who led the Third Crusade and was held for ransom by the Holy Roman Emperor." = "Angevin king of England who led the Third Crusade and was held for ransom by the Holy Roman Emperor.";  /* **** */

"Henry VI" = "Henry VI";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded the empire and held Richard I of England for ransom." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded the empire and held Richard I of England for ransom.";  /* **** */

"John Lackland" = "John Lackland";  /* **** */
"Angevin king of England forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta." = "Angevin king of England forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta.";  /* **** */

"Henry VII" = "Henry VII";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who strengthened imperial control in northern Italy." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who strengthened imperial control in northern Italy.";  /* **** */

"James I of Aragon" = "James I of Aragon";  /* **** */
"King of Aragon who conquered the Balearic Islands and Valencia from the Muslims." = "King of Aragon who conquered the Balearic Islands and Valencia from the Muslims.";  /* **** */

"King of England forced to set up a Parliament, the beginning of the House of Commons." = "King of England forced to set up a Parliament, the beginning of the House of Commons.";  /* **** */

"Frederick II" = "Frederick II";  /* **** */
"King of Germany, Italy, and other lands as well as Holy Roman Emperor. He failed to join the Fifth Crusade and conducted the Sixth Crusade while excommunicated." = "King of Germany, Italy, and other lands as well as Holy Roman Emperor. He failed to join the Fifth Crusade and conducted the Sixth Crusade while excommunicated.";  /* **** */

"Louis VIII" = "Louis VIII";  /* **** */
"Louis the Lion" = "Louis the Lion";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who renewed the Albigensian Crusade." = "Capetian king of France who renewed the Albigensian Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Louis IX" = "Louis IX";  /* **** */
"St. Louis" = "St. Louis";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who expanded royal domains, instituted legal reforms, and went on two crusades." = "Capetian king of France who expanded royal domains, instituted legal reforms, and went on two crusades.";  /* **** */

"Ferdinand III" = "Ferdinand III";  /* **** */
"Spanish king who permanently united Leon and Castile and conquered much of al-Andalus." = "Spanish king who permanently united Leon and Castile and conquered much of al-Andalus.";  /* **** */

"Muhammad I of Granada" = "Muhammad I of Granada";  /* **** */
"Ibn al-Ahmar" = "Ibn al-Ahmar";  /* **** */
"Muslim ruler of the Emirate of Granada and founder of the Nasrid dynasty." = "Muslim ruler of the Emirate of Granada and founder of the Nasrid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Alfonso X" = "Alfonso X";  /* **** */
"King of Castile who encouraged translation, scholarship, and the development of Castilian Spanish." = "King of Castile who encouraged translation, scholarship, and the development of Castilian Spanish.";  /* **** */

"Philip III" = "Philip III";  /* **** */
"Philip the Bold" = "Philip the Bold";  /* **** */
"Capetian king of France who went to war against the kingdom of Aragon." = "Capetian king of France who went to war against the kingdom of Aragon.";  /* **** */

"Edward I" = "Edward I";  /* **** */
"Edward Longshanks" = "Edward Longshanks";  /* **** */
"King of England who warred with Scotland and Wales." = "King of England who warred with Scotland and Wales.";  /* **** */

"Rudolf I" = "Rudolf I";  /* **** */
"Rudolf of Habsburg" = "Rudolf of Habsburg";  /* **** */
"First Habsburg king of Germany." = "First Habsburg king of Germany.";  /* **** */

"Philip IV" = "Philip IV";  /* **** */
"Philip the Fair, Iron King" = "Philip the Fair, Iron King";  /* **** */
"Capetian king who strengthened royal power, clashed with the papacy, and persecuted Jews and Templars." = "Capetian king who strengthened royal power, clashed with the papacy, and persecuted Jews and Templars.";  /* **** */

"Robert I of Scotland" = "Robert I of Scotland";  /* **** */
"Robert the Bruce" = "Robert the Bruce";  /* **** */
"King of Scotland who achieved Scottish independence from England." = "King of Scotland who achieved Scottish independence from England.";  /* **** */

"Edward II" = "Edward II";  /* **** */
"King of England who lost Scotland and was deposed by his queen." = "King of England who lost Scotland and was deposed by his queen.";  /* **** */

"Louis X" = "Louis X";  /* **** */
"Capetian king who clashed with nobles and allowed serfs to buy their freedom." = "Capetian king who clashed with nobles and allowed serfs to buy their freedom.";  /* **** */

"Philip V" = "Philip V";  /* **** */
"Philip the Tall" = "Philip the Tall";  /* **** */
"Brother of Louis X who became king after the death of Louis’ infant son." = "Brother of Louis X who became king after the death of Louis’ infant son.";  /* **** */

"Charles IV" = "Charles IV";  /* **** */
"Youngest son of Philip IV who succeeded his brothers and died without an heir." = "Youngest son of Philip IV who succeeded his brothers and died without an heir.";  /* **** */

"Edward III" = "Edward III";  /* **** */
"King of England who made early gains in the Hundred Years’ War." = "King of England who made early gains in the Hundred Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Philip VI" = "Philip VI";  /* **** */
"Philip the Fortunate" = "Philip the Fortunate";  /* **** */
"Cousin of Charles IV whose election as king of France led to the Hundred Years’ War with England." = "Cousin of Charles IV whose election as king of France led to the Hundred Years’ War with England.";  /* **** */

"John the Good" = "John the Good";  /* **** */
"Valois king of France captured and held prisoner in England." = "Valois king of France captured and held prisoner in England.";  /* **** */

"Charles V" = "Charles V";  /* **** */
"Charles the Wise" = "Charles the Wise";  /* **** */
"Valois king of France who created a standing army and reversed the previous losses to England in the Hundred Years’ War." = "Valois king of France who created a standing army and reversed the previous losses to England in the Hundred Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Richard II" = "Richard II";  /* **** */
"King of England who became increasingly tyrannical and was deposed." = "King of England who became increasingly tyrannical and was deposed.";  /* **** */

"Charles VI" = "Charles VI";  /* **** */
"Charles the Mad" = "Charles the Mad";  /* **** */
"Valois king of France who suffered mental illness and English invasion." = "Valois king of France who suffered mental illness and English invasion.";  /* **** */

"King of England who deposed Richard II and faced a series of rebellions." = "King of England who deposed Richard II and faced a series of rebellions.";  /* **** */

"Sigismund" = "Sigismund";  /* **** */
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who sponsored the Council of Constance and failed to protect Jan Hus." = "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who sponsored the Council of Constance and failed to protect Jan Hus.";  /* **** */

"King of England who defeated France at the Battle of Agincourt." = "King of England who defeated France at the Battle of Agincourt.";  /* **** */

"Charles VII" = "Charles VII";  /* **** */
"Charles the Victorious" = "Charles the Victorious";  /* **** */
"Disinherited dauphin who refused to accept English rule and eventually drove them from France." = "Disinherited dauphin who refused to accept English rule and eventually drove them from France.";  /* **** */

"King of England whose reign saw the end of the Hundred Years’s War and the beginning of the Wars of the Roses." = "King of England whose reign saw the end of the Hundred Years’s War and the beginning of the Wars of the Roses.";  /* **** */

"Frederick III" = "Frederick III";  /* **** */
"First Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor." = "First Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor.";  /* **** */

"Louis XI" = "Louis XI";  /* **** */
"Louis the Prudent" = "Louis the Prudent";  /* **** */
"King of France known for political intrigue who ended the Hundred Years’ War." = "King of France known for political intrigue who ended the Hundred Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Edward IV" = "Edward IV";  /* **** */
"King of England who deposed Edward IV. He named his brother, Richard, regent during the minority of his sons." = "King of England who deposed Edward IV. He named his brother, Richard, regent during the minority of his sons.";  /* **** */

"Isabella II of Castile" = "Isabella II of Castile";  /* **** */
"Queen of Castile and de facto queen of Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon." = "Queen of Castile and de facto queen of Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon.";  /* **** */

"Ferdinand II of Aragon" = "Ferdinand II of Aragon";  /* **** */
"King of Aragon and de facto king of Spain through his marriage to Isabella II of Castille." = "King of Aragon and de facto king of Spain through his marriage to Isabella II of Castille.";  /* **** */

"Charles VIII" = "Charles VIII";  /* **** */
"Charles the Affable" = "Charles the Affable";  /* **** */
"King of France who invaded Italy, but was eventually driven back." = "King of France who invaded Italy, but was eventually driven back.";  /* **** */

"Edward V" = "Edward V";  /* **** */
"Child king of England imprisoned with his brother, declared illegitimate, and killed." = "Child king of England imprisoned with his brother, declared illegitimate, and killed.";  /* **** */

"Richard III" = "Richard III";  /* **** */
"Brother of Edward IV defeated and deposed by Henry VII." = "Brother of Edward IV defeated and deposed by Henry VII.";  /* **** */

"First Tudor king of England who stabilized the country in the aftermath of the Wars of the Roses." = "First Tudor king of England who stabilized the country in the aftermath of the Wars of the Roses.";  /* **** */

"Frederick the Wise" = "Frederick the Wise";  /* **** */
"Frederick III of Saxony" = "Frederick III of Saxony";  /* **** */
"Prince-elector of Saxony who protected Martin Luther from papal and imperial authorities." = "Prince-elector of Saxony who protected Martin Luther from papal and imperial authorities.";  /* **** */

"Maximilian I" = "Maximilian I";  /* **** */
"Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded Habsburg influence in Europe." = "Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded Habsburg influence in Europe.";  /* **** */

"Louis XII" = "Louis XII";  /* **** */
"King of France who launched two wars of expansion in Italy." = "King of France who launched two wars of expansion in Italy.";  /* **** */

"Henry VIII" = "Henry VIII";  /* **** */
"King of England who broke with the Roman Catholic church over the issue of divorce." = "King of England who broke with the Roman Catholic church over the issue of divorce.";  /* **** */

"Francis I" = "Francis I";  /* **** */
"King of France who encouraged the French Renaissance, resisted Protestantism, and sponsored North American exploration." = "King of France who encouraged the French Renaissance, resisted Protestantism, and sponsored North American exploration.";  /* **** */

"Charles I" = "Charles I";  /* **** */
"Habsburg king of Spain also crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V." = "Habsburg king of Spain also crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.";  /* **** */

"Charles I of Spain" = "Charles I of Spain";  /* **** */
"Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Protestantism, checked Ottoman expansion in Europe, and eventually divided his domains." = "Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Protestantism, checked Ottoman expansion in Europe, and eventually divided his domains.";  /* **** */

"Mary, Queen of Scots" = "Mary, Queen of Scots";  /* **** */
"Mary Stuart" = "Mary Stuart";  /* **** */
"Scottish queen forced to abdicate, then imprisoned and eventually executed by Elizabeth I." = "Scottish queen forced to abdicate, then imprisoned and eventually executed by Elizabeth I.";  /* **** */

"Edward VI" = "Edward VI";  /* **** */
"Boy king during whose reign the Church of England became increasingly Protestant." = "Boy king during whose reign the Church of England became increasingly Protestant.";  /* **** */

"King of France who opposed Protestantism. Died from a jousting injury." = "King of France who opposed Protestantism. Died from a jousting injury.";  /* **** */

"Mary I" = "Mary I";  /* **** */
"Mary Tudor, Bloody Mary" = "Mary Tudor, Bloody Mary";  /* **** */
"Catholic queen of England who led a bloody purge of Protestantism." = "Catholic queen of England who led a bloody purge of Protestantism.";  /* **** */

"Ferdinand I" = "Ferdinand I";  /* **** */
"Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who fought the Ottomans and promoted the Catholic Counter-Reformation." = "Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who fought the Ottomans and promoted the Catholic Counter-Reformation.";  /* **** */

"Habsburg king of Spain during the Spanish Golden Age." = "Habsburg king of Spain during the Spanish Golden Age.";  /* **** */

"Elizabeth I" = "Elizabeth I";  /* **** */
"Queen of England whose reign saw the establishment of Protestantism and the flourishing of English literature." = "Queen of England whose reign saw the establishment of Protestantism and the flourishing of English literature.";  /* **** */

"Francis II" = "Francis II";  /* **** */
"Teenage king of France and first husband of Mary Queen of Scots." = "Teenage king of France and first husband of Mary Queen of Scots.";  /* **** */

"Charles IX" = "Charles IX";  /* **** */
"King of France heavily influenced by his mother. His reign was dominated by religious warfare." = "King of France heavily influenced by his mother. His reign was dominated by religious warfare.";  /* **** */

"Maximilian II" = "Maximilian II";  /* **** */
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was less repressive toward Protestantism than his predecessors." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was less repressive toward Protestantism than his predecessors.";  /* **** */

"King of France whose reign was dominated by religious wars and wars of succession. He was assassinated by a Dominican friar." = "King of France whose reign was dominated by religious wars and wars of succession. He was assassinated by a Dominican friar.";  /* **** */

"Rudolf II" = "Rudolf II";  /* **** */
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was forced to abdicate by his brother." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was forced to abdicate by his brother.";  /* **** */

"Henry of Navarre" = "Henry of Navarre";  /* **** */
"Protestant king of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his reign. First Bourbon king." = "Protestant king of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his reign. First Bourbon king.";  /* **** */

"James I" = "James I";  /* **** */
"James VI of Scotland" = "James VI of Scotland";  /* **** */
"King of England and Scotland who commissioned the King James Bible." = "King of England and Scotland who commissioned the King James Bible.";  /* **** */

"Louis XIII" = "Louis XIII";  /* **** */
"King of France whose ministers helped him consolidate royal power." = "King of France whose ministers helped him consolidate royal power.";  /* **** */

"Matthias" = "Matthias";  /* **** */
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who overthrew his brother and saw the start of the Thirty Years’ War." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who overthrew his brother and saw the start of the Thirty Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Ferdinand II" = "Ferdinand II";  /* **** */
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor whose efforts to suppress Protestantism resulted in the devastation of the Thirty Years’ War." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor whose efforts to suppress Protestantism resulted in the devastation of the Thirty Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Authoritarian king of England overthrown in the English Civil War." = "Authoritarian king of England overthrown in the English Civil War.";  /* **** */

"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who worked for a peaceful end to the Thirty Years’ War." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who worked for a peaceful end to the Thirty Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Louis XIV" = "Louis XIV";  /* **** */
"Louis the Great, Sun King" = "Louis the Great, Sun King";  /* **** */
"Powerful king of France who forged an absolute monarchy and lavish court." = "Powerful king of France who forged an absolute monarchy and lavish court.";  /* **** */

"Oliver Cromwell" = "Oliver Cromwell";  /* **** */
"Puritan statesman and general who led the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civll War and ruled England as Lord Protector." = "Puritan statesman and general who led the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civll War and ruled England as Lord Protector.";  /* **** */

"Leopold I" = "Leopold I";  /* **** */
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who recovered Hungary from the Ottomans and fought several wars with France." = "Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who recovered Hungary from the Ottomans and fought several wars with France.";  /* **** */

"King of England after the restoration of the monarchy." = "King of England after the restoration of the monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Last Habsburg king of Spain whose death without an heir resulted in the War of Spanish Succession." = "Last Habsburg king of Spain whose death without an heir resulted in the War of Spanish Succession.";  /* **** */

"William & Mary" = "William & Mary";  /* **** */
"William of Orange & Mary II" = "William of Orange & Mary II";  /* **** */
"Dutch prince and Protestant daughter of James II overthrow the Catholic monarch and rule jointly." = "Dutch prince and Protestant daughter of James II overthrow the Catholic monarch and rule jointly.";  /* **** */

"First Bourbon king of Spain whose accession was disputed during the War of Spanish Succession." = "First Bourbon king of Spain whose accession was disputed during the War of Spanish Succession.";  /* **** */

"Son of the German Elector of Hanover and great-grandson of James I who founded the Hanover dynasty." = "Son of the German Elector of Hanover and great-grandson of James I who founded the Hanover dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Louis XV" = "Louis XV";  /* **** */
"Louis the Beloved" = "Louis the Beloved";  /* **** */
"King of France whose costly wars led to a period of decline." = "King of France whose costly wars led to a period of decline.";  /* **** */

"Robert Walpole" = "Robert Walpole";  /* **** */
"First prime minister of England." = "First prime minister of England.";  /* **** */

"George II" = "George II";  /* **** */
"King of England who defeated a Jacobite revolt." = "King of England who defeated a Jacobite revolt.";  /* **** */

"George III" = "George III";  /* **** */
"King of England who lost the American Colonies and later suffered from mental illness." = "King of England who lost the American Colonies and later suffered from mental illness.";  /* **** */

"Louis XVI" = "Louis XVI";  /* **** */
"King of France who was overthrown and executed in the French Revolution." = "King of France who was overthrown and executed in the French Revolution.";  /* **** */

"Napoleon Bonaparte" = "Napoleon Bonaparte";  /* **** */
"Napoleon I" = "Napoleon I";  /* **** */
"French military commander who became Emperor of France and conquered much of Europe." = "French military commander who became Emperor of France and conquered much of Europe.";  /* **** */



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Individuals */

"Irenaeus" = "Ireneo";
"Bishop of Lyon and ante-Nicene father who wrote Against Heresies." = "Bishop of Lyon and ante-Nicene father who wrote Against Heresies.";  /* **** */

"Hilary of Poitiers" = "Hilary of Poitiers";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Poitiers known for opposing Arianism in western Europe." = "Bishop of Poitiers known for opposing Arianism in western Europe.";  /* **** */

"Martin of Tours" = "Martin of Tours";  /* **** */
"Founder of a monastery in Gaul, later made Bishop of Tours." = "Founder of a monastery in Gaul, later made Bishop of Tours.";  /* **** */

"Pelagius" = "Pelagius";  /* **** */
"British monk who campaigned against moral laxity by elevating free will and minimizing the need for grace. Pelagianism was declared a heresy at the 1st Council of Ephesus." = "British monk who campaigned against moral laxity by elevating free will and minimizing the need for grace. Pelagianism was declared a heresy at the 1st Council of Ephesus.";  /* **** */

"Ninian" = "Ninian";  /* **** */
"Ringan, Trynnian" = "Ringan, Trynnian";  /* **** */
"Missionary to the southern Picts of Scotland." = "Missionary to the southern Picts of Scotland.";  /* **** */

"Patrick of Ireland" = "Patrick of Ireland";  /* **** */
"British Christian missionary to Ireland." = "British Christian missionary to Ireland.";  /* **** */

"Palladius of Ireland" = "Palladius of Ireland";  /* **** */
"Early missionary to Ireland and Scotland whom later tradition may have confused with Patrick." = "Early missionary to Ireland and Scotland whom later tradition may have confused with Patrick.";  /* **** */

"Caesaria of Arles" = "Caesaria of Arles";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Arles who encouraged monasticism and opposed Semi-Pelagianism." = "Bishop of Arles who encouraged monasticism and opposed Semi-Pelagianism.";  /* **** */

"Clotilde" = "Clotilde";  /* **** */
"Clothilde, Clotilda" = "Clothilde, Clotilda";  /* **** */
"Burgundian princess and wife of Clovis I who led him to convert to Christianity." = "Burgundian princess and wife of Clovis I who led him to convert to Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Cyprian of Toulon" = "Cyprian of Toulon";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Toulon who opposed Semi-Palegianism and wrote a biography of Caesarius of Arles." = "Bishop of Toulon who opposed Semi-Palegianism and wrote a biography of Caesarius of Arles.";  /* **** */

"Germain" = "Germain";  /* **** */
"Germanus" = "Germanus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Paris influential during the reign of Childeric I. Celebrated for his generosity to the poor." = "Bishop of Paris influential during the reign of Childeric I. Celebrated for his generosity to the poor.";  /* **** */

"Comgall" = "Comgall";  /* **** */
"Irish monastic who founded the monastery at Bangor." = "Irish monastic who founded the monastery at Bangor.";  /* **** */

"Columba" = "Columba";  /* **** */
"Columkille" = "Columkille";  /* **** */
"Irish missionary to the Picts of Scotland." = "Irish missionary to the Picts of Scotland.";  /* **** */

"Gregory of Tours" = "Gregory of Tours";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Tours who wrote a history of the Franks and a hagiography of Martin of Tours." = "Bishop of Tours who wrote a history of the Franks and a hagiography of Martin of Tours.";  /* **** */

"Columbanus" = "Columbanus";  /* **** */
"Irish missionary to continental Europe who founded missionaries among the Franks and Lombards." = "Irish missionary to continental Europe who founded missionaries among the Franks and Lombards.";  /* **** */

"Isidore of Seville" = "Isidore of Seville";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Seville whose Etymologies preserved classical learning that otherwise might have been lost." = "Bishop of Seville whose Etymologies preserved classical learning that otherwise might have been lost.";  /* **** */

"Aidan of Lindisfarne" = "Aidan of Lindisfarne";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Lindisfarne known as the apostle of Northumbria for his missionary efforts." = "Bishop of Lindisfarne known as the apostle of Northumbria for his missionary efforts.";  /* **** */

"Oswald of Northumbria" = "Oswald of Northumbria";  /* **** */
"King of Northumbria who worked with Aidan to spread Christianity in his kingdom." = "King of Northumbria who worked with Aidan to spread Christianity in his kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Hilda" = "Hilda";  /* **** */
"Hild" = "Hild";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon abbess who founded the monastery at Whitby. Encouraged the poet Caedmon." = "Anglo-Saxon abbess who founded the monastery at Whitby. Encouraged the poet Caedmon.";  /* **** */

"Colman" = "Colman";  /* **** */
"Irish bishop of Lindisfarne who defended Celtic practice at the Synod of Whitby and resigned his see afterward." = "Irish bishop of Lindisfarne who defended Celtic practice at the Synod of Whitby and resigned his see afterward.";  /* **** */

"Cuthbert" = "Cuthbert";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Lindisfarne who engaged in missionary work throughout Northumbria." = "Bishop of Lindisfarne who engaged in missionary work throughout Northumbria.";  /* **** */

"Wilfrid" = "Wilfrid";  /* **** */
"Bishop of York who was a strong proponent of Roman church traditions at the Synod of Whitby." = "Bishop of York who was a strong proponent of Roman church traditions at the Synod of Whitby.";  /* **** */

"Kilian" = "Kilian";  /* **** */
"Irish missionary to the Germanic Franks." = "Irish missionary to the Germanic Franks.";  /* **** */

"Caedmon" = "Caedmon";  /* **** */
"Earliest Anglo-Saxon poet who wrote Scripture songs and hymns." = "Earliest Anglo-Saxon poet who wrote Scripture songs and hymns.";  /* **** */

"Willibrord" = "Willibrord";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic Frisians" = "Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic Frisians";  /* **** */

"Venerable Bede" = "Venerable Bede";  /* **** */
"English Benedictine monk and historian who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People." = "English Benedictine monk and historian who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.";  /* **** */

"Boniface" = "Boniface";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic peoples of East Francia and archbishop of Mainz." = "Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic peoples of East Francia and archbishop of Mainz.";  /* **** */

"Elipandus" = "Elipandus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Toledo who revived the heresy of Adoptionism in Spain." = "Bishop of Toledo who revived the heresy of Adoptionism in Spain.";  /* **** */

"Alcuin of York" = "Alcuin of York";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon scholar invited to the court of Charlemagne. A leading figure in the Carolingian Renaissance." = "Anglo-Saxon scholar invited to the court of Charlemagne. A leading figure in the Carolingian Renaissance.";  /* **** */

"Charlemagne (Life)" = "Charlemagne (Life)";  /* **** */

"Gottschalk" = "Gottschalk";  /* **** */
"German monk and theologian condemned for teaching double predestination." = "German monk and theologian condemned for teaching double predestination.";  /* **** */

"Walafrid Strabo" = "Walafrid Strabo";  /* **** */
"German monk and scholar of East Francia." = "German monk and scholar of East Francia.";  /* **** */

"Edmund the Martyr" = "Edmund the Martyr";  /* **** */
"King of East Anglia martyred by the Danes for refusing to renounce Christianity." = "King of East Anglia martyred by the Danes for refusing to renounce Christianity.";  /* **** */

"Abbo of Fleury" = "Abbo of Fleury";  /* **** */
"French Benedictine abbot of Fleury." = "French Benedictine abbot of Fleury.";  /* **** */

"Lanfranc" = "Lanfranc";  /* **** */
"Italian monk and scholar in Normandy and England who defended and further developed the doctrine of transubstantiation." = "Italian monk and scholar in Normandy and England who defended and further developed the doctrine of transubstantiation.";  /* **** */

"Hugh of Cluny" = "Hugh of Cluny";  /* **** */
"Highly influential French abbot of Cluny." = "Highly influential French abbot of Cluny.";  /* **** */

"Bruno the Carthusian" = "Bruno the Carthusian";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Carthusian monastic order." = "Founder of the Carthusian monastic order.";  /* **** */

"Anselm (Life)" = "Anselm (Life)";  /* **** */
"Theologian and philosopher who developed the ontological argument and the satisfaction theory of the atonement. Became Archbishop of Canterbury late in life." = "Theologian and philosopher who developed the ontological argument and the satisfaction theory of the atonement. Became Archbishop of Canterbury late in life.";  /* **** */

"Ivo of Chartres" = "Ivo of Chartres";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Chartres who wrote extensively on canon law." = "Bishop of Chartres who wrote extensively on canon law.";  /* **** */

"Rashi" = "Rashi";  /* **** */
"French rabbi known for his commentaries on the Tanakh and Babylonian Talmud." = "French rabbi known for his commentaries on the Tanakh and Babylonian Talmud.";  /* **** */

"El Cid" = "El Cid";  /* **** */
"Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" = "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar";  /* **** */
"Castilian knight legendary for his defeat of the Almoravid Muslims in defense of Valencia. He occasionally served as a mercenary to Muslim rulers." = "Castilian knight legendary for his defeat of the Almoravid Muslims in defense of Valencia. He occasionally served as a mercenary to Muslim rulers.";  /* **** */

"Peter the Hermit" = "Peter the Hermit";  /* **** */
"A priest of Amiens who led the ill-fated People’s Crusade" = "A priest of Amiens who led the ill-fated People’s Crusade";  /* **** */

"Peter Abelard" = "Peter Abelard";  /* **** */
"French scholastic theologian who attracted controversy by his teaching and his affair with a young woman." = "French scholastic theologian who attracted controversy by his teaching and his affair with a young woman.";  /* **** */

"Norbert of Xanten" = "Norbert of Xanten";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Premonstratensian order and archbishop of Magdeburg." = "Founder of the Premonstratensian order and archbishop of Magdeburg.";  /* **** */

"Bernard of Clairvaux" = "Bernard of Clairvaux";  /* **** */
"French theologian, preacher, hymn writer, and Cistercian monk." = "French theologian, preacher, hymn writer, and Cistercian monk.";  /* **** */

"Peter Lombard" = "Peter Lombard";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Paris and theologian whose Sentences became the standard theology text of Medieval Scholasticism." = "Bishop of Paris and theologian whose Sentences became the standard theology text of Medieval Scholasticism.";  /* **** */

"Hildegard" = "Hildegard";  /* **** */
"German abbess, mystic, and scholar who wrote hymns, a morality play, accounts of her visions, and scientific texts." = "German abbess, mystic, and scholar who wrote hymns, a morality play, accounts of her visions, and scientific texts.";  /* **** */

"Ailred" = "Ailred";  /* **** */
"Aelred" = "Aelred";  /* **** */
"Cistercian abbot in Yorkshire who wrote works of history and spirituality." = "Cistercian abbot in Yorkshire who wrote works of history and spirituality.";  /* **** */

"Eleanor of Aquitaine" = "Eleanor of Aquitaine";  /* **** */
"Duchess of Aquitaine whose marriages to the kings of France and England had a major impact on European history." = "Duchess of Aquitaine whose marriages to the kings of France and England had a major impact on European history.";  /* **** */

"Nahmanides" = "Nahmanides";  /* **** */
"Moses ben Nahman, Ramban" = "Moses ben Nahman, Ramban";  /* **** */
"Medieval Jewish rabbi and commentator. Late in life he was exiled from Spain and became influential in Israel." = "Medieval Jewish rabbi and commentator. Late in life he was exiled from Spain and became influential in Israel.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Aquinas" = "Thomas Aquinas";  /* **** */
"Medieval scholastic theologian whose Summa Theologica was profoundly influential on later theologians and philosophers." = "Medieval scholastic theologian whose Summa Theologica was profoundly influential on later theologians and philosophers.";  /* **** */

"Raymond Lull" = "Raymond Lull";  /* **** */
"Pioneering Spanish missionary and apologist to Muslims." = "Pioneering Spanish missionary and apologist to Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Moses de Leon" = "Moses de Leon";  /* **** */
"Moses ben Shem-Tov" = "Moses ben Shem-Tov";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (mystic) who published (and possibly wrote or edited) the Zohar." = "Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (mystic) who published (and possibly wrote or edited) the Zohar.";  /* **** */

"Meister Eckhart" = "Meister Eckhart";  /* **** */
"Influential German mystic and theologian tried for heresy." = "Influential German mystic and theologian tried for heresy.";  /* **** */

"John Duns Scotus" = "John Duns Scotus";  /* **** */
"Scottish Franciscan scholastic theologian who introduced a separation of faith and reason." = "Scottish Franciscan scholastic theologian who introduced a separation of faith and reason.";  /* **** */

"William of Ockham" = "William of Ockham";  /* **** */
"English Franciscan scholastic theologian famous for his “razor,” a preference for simplicity in argumentation." = "English Franciscan scholastic theologian famous for his “razor,” a preference for simplicity in argumentation.";  /* **** */

"John Tauler" = "John Tauler";  /* **** */
"German mystic and disciple of Eckhart." = "German mystic and disciple of Eckhart.";  /* **** */

"John Wycliffe" = "John Wycliffe";  /* **** */
"Oxford scholar and priest whose reforms foreshadowed the Reformation. Produced the first English translation of the Bible." = "Oxford scholar and priest whose reforms foreshadowed the Reformation. Produced the first English translation of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Chaucer" = "Chaucer";  /* **** */
"English poet regarded as the father of English literature. Author of Canterbury Tales." = "English poet regarded as the father of English literature. Author of Canterbury Tales.";  /* **** */

"John Purvey" = "John Purvey";  /* **** */
"English reformer who assisted Wycliffe and was a leader of the Lollards." = "English reformer who assisted Wycliffe and was a leader of the Lollards.";  /* **** */

"Matthew of Janov" = "Matthew of Janov";  /* **** */
"Bohemian reformer who emphasized study of the Scriptures and challenged ecclesiastical excess." = "Bohemian reformer who emphasized study of the Scriptures and challenged ecclesiastical excess.";  /* **** */

"Jan Hus" = "Jan Hus";  /* **** */
"Bohemian Reformer influenced by Wycliffe who was executed for heresy at the Council of Constance." = "Bohemian Reformer influenced by Wycliffe who was executed for heresy at the Council of Constance.";  /* **** */

"Thomas à Kempis" = "Thomas à Kempis";  /* **** */
"German monk and mystic who wrote The Imitation of Christ." = "German monk and mystic who wrote The Imitation of Christ.";  /* **** */

"Johannes Gutenberg" = "Johannes Gutenberg";  /* **** */
"German inventor who introduced a printing press using movable type. Published the first printed Bible." = "German inventor who introduced a printing press using movable type. Published the first printed Bible.";  /* **** */

"Joan of Arc" = "Joan of Arc";  /* **** */
"French woman who, claiming divine inspiration, led French resistance to English rule." = "French woman who, claiming divine inspiration, led French resistance to English rule.";  /* **** */

"Tomás de Torquemada" = "Tomás de Torquemada";  /* **** */
"First Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition." = "First Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition.";  /* **** */

"William Caxton" = "William Caxton";  /* **** */
"English merchant who introduced the printing press to England." = "English merchant who introduced the printing press to England.";  /* **** */

"Erasmus" = "Erasmus";  /* **** */
"Dutch humanist, Catholic priest, and textual critic whose work was foundational to the Protestant Reformation he opposed." = "Dutch humanist, Catholic priest, and textual critic whose work was foundational to the Protestant Reformation he opposed.";  /* **** */

"John Colet" = "John Colet";  /* **** */
"English scholar whose Renaissance humanism influenced Erasmus and Thomas More." = "English scholar whose Renaissance humanism influenced Erasmus and Thomas More.";  /* **** */

"Albrecht Dürer" = "Albrecht Dürer";  /* **** */
"German Renaissance painter and engraver." = "German Renaissance painter and engraver.";  /* **** */

"Thomas More" = "Thomas More";  /* **** */
"English Catholic humanist and statesman executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the church." = "English Catholic humanist and statesman executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the church.";  /* **** */

"Johannes Oecolampadius" = "Johannes Oecolampadius";  /* **** */
"German Protestant reformer who established the Reformed church in Basle." = "German Protestant reformer who established the Reformed church in Basle.";  /* **** */

"Martin Luther" = "Martin Luther";  /* **** */
"German minister, theologian, and translator whose writings sparked the Protestant Reformation." = "German minister, theologian, and translator whose writings sparked the Protestant Reformation.";  /* **** */

"Ulrich Zwingli" = "Ulrich Zwingli";  /* **** */
"Swiss Protestant who laid the foundations of the Reformed branch of Protestantism." = "Swiss Protestant who laid the foundations of the Reformed branch of Protestantism.";  /* **** */

"Hugh Latimer" = "Hugh Latimer";  /* **** */
"Cambridge professor and Protestant reformer burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I." = "Cambridge professor and Protestant reformer burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I.";  /* **** */

"Johann Eck" = "Johann Eck";  /* **** */
"German Catholic scholar who opposed Martin Luther and Protestantism." = "German Catholic scholar who opposed Martin Luther and Protestantism.";  /* **** */

"Miles Coverdale" = "Miles Coverdale";  /* **** */
"English reformer and translator who produced the first complete printed English Bible." = "English reformer and translator who produced the first complete printed English Bible.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Cranmer (Life)" = "Thomas Cranmer (Life)";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who led the English Reformation and produced the Book of Common Prayer." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who led the English Reformation and produced the Book of Common Prayer.";  /* **** */

"William Farel" = "William Farel";  /* **** */
"Guillaume Farel" = "Guillaume Farel";  /* **** */
"French Protestant preacher who helped lead the Swiss Reformation." = "French Protestant preacher who helped lead the Swiss Reformation.";  /* **** */

"Ignatius of Loyola" = "Ignatius of Loyola";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Jesuit order, an important development of the Catholic Reformation." = "Founder of the Jesuit order, an important development of the Catholic Reformation.";  /* **** */

"Martin Bucer" = "Martin Bucer";  /* **** */
"German Protestant who led the Reformed church in Strasbourg and influenced the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican reformations." = "German Protestant who led the Reformed church in Strasbourg and influenced the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican reformations.";  /* **** */

"William Tyndale" = "William Tyndale";  /* **** */
"Protestant scholar executed for translating the Bible into English." = "Protestant scholar executed for translating the Bible into English.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Bilney" = "Thomas Bilney";  /* **** */
"Early English Protestant preacher who was burned at the stake for heresy." = "Early English Protestant preacher who was burned at the stake for heresy.";  /* **** */

"Menno Simons" = "Menno Simons";  /* **** */
"Anabaptist leader in the Netherlands whose followers became known as Mennonites." = "Anabaptist leader in the Netherlands whose followers became known as Mennonites.";  /* **** */

"Philip Melanchthon" = "Philip Melanchthon";  /* **** */
"German Lutheran reformer and theologian who authored the Loci Communes and Augsburg Confession." = "German Lutheran reformer and theologian who authored the Loci Communes and Augsburg Confession.";  /* **** */

"Andreas Osiander" = "Andreas Osiander";  /* **** */
"German Lutheran who attended the Marburg Colloquy. His view of the atonement was rejected in the Formula of Concord." = "German Lutheran who attended the Marburg Colloquy. His view of the atonement was rejected in the Formula of Concord.";  /* **** */

"Felix Manz" = "Felix Manz";  /* **** */
"Swiss Anabaptist leader who debated Zwingli over baptism. He was eventually executed by drowning." = "Swiss Anabaptist leader who debated Zwingli over baptism. He was eventually executed by drowning.";  /* **** */

"John Frith" = "John Frith";  /* **** */
"English Protestant who wrote against Catholic teachings. Burned at the stake for heresy." = "English Protestant who wrote against Catholic teachings. Burned at the stake for heresy.";  /* **** */

"Olivetan" = "Olivetan";  /* **** */
"Pierre Robert" = "Pierre Robert";  /* **** */
"French Waldensian and cousin of John Calvin who produced a French translation of the Bible." = "French Waldensian and cousin of John Calvin who produced a French translation of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"John Calvin" = "John Calvin";  /* **** */
"French Protestant theologian and reformer in Geneva, Switzerland." = "French Protestant theologian and reformer in Geneva, Switzerland.";  /* **** */

"John Bradford" = "John Bradford";  /* **** */
"English Protestant burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I." = "English Protestant burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I.";  /* **** */

"Michael Servetus" = "Michael Servetus";  /* **** */
"Spanish physician and unitarian theologian condemned as a heretic by both Catholics and Protestants. Executed in Calvin’s Geneva." = "Spanish physician and unitarian theologian condemned as a heretic by both Catholics and Protestants. Executed in Calvin’s Geneva.";  /* **** */

"John Knox" = "John Knox";  /* **** */
"Scottish reformer who returned from exile to lead the Protestant Reformation of Scotland." = "Scottish reformer who returned from exile to lead the Protestant Reformation of Scotland.";  /* **** */

"Teresa of Avila" = "Teresa of Avila";  /* **** */
"Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and author during the Catholic Reformation." = "Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and author during the Catholic Reformation.";  /* **** */

"John Foxe" = "John Foxe";  /* **** */
"English Protestant historian who wrote Foxe’s Book of Martyrs" = "English Protestant historian who wrote Foxe’s Book of Martyrs";  /* **** */

"John Philpot" = "John Philpot";  /* **** */

"Catherine de Medici" = "Catherine de Medici";  /* **** */
"Queen of Henry II and mother to three kings of France, whom she strongly influenced." = "Queen of Henry II and mother to three kings of France, whom she strongly influenced.";  /* **** */

"Theodore Beza" = "Theodore Beza";  /* **** */
"French Protestant scholar who became Calvin’s successor at Geneva." = "French Protestant scholar who became Calvin’s successor at Geneva.";  /* **** */

"John Jewel" = "John Jewel";  /* **** */
"Anglican bishop who wrote a defense of the Anglican church’s reforms." = "Anglican bishop who wrote a defense of the Anglican church’s reforms.";  /* **** */

"Martin Chemnitz" = "Martin Chemnitz";  /* **** */
"Second generation Lutheran theologian who helped develop the Formula of Concord." = "Second generation Lutheran theologian who helped develop the Formula of Concord.";  /* **** */

"Zacharius Ursinus" = "Zacharius Ursinus";  /* **** */
"German Reformer and professor of theology at Heidelberg who wrote the Heidelberg Catechism." = "German Reformer and professor of theology at Heidelberg who wrote the Heidelberg Catechism.";  /* **** */

"Philip Marnix" = "Philip Marnix";  /* **** */
"Dutch Calvinist statesman active in the Dutch War of Independence who wrote a popular satire of Catholicism." = "Dutch Calvinist statesman active in the Dutch War of Independence who wrote a popular satire of Catholicism.";  /* **** */

"John of the Cross" = "John of the Cross";  /* **** */
"Spanish Carmelite friar and mystic who wrote Dark Night of the Soul." = "Spanish Carmelite friar and mystic who wrote Dark Night of the Soul.";  /* **** */

"Miguel de Cervantes" = "Miguel de Cervantes";  /* **** */
"Spanish novelist who wrote Don Quixote." = "Spanish novelist who wrote Don Quixote.";  /* **** */

"Jacobus Arminius" = "Jacobus Arminius";  /* **** */
"Dutch theologian whose views on predestination led to the Arminian Remonstrance." = "Dutch theologian whose views on predestination led to the Arminian Remonstrance.";  /* **** */

"Christopher Marlowe" = "Christopher Marlowe";  /* **** */
"Kit Marlowe" = "Kit Marlowe";  /* **** */
"Elizabethan poet and playwright admired by Shakespeare. Author of Doctor Faustus." = "Elizabethan poet and playwright admired by Shakespeare. Author of Doctor Faustus.";  /* **** */

"William Shakespeare" = "William Shakespeare";  /* **** */
"Bard of Avon" = "Bard of Avon";  /* **** */
"Celebrated Elizabethan poet and playwright who produced some of the most enduring literature in the English language." = "Celebrated Elizabethan poet and playwright who produced some of the most enduring literature in the English language.";  /* **** */

"Francis of Sales" = "Francis of Sales";  /* **** */
"French Catholic bishop of Geneva and Counter-Reformation leader." = "French Catholic bishop of Geneva and Counter-Reformation leader.";  /* **** */

"John Donne" = "John Donne";  /* **** */
"English metaphysical poet who became a celebrated preacher and divine." = "English metaphysical poet who became a celebrated preacher and divine.";  /* **** */

"James Ussher" = "James Ussher";  /* **** */
"Irish archbishop and prolific scholar whose biblical chronology became the de facto standard for many Young Earth creationists and opponents of modernism." = "Irish archbishop and prolific scholar whose biblical chronology became the de facto standard for many Young Earth creationists and opponents of modernism.";  /* **** */

"Cardinal Richelieu" = "Cardinal Richelieu";  /* **** */
"French cardinal and government minister who strengthened the monarchy." = "French cardinal and government minister who strengthened the monarchy.";  /* **** */

"René Descartes" = "René Descartes";  /* **** */
"French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher regarded as the father of modern philosophy." = "French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher regarded as the father of modern philosophy.";  /* **** */

"Oliver Cromwell (Life)" = "Oliver Cromwell (Life)";  /* **** */

"John Milton" = "John Milton";  /* **** */
"English Puritan poet who wrote Paradise Lost." = "English Puritan poet who wrote Paradise Lost.";  /* **** */

"Brother Lawrence" = "Brother Lawrence";  /* **** */
"French lay Carmelite known for his book on experiencing the presence of God." = "French lay Carmelite known for his book on experiencing the presence of God.";  /* **** */

"Blaise Pascal" = "Blaise Pascal";  /* **** */
"French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and Christian apologist who developed Pascal’s wager." = "French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and Christian apologist who developed Pascal’s wager.";  /* **** */

"John Bunyan" = "John Bunyan";  /* **** */
"Puritan minister who wrote Pilgrim’s Progress from prison." = "Puritan minister who wrote Pilgrim’s Progress from prison.";  /* **** */

"Benedict Spinoza" = "Benedict Spinoza";  /* **** */
"Baruch Spinoza" = "Baruch Spinoza";  /* **** */
"Dutch Jewish Enlightenment philosopher and biblical critic." = "Dutch Jewish Enlightenment philosopher and biblical critic.";  /* **** */

"Isaac Newton" = "Isaac Newton";  /* **** */
"Profoundly influential English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer." = "Profoundly influential English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.";  /* **** */

"Madame Guyon" = "Madame Guyon";  /* **** */
"French mystic imprisoned for promoting Quietism." = "French mystic imprisoned for promoting Quietism.";  /* **** */

"Matthew Henry" = "Matthew Henry";  /* **** */
"Nonconformist minister who wrote a highly influential biblical commentary." = "Nonconformist minister who wrote a highly influential biblical commentary.";  /* **** */

"Isaac Watts" = "Isaac Watts";  /* **** */
"Nonconformist minister and prolific hymn writer." = "Nonconformist minister and prolific hymn writer.";  /* **** */

"Johann Sebastian Bach" = "Johann Sebastian Bach";  /* **** */
"Lutheran German composer and organist of the Baroque period." = "Lutheran German composer and organist of the Baroque period.";  /* **** */

"Voltaire" = "Voltaire";  /* **** */
"François-Marie Arouet" = "François-Marie Arouet";  /* **** */
"French Enlightenment philosopher and writer who satirized political and religious authorities." = "French Enlightenment philosopher and writer who satirized political and religious authorities.";  /* **** */

"John Gill" = "John Gill";  /* **** */
"Baptist minister, biblical scholar, and Calvinist theologian." = "Baptist minister, biblical scholar, and Calvinist theologian.";  /* **** */

"Count Von Zinzendorf" = "Count Von Zinzendorf";  /* **** */
"Austrian nobleman who founded the Moravian Church." = "Austrian nobleman who founded the Moravian Church.";  /* **** */

"John Wesley" = "John Wesley";  /* **** */
"English minister and theologian who founded Methodism with his brother Charles. Friend and theological opponent of Whitefield." = "English minister and theologian who founded Methodism with his brother Charles. Friend and theological opponent of Whitefield.";  /* **** */

"Charles Wesley" = "Charles Wesley";  /* **** */
"English minister and prolific hymn writer who founded Methodism with his brother John." = "English minister and prolific hymn writer who founded Methodism with his brother John.";  /* **** */

"George Whitefield" = "George Whitefield";  /* **** */
"English preacher who participated in the Great Awakening in America; friend and theological opponent of the Wesleys." = "English preacher who participated in the Great Awakening in America; friend and theological opponent of the Wesleys.";  /* **** */

"Moses Mendelssohn" = "Moses Mendelssohn";  /* **** */
"German Jewish philosopher whose ideas influenced the Central European Jewish Enlightenment." = "German Jewish philosopher whose ideas influenced the Central European Jewish Enlightenment.";  /* **** */

"Augustus Montague Toplady" = "Augustus Montague Toplady";  /* **** */
"Anglican minister, hymn writer, and Calvinist opponent of John Wesley." = "Anglican minister, hymn writer, and Calvinist opponent of John Wesley.";  /* **** */

"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" = "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart";  /* **** */
"Child prodigy who became one of the most celebrated composers of the Classical period." = "Child prodigy who became one of the most celebrated composers of the Classical period.";  /* **** */

"Charles Simeon" = "Charles Simeon";  /* **** */
"Anglican minister and leader of the Evangelical movement. Author of Horae Homileticae." = "Anglican minister and leader of the Evangelical movement. Author of Horae Homileticae.";  /* **** */

"William Wilberforce" = "William Wilberforce";  /* **** */
"Evangelical Member of Parliament who fought for the British abolition of slavery." = "Evangelical Member of Parliament who fought for the British abolition of slavery.";  /* **** */

"William Carey" = "William Carey";  /* **** */
"British Baptist missionary to India regarded as the father of modern missions." = "British Baptist missionary to India regarded as the father of modern missions.";  /* **** */

"Adam Clarke" = "Adam Clarke";  /* **** */
"British Methodist preacher, theologian, and biblical commentator." = "British Methodist preacher, theologian, and biblical commentator.";  /* **** */

"Friedrich Schleiermacher" = "Friedrich Schleiermacher";  /* **** */
"German theologian and pioneer of liberal Protestant hermeneutics and theology." = "German theologian and pioneer of liberal Protestant hermeneutics and theology.";  /* **** */

"Ludwig van Beethoven" = "Ludwig van Beethoven";  /* **** */
"German composer who bridged the Classical and Romantic periods." = "German composer who bridged the Classical and Romantic periods.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Chalmers" = "Thomas Chalmers";  /* **** */
"Scottish evangelical minister and theologian. A leader of the Free Church of Scotland." = "Scottish evangelical minister and theologian. A leader of the Free Church of Scotland.";  /* **** */

"William Clowes" = "William Clowes";  /* **** */
"Primitive Methodist preacher in northern England." = "Primitive Methodist preacher in northern England.";  /* **** */

"Billy Bray" = "Billy Bray";  /* **** */
"William Bray" = "William Bray";  /* **** */
"Cornish Methodist preacher known for his colorful preaching style." = "Cornish Methodist preacher known for his colorful preaching style.";  /* **** */

"John Nelson Darby" = "John Nelson Darby";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Irish minister and Plymouth Brethren leader regarded as the father of dispensationalism." = "Anglo-Irish minister and Plymouth Brethren leader regarded as the father of dispensationalism.";  /* **** */

"George Müller" = "George Müller";  /* **** */
"Plymouth Brethren leader who opened numerous orphanages and wrote of the power of prayer." = "Plymouth Brethren leader who opened numerous orphanages and wrote of the power of prayer.";  /* **** */

"Horatius Bonar" = "Horatius Bonar";  /* **** */
"Scottish minister and author who wrote numerous hymns." = "Scottish minister and author who wrote numerous hymns.";  /* **** */

"Charles Darwin" = "Charles Darwin";  /* **** */
"English naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection." = "English naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.";  /* **** */

"Felix Mendelssohn" = "Felix Mendelssohn";  /* **** */
"German Jewish Christian composer of the early Romantic period. Grandson of Moses Mendelssohn." = "German Jewish Christian composer of the early Romantic period. Grandson of Moses Mendelssohn.";  /* **** */

"Abraham Geiger" = "Abraham Geiger";  /* **** */
"German Jewish rabbi and scholar who founded Reform Judaism." = "German Jewish rabbi and scholar who founded Reform Judaism.";  /* **** */

"Franz Delitzsch" = "Franz Delitzsch";  /* **** */
"German Lutheran biblical scholar who translated the New Testament into Hebrew and co-authored an Old Testament commentary." = "German Lutheran biblical scholar who translated the New Testament into Hebrew and co-authored an Old Testament commentary.";  /* **** */

"Robert Murray McCheyne" = "Robert Murray McCheyne";  /* **** */
"Short-lived Scottish minister known for his program of daily Bible reading." = "Short-lived Scottish minister known for his program of daily Bible reading.";  /* **** */

"Alfred Edersheim" = "Alfred Edersheim";  /* **** */
"Jewish Christian minister and scholar in Britain who wrote on the historical context of the New Testament." = "Jewish Christian minister and scholar in Britain who wrote on the historical context of the New Testament.";  /* **** */

"William Booth" = "William Booth";  /* **** */
"English Methodist minister and founder of the Salvation Army." = "English Methodist minister and founder of the Salvation Army.";  /* **** */

"A.B. Bruce" = "A.B. Bruce";  /* **** */
"Scottish minister, theologian, and biblical scholar." = "Scottish minister, theologian, and biblical scholar.";  /* **** */

"Johannes Brahms" = "Johannes Brahms";  /* **** */
"German composer of the Romantic period." = "German composer of the Romantic period.";  /* **** */

"Charles Haddon Spurgeon" = "Charles Haddon Spurgeon";  /* **** */
"British Reformed Baptist minister and prolific writer known as the “Prince of Preachers.”" = "British Reformed Baptist minister and prolific writer known as the “Prince of Preachers.”";  /* **** */

"Abraham Kuyper" = "Abraham Kuyper";  /* **** */
"Dutch Calvinist theologian and statesman." = "Dutch Calvinist theologian and statesman.";  /* **** */

"Friedrich Nietzsche" = "Friedrich Nietzsche";  /* **** */
"Prussian philosopher who critiqued Christianity and wrestled with the implications of atheism and nihilism." = "Prussian philosopher who critiqued Christianity and wrestled with the implications of atheism and nihilism.";  /* **** */

"Julius Wellhausen" = "Julius Wellhausen";  /* **** */
"German higher critical scholar who contributed to the Documentary Hypothesis." = "German higher critical scholar who contributed to the Documentary Hypothesis.";  /* **** */

"Adolf Harnack" = "Adolf Harnack";  /* **** */
"German liberal theologian and church historian." = "German liberal theologian and church historian.";  /* **** */

"C.T. Studd" = "C.T. Studd";  /* **** */
"British cricket player who became an evangelical missionary in China, India, and Africa." = "British cricket player who became an evangelical missionary in China, India, and Africa.";  /* **** */

"Adolf Deissmann" = "Adolf Deissmann";  /* **** */
"German New Testament scholar who demonstrated that New Testament Greek was the koine Greek of Hellenism." = "German New Testament scholar who demonstrated that New Testament Greek was the koine Greek of Hellenism.";  /* **** */

"James Moffatt" = "James Moffatt";  /* **** */
"Scottish theologian and scholar who produced a new English translation of the Bible." = "Scottish theologian and scholar who produced a new English translation of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Oswald Chambers" = "Oswald Chambers";  /* **** */
"Scottish baptist minister of the Holiness movement famous for his devotional My Utmost for His Highest." = "Scottish baptist minister of the Holiness movement famous for his devotional My Utmost for His Highest.";  /* **** */

"Albert Schweitzer" = "Albert Schweitzer";  /* **** */
"Alsatian theologian who critiqued Historical Jesus studies before becoming a medical missionary to Africa." = "Alsatian theologian who critiqued Historical Jesus studies before becoming a medical missionary to Africa.";  /* **** */

"Rudolf Bultmann" = "Rudolf Bultmann";  /* **** */
"German existential theologian and New Testament scholar who emphasized the need to demythologize the text." = "German existential theologian and New Testament scholar who emphasized the need to demythologize the text.";  /* **** */

"Karl Barth" = "Karl Barth";  /* **** */
"Swiss Reformed theologian who became a major figure of the neo-orthodox movement." = "Swiss Reformed theologian who became a major figure of the neo-orthodox movement.";  /* **** */

"Emil Brunner" = "Emil Brunner";  /* **** */
"Swiss Reformed theologian influential in the neo-orthodox movement." = "Swiss Reformed theologian influential in the neo-orthodox movement.";  /* **** */

"C.S. Lewis" = "C.S. Lewis";  /* **** */
"British scholar and Christian apologist who authored Mere Christianity and the Chronicles of Narnia." = "British scholar and Christian apologist who authored Mere Christianity and the Chronicles of Narnia.";  /* **** */

"Dietrich Bonhoeffer" = "Dietrich Bonhoeffer";  /* **** */
"German Lutheran pastor who was executed for his resistance to the Nazi party." = "German Lutheran pastor who was executed for his resistance to the Nazi party.";  /* **** */



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Writings */

"Codex Sinaiticus" = "Codex Sinaiticus";  /* **** */
"Aleph" = "Aleph";  /* **** */
"Early codex containing the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (British Museum)" = "Early codex containing the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (British Museum)";  /* **** */

"Codex Alexandrinus" = "Codex Alexandrinus";  /* **** */
"A" = "A";  /* **** */
"Early codex of mixed text-type containing the Greek Septuagint, Apocrypha, and most of the New Testament. (British Museum)" = "Early codex of mixed text-type containing the Greek Septuagint, Apocrypha, and most of the New Testament. (British Museum)";  /* **** */

"Codex Bezae" = "Codex Bezae";  /* **** */
"D" = "D";  /* **** */
"Greek and Latin codex of Gospels, Acts, and 3 John. Representative of the Western text-type. (Cambridge University)" = "Greek and Latin codex of Gospels, Acts, and 3 John. Representative of the Western text-type. (Cambridge University)";  /* **** */

"Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus" = "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus";  /* **** */
"C" = "C";  /* **** */
"Early codex of mixed text-type overwritten in the 12th century. (Paris National Library)" = "Early codex of mixed text-type overwritten in the 12th century. (Paris National Library)";  /* **** */

"Codex Claromontanus" = "Codex Claromontanus";  /* **** */
"D, Dp" = "D, Dp";  /* **** */
"Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles. Representative of the Western text-type. (Paris National Library)" = "Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles. Representative of the Western text-type. (Paris National Library)";  /* **** */

"Codex Laudianus" = "Codex Laudianus";  /* **** */
"E" = "E";  /* **** */
"Greek and Latin codex of Acts. Features Western and Byzantine readings. Oldest manuscript with Acts 8:37. (Oxford Bodleian Library)" = "Greek and Latin codex of Acts. Features Western and Byzantine readings. Oldest manuscript with Acts 8:37. (Oxford Bodleian Library)";  /* **** */

"Beowulf" = "Beowulf";  /* **** */
"Epic poem written in Old English about the legendary Viking hero Beowulf." = "Epic poem written in Old English about the legendary Viking hero Beowulf.";  /* **** */

"Bede’s History" = "Bede’s History";  /* **** */
"Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People recounts church history during the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods." = "Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People recounts church history during the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods.";  /* **** */

"Book of Kells" = "Book of Kells";  /* **** */
"Book of Columba" = "Book of Columba";  /* **** */
"Illuminated manuscript of the Gospels created in a Columban monastery." = "Illuminated manuscript of the Gospels created in a Columban monastery.";  /* **** */

"Codex Augiensis" = "Codex Augiensis";  /* **** */
"F" = "F";  /* **** */
"Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles plus Hebrews in Latin. (Cambridge Trinity College)" = "Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles plus Hebrews in Latin. (Cambridge Trinity College)";  /* **** */

"Sentences" = "Sentences";  /* **** */
"Peter Lombard’s compilation of biblical and patristic texts which became the standard theological text of Medieval Scholasticism." = "Peter Lombard’s compilation of biblical and patristic texts which became the standard theological text of Medieval Scholasticism.";  /* **** */

"Song of the Nibelungs" = "Song of the Nibelungs";  /* **** */
"Nibelungenlied" = "Nibelungenlied";  /* **** */
"Epic poem written in Middle High German." = "Epic poem written in Middle High German.";  /* **** */

"Magna Carta" = "Magna Carta";  /* **** */
"Great Charter" = "Great Charter";  /* **** */
"Charter limiting the power of the English monarchy to infringe the rights of its subjects." = "Charter limiting the power of the English monarchy to infringe the rights of its subjects.";  /* **** */

"Summa Theologica" = "Summa Theologica";  /* **** */
"Profoundly influential systematic theology of Thomas Aquinas. He died before he could finish it." = "Profoundly influential systematic theology of Thomas Aquinas. He died before he could finish it.";  /* **** */

"Wycliffe Bible" = "Wycliffe Bible";  /* **** */
"Translation of the Latin Vulgate into Middle English made under the direction of John Wycliffe." = "Translation of the Latin Vulgate into Middle English made under the direction of John Wycliffe.";  /* **** */

"12 Conclusions of the Lollards" = "12 Conclusions of the Lollards";  /* **** */
"Summary of Lollard beliefs believed to have been written by John Purvey." = "Summary of Lollard beliefs believed to have been written by John Purvey.";  /* **** */

"Canterbury Tales" = "Canterbury Tales";  /* **** */
"A collection of stories written in Middle English verse by Chaucer." = "A collection of stories written in Middle English verse by Chaucer.";  /* **** */

"Imitation of Christ" = "Imitation of Christ";  /* **** */
"Influential Christian devotional work by Thomas à Kempis." = "Influential Christian devotional work by Thomas à Kempis.";  /* **** */

"Gutenberg Bible" = "Gutenberg Bible";  /* **** */
"The first Bible mass-produced using the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg." = "The first Bible mass-produced using the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg.";  /* **** */

"Erasmus Greek New Testament" = "Erasmus Greek New Testament";  /* **** */
"First printed edition of the Greek New Testament. Edited by Erasmus." = "First printed edition of the Greek New Testament. Edited by Erasmus.";  /* **** */

"95 Theses" = "95 Theses";  /* **** */
"Luther’s theses for academic debate about the practice of selling plenary indulgences." = "Luther’s theses for academic debate about the practice of selling plenary indulgences.";  /* **** */

"Complutensian Polyglot" = "Complutensian Polyglot";  /* **** */
"First printed polyglot Bible containing parallel columns of Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin." = "First printed polyglot Bible containing parallel columns of Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin.";  /* **** */

"Luther Bible" = "Luther Bible";  /* **** */
"Luther’s translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into German." = "Luther’s translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into German.";  /* **** */

"67 Articles" = "67 Articles";  /* **** */
"67 Theses" = "67 Theses";  /* **** */
"Zwingli’s theological assertions debated at the First Zurich Disputation." = "Zwingli’s theological assertions debated at the First Zurich Disputation.";  /* **** */

"Tyndale Bible" = "Tyndale Bible";  /* **** */
"English New Testament and partial Old Testament translated from Greek and Hebrew by Tyndale." = "English New Testament and partial Old Testament translated from Greek and Hebrew by Tyndale.";  /* **** */

"Augsburg Confession" = "Augsburg Confession";  /* **** */
"Lutheran confession of faith presented at the Diet of Augsburg and later published by Melanchthon." = "Lutheran confession of faith presented at the Diet of Augsburg and later published by Melanchthon.";  /* **** */

"Coverdale Bible" = "Coverdale Bible";  /* **** */
"First complete Bible printed in modern English." = "First complete Bible printed in modern English.";  /* **** */

"Calvin’s Institutes" = "Calvin’s Institutes";  /* **** */
"Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion presents a systematic theology of Protestantism. Calvin expanded it throughout his life and published Latin and French editions." = "Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion presents a systematic theology of Protestantism. Calvin expanded it throughout his life and published Latin and French editions.";  /* **** */

"Great Bible" = "Great Bible";  /* **** */
"First authorized English Bible translation, produced by Miles Coverdale." = "First authorized English Bible translation, produced by Miles Coverdale.";  /* **** */

"Book of Common Prayer" = "Book of Common Prayer";  /* **** */
"Book of prayers and liturgy for the Church of England developed by Thomas Cranmer." = "Book of prayers and liturgy for the Church of England developed by Thomas Cranmer.";  /* **** */

"Belgic Confession" = "Belgic Confession";  /* **** */
"Confession of faith created for Reformed churches of the Low Countries." = "Confession of faith created for Reformed churches of the Low Countries.";  /* **** */

"Geneva Bible" = "Geneva Bible";  /* **** */
"Breeches Bible" = "Breeches Bible";  /* **** */
"Immensely popular English Bible with annotations translated by English exiles in Geneva." = "Immensely popular English Bible with annotations translated by English exiles in Geneva.";  /* **** */

"39 Articles" = "39 Articles";  /* **** */
"Doctrinal statement of the Church of England." = "Doctrinal statement of the Church of England.";  /* **** */

"Foxe’s Book of Martyrs" = "Foxe’s Book of Martyrs";  /* **** */
"Actes and Monuments" = "Actes and Monuments";  /* **** */
"Work of church history with special focus on English Protestant martyrs." = "Work of church history with special focus on English Protestant martyrs.";  /* **** */

"Heidelberg Catechism" = "Heidelberg Catechism";  /* **** */
"A widely used Reformed catechism originally created for the Palatinate of Elector Frederick III." = "A widely used Reformed catechism originally created for the Palatinate of Elector Frederick III.";  /* **** */

"Bishops’ Bible" = "Bishops’ Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible intended to improve upon the Great Bible and supplant the popularity of the Geneva Bible." = "English Bible intended to improve upon the Great Bible and supplant the popularity of the Geneva Bible.";  /* **** */

"Formula of Concord" = "Formula of Concord";  /* **** */
"Lutheran statement of faith intended to settle post-Augsburg controversies" = "Lutheran statement of faith intended to settle post-Augsburg controversies";  /* **** */

"Douay-Rheims Bible" = "Douay-Rheims Bible";  /* **** */
"Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English." = "Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English.";  /* **** */

"Don Quixote" = "Don Quixote";  /* **** */
"Comedic novel by Cervantes regarded as one of the preeminent works of Spanish literature." = "Comedic novel by Cervantes regarded as one of the preeminent works of Spanish literature.";  /* **** */

"Remonstrance" = "Remonstrance";  /* **** */
"Expression of Arminian objections to five aspects of Calvinism. Condemned at the Synod of Dort." = "Expression of Arminian objections to five aspects of Calvinism. Condemned at the Synod of Dort.";  /* **** */

"King James Bible" = "King James Bible";  /* **** */
"Authorized Version" = "Authorized Version";  /* **** */
"English Bible commissioned by James I and translated by a team of scholars. The standard English translation for 300 years." = "English Bible commissioned by James I and translated by a team of scholars. The standard English translation for 300 years.";  /* **** */

"Canons of Dort" = "Canons of Dort";  /* **** */
"Expression of Calvinist doctrines in answer to the five objections of the Arminian Remonstrance." = "Expression of Calvinist doctrines in answer to the five objections of the Arminian Remonstrance.";  /* **** */

"Westminster Standards" = "Westminster Standards";  /* **** */
"Confession of Faith, Shorter and Larger Catechisms, and other documents by the Westminster Assembly enumerate Presbyterian doctrine and polity." = "Confession of Faith, Shorter and Larger Catechisms, and other documents by the Westminster Assembly enumerate Presbyterian doctrine and polity.";  /* **** */

"Paradise Lost" = "Paradise Lost";  /* **** */
"John Milton’s epic poem depicting the Fall, written to “justify the ways of God to men.”" = "John Milton’s epic poem depicting the Fall, written to “justify the ways of God to men.”";  /* **** */

"Pensées" = "Pensées";  /* **** */
"Pascal’s posthumously published notes for a Christian apology he had been working on." = "Pascal’s posthumously published notes for a Christian apology he had been working on.";  /* **** */

"Pilgrim’s Progress" = "Pilgrim’s Progress";  /* **** */
"John Bunyan’s popular allegory of the Christian life." = "John Bunyan’s popular allegory of the Christian life.";  /* **** */

"1689 London Baptist Confession" = "1689 London Baptist Confession";  /* **** */
"2nd London Baptist Confession" = "2nd London Baptist Confession";  /* **** */
"Reformed Baptist confession of faith based on the Westminster Confession." = "Reformed Baptist confession of faith based on the Westminster Confession.";  /* **** */

"Challoner Bible" = "Challoner Bible";  /* **** */
"Revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible by Catholic bishop Richard Challoner." = "Revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible by Catholic bishop Richard Challoner.";  /* **** */

"Declaration of Rights of Man" = "Declaration of Rights of Man";  /* **** */
"French Revolutionary treatise on human rights." = "French Revolutionary treatise on human rights.";  /* **** */

"Origin of Species" = "Origin of Species";  /* **** */
"Darwin’s highly influential publication of the theory of evolution by natural selection." = "Darwin’s highly influential publication of the theory of evolution by natural selection.";  /* **** */

"Revised Version" = "Revised Version";  /* **** */
"Revision of the Authorized Version to update its language and benefit from New Testament textual criticism." = "Revision of the Authorized Version to update its language and benefit from New Testament textual criticism.";  /* **** */

"Darby Bible" = "Darby Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated by John Nelson Darby, meant to be accessible to the “unlearned.”" = "English Bible translated by John Nelson Darby, meant to be accessible to the “unlearned.”";  /* **** */

"Phillips NT" = "Phillips NT";  /* **** */
"J. B. Phillips Translation" = "J. B. Phillips Translation";  /* **** */
"Translation of the New Testament by English minister J. B. Phillips." = "Translation of the New Testament by English minister J. B. Phillips.";  /* **** */

"NEB" = "NEB";  /* **** */
"New English Bible" = "New English Bible";  /* **** */
"English Bible translated into modern English." = "English Bible translated into modern English.";  /* **** */

"Jerusalem Bible" = "Jerusalem Bible";  /* **** */
"Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English from the Greek and Hebrew." = "Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English from the Greek and Hebrew.";  /* **** */

"NJB" = "NJB";  /* **** */
"New Jerusalem Bible" = "New Jerusalem Bible";  /* **** */
"A revision of the Jerusalem Bible." = "A revision of the Jerusalem Bible.";  /* **** */

"REB" = "REB";  /* **** */
"Revised English Bible" = "Revised English Bible";  /* **** */
"Revision of the NEB aimed at being more accessible to American readers." = "Revision of the NEB aimed at being more accessible to American readers.";  /* **** */



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Events */

"Battle of Teutoberg Forest" = "Battle of Teutoberg Forest";  /* **** */
"Coalition of German tribes defeats the Romans, who then abandon the effort to conquer Germany." = "Coalition of German tribes defeats the Romans, who then abandon the effort to conquer Germany.";  /* **** */

"St. Alban Martyred" = "St. Alban Martyred";  /* **** */
"Legendary first Christian martyr of Britain, variously dated to the Severan, Decian, or Diocletian persecutions." = "Legendary first Christian martyr of Britain, variously dated to the Severan, Decian, or Diocletian persecutions.";  /* **** */

"Council of Elvira" = "Council of Elvira";  /* **** */
"Council which dealt with the challenges of living among pagans without compromise." = "Council which dealt with the challenges of living among pagans without compromise.";  /* **** */

"1st Council of Orange" = "1st Council of Orange";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops concerned with clerical practice, which promoted clerical celibacy." = "Council of western bishops concerned with clerical practice, which promoted clerical celibacy.";  /* **** */

"1st Council of Vaison" = "1st Council of Vaison";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops concerned with strengthening the power of bishops." = "Council of western bishops concerned with strengthening the power of bishops.";  /* **** */

"Domain of Soissons" = "Domain of Soissons";  /* **** */
"After much of Gaul is ceded to the Visigoths, the Domain of Soissons continues as a Roman rump state." = "After much of Gaul is ceded to the Visigoths, the Domain of Soissons continues as a Roman rump state.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Soissons" = "Battle of Soissons";  /* **** */
"Clovis I of the Salian Franks conquers Soissons." = "Clovis I of the Salian Franks conquers Soissons.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Voillé" = "Battle of Voillé";  /* **** */
"Frankish king Clovis I defeats the Visigoths to annex Aquitaine." = "Frankish king Clovis I defeats the Visigoths to annex Aquitaine.";  /* **** */

"Frankish Kingdom Divided" = "Frankish Kingdom Divided";  /* **** */
"Upon the death of Clovis I, his kingdom is divided among his four sons." = "Upon the death of Clovis I, his kingdom is divided among his four sons.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Orange" = "2nd Council of Orange";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops concerned with details of the Mass, such as the repetition of Kyrie Eleison." = "Council of western bishops concerned with details of the Mass, such as the repetition of Kyrie Eleison.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Vaison" = "2nd Council of Vaison";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops which defended Augustinian concepts of grace and free will against Semi-Pelagianism." = "Council of western bishops which defended Augustinian concepts of grace and free will against Semi-Pelagianism.";  /* **** */

"Clothar is Sole King" = "Clothar is Sole King";  /* **** */
"Clothar I survives his brothers to unite the Frankish kingdoms until his death." = "Clothar I survives his brothers to unite the Frankish kingdoms until his death.";  /* **** */

"3rd Council of Toledo" = "3rd Council of Toledo";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops which added the Filioque Clause to the Latin Nicene Creed." = "Council of western bishops which added the Filioque Clause to the Latin Nicene Creed.";  /* **** */

"Synod of Whitby" = "Synod of Whitby";  /* **** */
"Synod which helped unify the English churches around Roman Catholic rather than Celtic practices." = "Synod which helped unify the English churches around Roman Catholic rather than Celtic practices.";  /* **** */

"Council of Hertford" = "Council of Hertford";  /* **** */
"Council of English bishops which reorganized the English church." = "Council of English bishops which reorganized the English church.";  /* **** */

"Council of Hatfield" = "Council of Hatfield";  /* **** */
"Council of English bishops which rejected Monothelitism." = "Council of English bishops which rejected Monothelitism.";  /* **** */

"Muslim Conquest of Spain" = "Muslim Conquest of Spain";  /* **** */
"North Africa Muslims cross the strait of Gibraltar and conquer most of the Iberian peninsula." = "North Africa Muslims cross the strait of Gibraltar and conquer most of the Iberian peninsula.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Covadonga" = "Battle of Covadonga";  /* **** */
"First Christian defeat of Muslims in Spain. Foundation of the kingdom of Asturias." = "First Christian defeat of Muslims in Spain. Foundation of the kingdom of Asturias.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Tours" = "Battle of Tours";  /* **** */
"Battle of Poitiers" = "Battle of Poitiers";  /* **** */
"Charles Martel turns back the Muslim advance into Europe." = "Charles Martel turns back the Muslim advance into Europe.";  /* **** */

"Carolingian Renaissance" = "Carolingian Renaissance";  /* **** */
"A period of scholarship and cultural development sparked by the patronage of Charlemagne and his successors." = "A period of scholarship and cultural development sparked by the patronage of Charlemagne and his successors.";  /* **** */

"Vikings Raid Lindisfarne" = "Vikings Raid Lindisfarne";  /* **** */
"Vikings raid the monastery on Lindisfarne, beginning the Viking Age." = "Vikings raid the monastery on Lindisfarne, beginning the Viking Age.";  /* **** */

"Council of Frankfurt" = "Council of Frankfurt";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops which condemned Adoptionism and took issue with the 2nd Council of Nicea’s position on icons." = "Council of western bishops which condemned Adoptionism and took issue with the 2nd Council of Nicea’s position on icons.";  /* **** */

"Treaty of Verdun" = "Treaty of Verdun";  /* **** */
"Treaty between the sons of Louis the Pious which divided the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms." = "Treaty between the sons of Louis the Pious which divided the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms.";  /* **** */

"Vikings Sack Paris" = "Vikings Sack Paris";  /* **** */
"A Viking fleet sails up the Seine and sacks Paris, withdrawing only after the payment of ransom." = "A Viking fleet sails up the Seine and sacks Paris, withdrawing only after the payment of ransom.";  /* **** */

"Vikings Besiege Paris" = "Vikings Besiege Paris";  /* **** */
"Vikings besiege Paris, which is defended by Count Odo. Charles the Fat ransoms the city." = "Vikings besiege Paris, which is defended by Count Odo. Charles the Fat ransoms the city.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of Leon Established" = "Kingdom of Leon Established";  /* **** */
"The kingdom of Asturias is divided and reconsolidated as the Kingdom of Leon." = "The kingdom of Asturias is divided and reconsolidated as the Kingdom of Leon.";  /* **** */

"Vikings Receive Normandy" = "Vikings Receive Normandy";  /* **** */
"In exchange for military support, Charles the Simple gives the Viking leader Rollo the Duchy of Normandy." = "In exchange for military support, Charles the Simple gives the Viking leader Rollo the Duchy of Normandy.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Simancas" = "Battle of Simancas";  /* **** */
"Ramiro II of Leon defeats the Muslim forces of caliph Abd al-Rahman III." = "Ramiro II of Leon defeats the Muslim forces of caliph Abd al-Rahman III.";  /* **** */

"Otto Crowned Emperor" = "Otto Crowned Emperor";  /* **** */
"Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor." = "Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor.";  /* **** */

"Fall of Cordoban Caliphate" = "Fall of Cordoban Caliphate";  /* **** */
"Years of infighting lead to the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Islamic Spain fragments into small independent kingdoms known as taifas." = "Years of infighting lead to the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Islamic Spain fragments into small independent kingdoms known as taifas.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Hastings" = "Battle of Hastings";  /* **** */
"William the Conqueror defeats Harold to become king of England." = "William the Conqueror defeats Harold to become king of England.";  /* **** */

"Jews Massacred in Granada" = "Jews Massacred in Granada";  /* **** */
"Muslim mobs in Granada kill the Jewish vizier and much of the Jewish population." = "Muslim mobs in Granada kill the Jewish vizier and much of the Jewish population.";  /* **** */

"Investiture Controversy" = "Investiture Controversy";  /* **** */
"Dispute between the Holy Roman Emperors and the papacy over the right to choose ecclesiastical appointments." = "Dispute between the Holy Roman Emperors and the papacy over the right to choose ecclesiastical appointments.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Toledo" = "Conquest of Toledo";  /* **** */
"Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Muslim city of Toledo." = "Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Muslim city of Toledo.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Sagrajas" = "Battle of Sagrajas";  /* **** */
"Almoravid Muslims defeat a coalition of Christian forces led by Alphonso VI of Castile." = "Almoravid Muslims defeat a coalition of Christian forces led by Alphonso VI of Castile.";  /* **** */

"Council of Clermont" = "Council of Clermont";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops at which Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade." = "Council of western bishops at which Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade.";  /* **** */

"Rhineland Massacre of Jews" = "Rhineland Massacre of Jews";  /* **** */
"A mob of peasant crusaders led by the German count Emicho passes through Germany slaughtering Jews." = "A mob of peasant crusaders led by the German count Emicho passes through Germany slaughtering Jews.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Zaragoza" = "Conquest of Zaragoza";  /* **** */
"Alfonso I of Aragon conquers the Muslim city of Zaragoza." = "Alfonso I of Aragon conquers the Muslim city of Zaragoza.";  /* **** */

"Council of Soissons" = "Council of Soissons";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops which condemned some of Peter Abelard’s teachings." = "Council of western bishops which condemned some of Peter Abelard’s teachings.";  /* **** */

"Concordat of Worms" = "Concordat of Worms";  /* **** */
"An agreement between Pope Callistus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V which ended the Investiture Controversy." = "An agreement between Pope Callistus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V which ended the Investiture Controversy.";  /* **** */

"Eleanor Marries Louis VII" = "Eleanor Marries Louis VII";  /* **** */
"Eleanor of Aquitaine is married to Louis VI to become queen of France." = "Eleanor of Aquitaine is married to Louis VI to become queen of France.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of Portugal Established" = "Kingdom of Portugal Established";  /* **** */
"After a victory over Almoravid Muslims, the count of Portugal is proclaimed king Alfonso I by his troops." = "After a victory over Almoravid Muslims, the count of Portugal is proclaimed king Alfonso I by his troops.";  /* **** */

"Council of Sens" = "Council of Sens";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Lisbon" = "Conquest of Lisbon";  /* **** */
"With the help of English forces diverted from the Second Crusade, the Portuguese capture Lisbon from the Almoravid Muslims." = "With the help of English forces diverted from the Second Crusade, the Portuguese capture Lisbon from the Almoravid Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Royal Couple on Second Crusade" = "Royal Couple on Second Crusade";  /* **** */
"Louis VII and Eleanor campaign on the Second Crusade, which ends in military and marital failure." = "Louis VII and Eleanor campaign on the Second Crusade, which ends in military and marital failure.";  /* **** */

"Eleanor Marries Henry of Anjou" = "Eleanor Marries Henry of Anjou";  /* **** */
"Upon the annulment of her marriage to Louis VI, Eleanor marries Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of Anjou." = "Upon the annulment of her marriage to Louis VI, Eleanor marries Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of Anjou.";  /* **** */

"Jews Expelled from France" = "Jews Expelled from France";  /* **** */
"Philip II of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property." = "Philip II of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property.";  /* **** */

"Jews Return to France" = "Jews Return to France";  /* **** */
"Philip II invites Jews to return to France as a source of tax revenue." = "Philip II invites Jews to return to France as a source of tax revenue.";  /* **** */

"Albigensian Crusade" = "Albigensian Crusade";  /* **** */
"Cathar Crusade" = "Cathar Crusade";  /* **** */
"Crusade against the Cathars in southern France called by Pope Innocent III." = "Crusade against the Cathars in southern France called by Pope Innocent III.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Navas de Tolosa" = "Battle of Navas de Tolosa";  /* **** */
"Decisive battle in which a united Christian army defeated the Almohad Muslims." = "Decisive battle in which a united Christian army defeated the Almohad Muslims.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Bouvines" = "Battle of Bouvines";  /* **** */
"Philip II of France defeats a coalition of German, English, and Flemish forces." = "Philip II of France defeats a coalition of German, English, and Flemish forces.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Balearic Islands" = "Conquest of Balearic Islands";  /* **** */
"James I of Aragon conquers the islands of Majorca, Menorca, and Ibiza." = "James I of Aragon conquers the islands of Majorca, Menorca, and Ibiza.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Cordoba" = "Conquest of Cordoba";  /* **** */
"Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the former Muslim capital of Cordoba." = "Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the former Muslim capital of Cordoba.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Valencia" = "Conquest of Valencia";  /* **** */
"James I of Aragon conquers the Islamic city of Valencia." = "James I of Aragon conquers the Islamic city of Valencia.";  /* **** */

"Disputation of Paris" = "Disputation of Paris";  /* **** */
"Disputation in which Jewish rabbis defended the Talmud against charges of blasphemy. In the aftermath, Jewish books were burned and anti-Semitism grew." = "Disputation in which Jewish rabbis defended the Talmud against charges of blasphemy. In the aftermath, Jewish books were burned and anti-Semitism grew.";  /* **** */

"Zohar Published" = "Zohar Published";  /* **** */
"Moses de Leon publishes the Zohar, a foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah)." = "Moses de Leon publishes the Zohar, a foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah).";  /* **** */

"Battle of Taillebourg" = "Battle of Taillebourg";  /* **** */
"Louis IX of France defeats Henry III of England." = "Louis IX of France defeats Henry III of England.";  /* **** */

"Talmudic Manuscripts Burned" = "Talmudic Manuscripts Burned";  /* **** */
"In the aftermath of the Paris Disputation, thousands of Talmudic manuscripts are burned in Paris." = "In the aftermath of the Paris Disputation, thousands of Talmudic manuscripts are burned in Paris.";  /* **** */

"1st Council of Lyon" = "1st Council of Lyon";  /* **** */
"Council confirming the excommunication of Emperor Frederick II." = "Council confirming the excommunication of Emperor Frederick II.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Seville" = "Conquest of Seville";  /* **** */
"Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the Muslim city of Seville." = "Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the Muslim city of Seville.";  /* **** */

"Disputation of Barcelona" = "Disputation of Barcelona";  /* **** */
"Debate between Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a Jewish Christian convert." = "Debate between Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a Jewish Christian convert.";  /* **** */

"2nd Council of Lyon" = "2nd Council of Lyon";  /* **** */
"Council which attempted to reunite the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches." = "Council which attempted to reunite the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.";  /* **** */

"Jews Expelled from England" = "Jews Expelled from England";  /* **** */
"Edward I of England issues an edict expelling Jews from England." = "Edward I of England issues an edict expelling Jews from England.";  /* **** */

"Philip IV of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property." = "Philip IV of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property.";  /* **** */

"Suppression of the Templars" = "Suppression of the Templars";  /* **** */
"Philip IV of France arrests many of the Knights Templar. Clement V eventually disbands the order." = "Philip IV of France arrests many of the Knights Templar. Clement V eventually disbands the order.";  /* **** */

"Avignon Papacy" = "Avignon Papacy";  /* **** */
"Babylonian Captivity of the Pap" = "Babylonian Captivity of the Pap";  /* **** */
"Seven popes and three antipopes reign from the papal court at Avignon." = "Seven popes and three antipopes reign from the papal court at Avignon.";  /* **** */

"Council of Vienne" = "Council of Vienne";  /* **** */
"Council which withdrew support for the Knights Templar." = "Council which withdrew support for the Knights Templar.";  /* **** */

"Tour de Nesle affair" = "Tour de Nesle affair";  /* **** */
"Scandal involving the daughters-in-law of Philip IV which led to a succession crisis and war with England." = "Scandal involving the daughters-in-law of Philip IV which led to a succession crisis and war with England.";  /* **** */

"Due to popular pressure, Louis X invites Jews to return to France." = "Due to popular pressure, Louis X invites Jews to return to France.";  /* **** */

"Hundred Years’ War" = "Hundred Years’ War";  /* **** */
"A series of conflicts between the kings of England and France." = "A series of conflicts between the kings of England and France.";  /* **** */

"Declaration of Rhense" = "Declaration of Rhense";  /* **** */
"The prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare that the election of an emperor did not require papal approval." = "The prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare that the election of an emperor did not require papal approval.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Algeciras" = "Conquest of Algeciras";  /* **** */
"Forces of Castille, Aragon, and Genoa conquer the Islamic port city of Algeciras." = "Forces of Castille, Aragon, and Genoa conquer the Islamic port city of Algeciras.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Crécy" = "Battle of Crécy";  /* **** */
"Early victory for England in the Hundred Years’ War which demonstrated the effectiveness of the English longbow." = "Early victory for England in the Hundred Years’ War which demonstrated the effectiveness of the English longbow.";  /* **** */

"Pope Condemns Jewish Persecutio" = "Pope Condemns Jewish Persecutio";  /* **** */
"Pope Clement VI condemns the blaming and persecution of Jews for the Black Death." = "Pope Clement VI condemns the blaming and persecution of Jews for the Black Death.";  /* **** */

"Jews Massacred in Strasbourg" = "Jews Massacred in Strasbourg";  /* **** */
"Blamed for the Black Death, Jews in Strasbourg are burned at the stake." = "Blamed for the Black Death, Jews in Strasbourg are burned at the stake.";  /* **** */

"English victory in the Hundred Years’ War in which John II of France was captured." = "English victory in the Hundred Years’ War in which John II of France was captured.";  /* **** */

"Golden Bull of 1356" = "Golden Bull of 1356";  /* **** */
"Imperial Diet codifies the process by which an emperor is elected." = "Imperial Diet codifies the process by which an emperor is elected.";  /* **** */

"Charles VI of France expels the Jews for usury and releases Christians from their debts to Jewish lenders." = "Charles VI of France expels the Jews for usury and releases Christians from their debts to Jewish lenders.";  /* **** */

"Council of Constance" = "Council of Constance";  /* **** */
"Council which ended the Western Schism and condemned Jan Hus as a heretic." = "Council which ended the Western Schism and condemned Jan Hus as a heretic.";  /* **** */

"Oldcastle Revolt" = "Oldcastle Revolt";  /* **** */
"Lollard revolt against the Catholic church and king Henry V crushed by royalist forces." = "Lollard revolt against the Catholic church and king Henry V crushed by royalist forces.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Agincourt" = "Battle of Agincourt";  /* **** */
"Battle in which Henry V of England defeated a larger French force." = "Battle in which Henry V of England defeated a larger French force.";  /* **** */

"Treaty of Troyes" = "Treaty of Troyes";  /* **** */
"Treaty between Charles VI of France and Henry V of England naming Henry the successor to the French throne." = "Treaty between Charles VI of France and Henry V of England naming Henry the successor to the French throne.";  /* **** */

"Wars of the Roses" = "Wars of the Roses";  /* **** */
"Civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne." = "Civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne.";  /* **** */

"Spanish Inquisition" = "Spanish Inquisition";  /* **** */
"A tribunal for enforcing Catholic orthodoxy in Spain, especially among Jews and Muslims who converted to avoid persecution." = "A tribunal for enforcing Catholic orthodoxy in Spain, especially among Jews and Muslims who converted to avoid persecution.";  /* **** */

"Conquest of Granada" = "Conquest of Granada";  /* **** */
"Isabella and Ferdinand conquer the emirate of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain." = "Isabella and Ferdinand conquer the emirate of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Bosworth Field" = "Battle of Bosworth Field";  /* **** */
"Decisive battle in the War of the Roses in which Richard III was killed." = "Decisive battle in the War of the Roses in which Richard III was killed.";  /* **** */

"Isabella Sponsors Columbus" = "Isabella Sponsors Columbus";  /* **** */
"Queen Isabella II agrees to fund the first transatlantic voyage of Columbus." = "Queen Isabella II agrees to fund the first transatlantic voyage of Columbus.";  /* **** */

"Jews Expelled from Spain" = "Jews Expelled from Spain";  /* **** */
"Isabella and Ferdinand issue an edict expelling Jews from Spain." = "Isabella and Ferdinand issue an edict expelling Jews from Spain.";  /* **** */

"Leipzig Disputation" = "Leipzig Disputation";  /* **** */
"Debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther which clarified Luther’s position on church authority." = "Debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther which clarified Luther’s position on church authority.";  /* **** */

"Zwingli Begins Lectio Continua" = "Zwingli Begins Lectio Continua";  /* **** */
"Zwingli begins his ministry at Zurich by abandoning the liturgical calendar and preaching through the Bible book by book (lectio continua)." = "Zwingli begins his ministry at Zurich by abandoning the liturgical calendar and preaching through the Bible book by book (lectio continua).";  /* **** */

"Luther Excommunicated" = "Luther Excommunicated";  /* **** */
"Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther for heresy." = "Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther for heresy.";  /* **** */

"Diet of Worms" = "Diet of Worms";  /* **** */
"Imperial diet at which Martin Luther refused to recant his Protestant teachings." = "Imperial diet at which Martin Luther refused to recant his Protestant teachings.";  /* **** */

"Luther at Wartburg" = "Luther at Wartburg";  /* **** */
"Luther is in hiding at Wartburg Castle, where he translates the New Testament into German." = "Luther is in hiding at Wartburg Castle, where he translates the New Testament into German.";  /* **** */

"Zurich Disputations" = "Zurich Disputations";  /* **** */
"Zwingli presents his Protestant teachings before the Zurich city council. Zurich becomes Protestant." = "Zwingli presents his Protestant teachings before the Zurich city council. Zurich becomes Protestant.";  /* **** */

"German Peasants’ Revolt" = "German Peasants’ Revolt";  /* **** */
"A widespread revolt of German peasants condemned by Luther." = "A widespread revolt of German peasants condemned by Luther.";  /* **** */

"Diet of Odense" = "Diet of Odense";  /* **** */
"Meeting of Catholics and Lutherans at which the king of Denmark issued a policy of religious toleration." = "Meeting of Catholics and Lutherans at which the king of Denmark issued a policy of religious toleration.";  /* **** */

"Marburg Colloquy" = "Marburg Colloquy";  /* **** */
"Meeting between Luther, Zwingli, and other Protestant leaders which failed to unify the German and Swiss Reformations." = "Meeting between Luther, Zwingli, and other Protestant leaders which failed to unify the German and Swiss Reformations.";  /* **** */

"Siege of Vienna" = "Siege of Vienna";  /* **** */
"The forces of Suleiman I besiege Vienna but are turned back." = "The forces of Suleiman I besiege Vienna but are turned back.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Kappel" = "Battle of Kappel";  /* **** */
"Zwingli is killed in battle defending Zurich from a Swiss Catholic army." = "Zwingli is killed in battle defending Zurich from a Swiss Catholic army.";  /* **** */

"Affair of the Placards" = "Affair of the Placards";  /* **** */
"Signs containing Protestant messages appear throughout Paris, including on the bedchamber door of Francis I." = "Signs containing Protestant messages appear throughout Paris, including on the bedchamber door of Francis I.";  /* **** */

"First Act of Supremacy" = "First Act of Supremacy";  /* **** */
"Act of Parliament establishing Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England instead of the pope." = "Act of Parliament establishing Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England instead of the pope.";  /* **** */

"Calvin Stays in Geneva" = "Calvin Stays in Geneva";  /* **** */
"At the urging of Farel, Calvin stays in Geneva to work for Reformation." = "At the urging of Farel, Calvin stays in Geneva to work for Reformation.";  /* **** */

"Dissolution of Monasteries" = "Dissolution of Monasteries";  /* **** */
"Henry VIII of England dissolves English monasteries and appropriates their wealth." = "Henry VIII of England dissolves English monasteries and appropriates their wealth.";  /* **** */

"Calvin & Farel Expelled" = "Calvin & Farel Expelled";  /* **** */
"Genevan city council expels Calvin and Farel." = "Genevan city council expels Calvin and Farel.";  /* **** */

"Second Act of Supremacy" = "Second Act of Supremacy";  /* **** */
"Act of Parliament establishing the English monarch as the supreme governor of the Church of England." = "Act of Parliament establishing the English monarch as the supreme governor of the Church of England.";  /* **** */

"Calvin Returns to Geneva" = "Calvin Returns to Geneva";  /* **** */
"Calvin reluctantly returns to Geneva, and begins preaching where he left off." = "Calvin reluctantly returns to Geneva, and begins preaching where he left off.";  /* **** */

"Servetus Executed in Geneva" = "Servetus Executed in Geneva";  /* **** */
"Denounced by Calvin, Servetus is tried and executed for heresy by the city council of Geneva." = "Denounced by Calvin, Servetus is tried and executed for heresy by the city council of Geneva.";  /* **** */

"Peace of Augsburg" = "Peace of Augsburg";  /* **** */
"Treaty between Charles V and German Lutheran princes which allowed local rulers to choose whether their domains would be Lutheran or Catholic." = "Treaty between Charles V and German Lutheran princes which allowed local rulers to choose whether their domains would be Lutheran or Catholic.";  /* **** */

"Genevan Academy Established" = "Genevan Academy Established";  /* **** */
"Calvin establishes an academy for theological education which eventually becomes the University of Geneva." = "Calvin establishes an academy for theological education which eventually becomes the University of Geneva.";  /* **** */

"Colloquy of Poissy" = "Colloquy of Poissy";  /* **** */
"Conference called by Catherine de Medici which failed to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants." = "Conference called by Catherine de Medici which failed to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants.";  /* **** */

"Naumburg Convention" = "Naumburg Convention";  /* **** */
"Meeting of German Protestants which reaffirmed the Augsburg Confession and motivated development of the Book of Concord." = "Meeting of German Protestants which reaffirmed the Augsburg Confession and motivated development of the Book of Concord.";  /* **** */

"French Wars of Religion" = "French Wars of Religion";  /* **** */
"A series of bloody wars between French Catholics and Protestants." = "A series of bloody wars between French Catholics and Protestants.";  /* **** */

"Massacre of Wassy" = "Massacre of Wassy";  /* **** */
"Massacre of Vassy" = "Massacre of Vassy";  /* **** */
"The Catholic Duke of Guise kills anarmed Huguenot worshipers at Wassy, sparking a series of religious wars." = "The Catholic Duke of Guise kills anarmed Huguenot worshipers at Wassy, sparking a series of religious wars.";  /* **** */

"Eighty Years’ War" = "Eighty Years’ War";  /* **** */
"Dutch War of Independence" = "Dutch War of Independence";  /* **** */
"A series of conflicts in which Dutch provinces revolted against Spanish Habsburg rule." = "A series of conflicts in which Dutch provinces revolted against Spanish Habsburg rule.";  /* **** */

"St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre" = "St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre";  /* **** */
"The targeted killing of key Protestant leaders sparks waves of mob violence against Protestants." = "The targeted killing of key Protestant leaders sparks waves of mob violence against Protestants.";  /* **** */

"Spanish Armada Defeated" = "Spanish Armada Defeated";  /* **** */
"English ships and storms defeat a powerful Spanish naval force sent to invade England." = "English ships and storms defeat a powerful Spanish naval force sent to invade England.";  /* **** */

"Edict of Nantes" = "Edict of Nantes";  /* **** */
"Edict granting religious toleration and civil rights to French Huguenots." = "Edict granting religious toleration and civil rights to French Huguenots.";  /* **** */

"Gunpowder Plot" = "Gunpowder Plot";  /* **** */
"Failed attempt by English Catholic conspirators to assassinate James I by explosive." = "Failed attempt by English Catholic conspirators to assassinate James I by explosive.";  /* **** */

"Synod of Dort" = "Synod of Dort";  /* **** */
"Synod of Dordrecht" = "Synod of Dordrecht";  /* **** */
"Synod of Dutch Reformed Churches which clarified Calvinist doctrines in response to the five points of Remonstrance, giving rise to the five points of Calvinism." = "Synod of Dutch Reformed Churches which clarified Calvinist doctrines in response to the five points of Remonstrance, giving rise to the five points of Calvinism.";  /* **** */

"Thirty Years’ War" = "Thirty Years’ War";  /* **** */
"A devastating religious war between Catholics and Protestants in central Europe which eventually involved most major European powers." = "A devastating religious war between Catholics and Protestants in central Europe which eventually involved most major European powers.";  /* **** */

"English Civil Wars" = "English Civil Wars";  /* **** */
"A series of conflicts between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces which resulted in the execution of Charles I and the exile of Charles II." = "A series of conflicts between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces which resulted in the execution of Charles I and the exile of Charles II.";  /* **** */

"Peace of Westphalia" = "Peace of Westphalia";  /* **** */
"A series of peace treaties which ended the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War." = "A series of peace treaties which ended the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War.";  /* **** */

"Commonwealth of England" = "Commonwealth of England";  /* **** */
"English is briefly ruled as a republic." = "English is briefly ruled as a republic.";  /* **** */

"Jews Return to England" = "Jews Return to England";  /* **** */
"Under Oliver Cromwell, Jews are informally permitted to return to England and practice their religion openly." = "Under Oliver Cromwell, Jews are informally permitted to return to England and practice their religion openly.";  /* **** */

"Great Plague of London" = "Great Plague of London";  /* **** */
"Last major outbreak of bubonic plague in England." = "Last major outbreak of bubonic plague in England.";  /* **** */

"Great Fire of London" = "Great Fire of London";  /* **** */
"A devastating fire starts in a bakery and consumes most of London." = "A devastating fire starts in a bakery and consumes most of London.";  /* **** */

"Edict of Fontainebleau" = "Edict of Fontainebleau";  /* **** */
"Edict of Louis XIV which revoked the Edict of Nantes and ordered the closing of Protestant churches." = "Edict of Louis XIV which revoked the Edict of Nantes and ordered the closing of Protestant churches.";  /* **** */

"Glorious Revolution" = "Glorious Revolution";  /* **** */
"Protestants William & Mary overthrow the Catholic James II in a relatively bloodless coup." = "Protestants William & Mary overthrow the Catholic James II in a relatively bloodless coup.";  /* **** */

"War of Spanish Succession" = "War of Spanish Succession";  /* **** */
"War for the Spanish throne between the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs." = "War for the Spanish throne between the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs.";  /* **** */

"French Revolution" = "French Revolution";  /* **** */
"French revolutionary forces overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic which becomes increasingly repressive." = "French revolutionary forces overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic which becomes increasingly repressive.";  /* **** */

"War of Spanish Independence" = "War of Spanish Independence";  /* **** */
"Peninsular War" = "Peninsular War";  /* **** */
"Unwilling to accept Napoleonic rule, the Spanish fight a guerrilla war for independence." = "Unwilling to accept Napoleonic rule, the Spanish fight a guerrilla war for independence.";  /* **** */

"World War I" = "World War I";  /* **** */
"Great War" = "Great War";  /* **** */
"Global war resulting from a series of entangling alliances." = "Global war resulting from a series of entangling alliances.";  /* **** */

"World War II" = "World War II";  /* **** */
"Global war fought between the Allied Forces and the Axis Powers." = "Global war fought between the Allied Forces and the Axis Powers.";  /* **** */

"Holocaust" = "Holocaust";  /* **** */
"Shoah" = "Shoah";  /* **** */
"Extended campaign of Jewish genocide conducted throughout Nazi-occupied Europe." = "Extended campaign of Jewish genocide conducted throughout Nazi-occupied Europe.";  /* **** */



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Political */

"Celtic Tribes" = "Celtic Tribes";  /* **** */
"Celtic tribes gradually become the dominant population of the British Isles." = "Celtic tribes gradually become the dominant population of the British Isles.";  /* **** */

"Celtic tribes comprise the dominant population of pre-Roman Gaul (France)." = "Celtic tribes comprise the dominant population of pre-Roman Gaul (France).";  /* **** */

"Iberian & Celtic Tribes" = "Iberian & Celtic Tribes";  /* **** */
"Iberian, Celtic and other tribes inhabit various portions of the Iberian peninsula." = "Iberian, Celtic and other tribes inhabit various portions of the Iberian peninsula.";  /* **** */

"Germanic Tribes" = "Germanic Tribes";  /* **** */
"Germany inhabited by various tribal groups." = "Germany inhabited by various tribal groups.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Gaul)" = "Roman Empire (Gaul)";  /* **** */
"Gaul (France) under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Gaul (France) under the control of the Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Spain)" = "Roman Empire (Spain)";  /* **** */
"Spain under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Spain under the control of the Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Britain)" = "Roman Empire (Britain)";  /* **** */
"Southern Britain under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Southern Britain under the control of the Roman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Anglo-Saxon Migrations" = "Anglo-Saxon Migrations";  /* **** */
"Germanic Angles and Saxons begin mass migrations to Britain." = "Germanic Angles and Saxons begin mass migrations to Britain.";  /* **** */

"Merovingian Dynasty" = "Merovingian Dynasty";  /* **** */
"Kingdom of the Franks ruled by the Merovingian dynasty." = "Kingdom of the Franks ruled by the Merovingian dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Visigoth Kingdom (Spain)" = "Visigoth Kingdom (Spain)";  /* **** */
"Spain under the control of the Visigoths." = "Spain under the control of the Visigoths.";  /* **** */

"Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms" = "Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxons form a series of small kingdoms in England." = "Anglo-Saxons form a series of small kingdoms in England.";  /* **** */

"Muslim Rule & Reconquista" = "Muslim Rule & Reconquista";  /* **** */
"Muslims dominate much of Spain for centuries before Christian reconquest is achieved." = "Muslims dominate much of Spain for centuries before Christian reconquest is achieved.";  /* **** */

"Carolingian Empire" = "Carolingian Empire";  /* **** */
"Carolingian Franks control much of western Europe." = "Carolingian Franks control much of western Europe.";  /* **** */

"Carolingian Empire (Germany)" = "Carolingian Empire (Germany)";  /* **** */
"Germany under the control of the Carolingian Franks." = "Germany under the control of the Carolingian Franks.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of England" = "Kingdom of England";  /* **** */
"England becomes a unified kingdom." = "England becomes a unified kingdom.";  /* **** */

"East Francia" = "East Francia";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Carolingian Empire, Germany becomes part of East Francia." = "After the division of the Carolingian Empire, Germany becomes part of East Francia.";  /* **** */

"West Francia" = "West Francia";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Carolingian Empire, France becomes part of West Francia." = "After the division of the Carolingian Empire, France becomes part of West Francia.";  /* **** */

"Holy Roman Empire (Germany)" = "Holy Roman Empire (Germany)";  /* **** */
"A feudal monarchy centered in Germany controls much of central Europe." = "A feudal monarchy centered in Germany controls much of central Europe.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of France" = "Kingdom of France";  /* **** */
"France continues as a feudal monarchy." = "France continues as a feudal monarchy.";  /* **** */

"Habsburg Spain" = "Habsburg Spain";  /* **** */
"A united kingdom of Spain is ruled by the Habsburg dynasty." = "A united kingdom of Spain is ruled by the Habsburg dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Bourbon Spain" = "Bourbon Spain";  /* **** */
"Spain is ruled by the Bourbon dynasty." = "Spain is ruled by the Bourbon dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Great Britain" = "Great Britain";  /* **** */
"The kingdoms of England and Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain." = "The kingdoms of England and Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.";  /* **** */

"Modern France" = "Modern France";  /* **** */
"The modern nation of France after the French Revolution." = "The modern nation of France after the French Revolution.";  /* **** */

"United Kingdom" = "United Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Ireland joins Great Britain to form the United Kingdom. The Irish Free State later secedes." = "Ireland joins Great Britain to form the United Kingdom. The Irish Free State later secedes.";  /* **** */

"Modern Spain" = "Modern Spain";  /* **** */
"Modern Spain from the War of Spanish Independence to the present day." = "Modern Spain from the War of Spanish Independence to the present day.";  /* **** */

"German Confederation" = "German Confederation";  /* **** */
"A confederation of German states established by the Congress of Vienna." = "A confederation of German states established by the Congress of Vienna.";  /* **** */

"Modern Germany" = "Modern Germany";  /* **** */
"Germany remains a unified nation state from the creation of the German Empire to the present day." = "Germany remains a unified nation state from the creation of the German Empire to the present day.";  /* **** */



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Religious Leaders */

"Augustine of Canterbury" = "Augustine of Canterbury";  /* **** */
"First archbishop of Canterbury, sent as a missionary to England by Pope Gregory I." = "First archbishop of Canterbury, sent as a missionary to England by Pope Gregory I.";  /* **** */

"Laurence" = "Laurence";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who reconverted King Eadbald of Kent from paganism." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who reconverted King Eadbald of Kent from paganism.";  /* **** */

"Mellitus" = "Mellitus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury. Previously bishop of London." = "Archbishop of Canterbury. Previously bishop of London.";  /* **** */

"Justus" = "Justus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Paulinus as missionary to Northumbria." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Paulinus as missionary to Northumbria.";  /* **** */

"Archbishop of Canterbury who was the last of the missionaries sent by Pope Gregory I." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who was the last of the missionaries sent by Pope Gregory I.";  /* **** */

"First Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury." = "First Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury.";  /* **** */

"Theodore of Tarsus" = "Theodore of Tarsus";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who reformed the English church and founded a school at Canterbury." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who reformed the English church and founded a school at Canterbury.";  /* **** */

"Berhtuald" = "Berhtuald";  /* **** */
"Behrtwald" = "Behrtwald";  /* **** */
"Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury who secured the church’s exemption from taxation." = "Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury who secured the church’s exemption from taxation.";  /* **** */

"Taetwine" = "Taetwine";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who produced a book of riddles and a Latin grammar." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who produced a book of riddles and a Latin grammar.";  /* **** */

"Nothelm" = "Nothelm";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who corresponded with the Venerable Bede." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who corresponded with the Venerable Bede.";  /* **** */

"Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Anglo-Saxon missionaries abroad." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Anglo-Saxon missionaries abroad.";  /* **** */

"Bregowine" = "Bregowine";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury." = "Archbishop of Canterbury.";  /* **** */

"Jaenberht" = "Jaenberht";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the king of Mercia." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the king of Mercia.";  /* **** */

"Aethelheard" = "Aethelheard";  /* **** */

"Wulfred" = "Wulfred";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the kings of Mercia over control of monasteries." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the kings of Mercia over control of monasteries.";  /* **** */

"Feologild" = "Feologild";  /* **** */

"Ceolnoth" = "Ceolnoth";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who dealt with Viking raids and the rising power of Wessex." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who dealt with Viking raids and the rising power of Wessex.";  /* **** */

"Aethelred" = "Aethelred";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury" = "Archbishop of Canterbury";  /* **** */

"Plegemund" = "Plegemund";  /* **** */

"Aethelm" = "Aethelm";  /* **** */

"Wulfelm" = "Wulfelm";  /* **** */

"Odo" = "Odo";  /* **** */

"Aelsine" = "Aelsine";  /* **** */

"Dunstan" = "Dunstan";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who helped revive monastic life in England. Famous for legends in which he outwitted the devil." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who helped revive monastic life in England. Famous for legends in which he outwitted the devil.";  /* **** */

"Aethelgar" = "Aethelgar";  /* **** */

"Sigeric" = "Sigeric";  /* **** */

"Aefric" = "Aefric";  /* **** */

"Alphege" = "Alphege";  /* **** */

"Lyfing" = "Lyfing";  /* **** */

"Aethelnoth" = "Aethelnoth";  /* **** */

"Eadsige" = "Eadsige";  /* **** */

"Robert of Jumièges" = "Robert of Jumièges";  /* **** */

"Stigand" = "Stigand";  /* **** */

"Italian monk in Normandy who became Archbishop of Canterbury after the Norman invasion." = "Italian monk in Normandy who became Archbishop of Canterbury after the Norman invasion.";  /* **** */

"Anselm" = "Anselm";  /* **** */

"Ralph de Turbine" = "Ralph de Turbine";  /* **** */

"William de Corbeuil" = "William de Corbeuil";  /* **** */

"Theobald" = "Theobald";  /* **** */

"Thomas Becket" = "Thomas Becket";  /* **** */
"Thomas à Becket" = "Thomas à Becket";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by agents of Henry II." = "Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by agents of Henry II.";  /* **** */

"Richard" = "Richard";  /* **** */

"Baldwin" = "Baldwin";  /* **** */

"Reginald Fitz-Jocelin" = "Reginald Fitz-Jocelin";  /* **** */

"Hubert Walter" = "Hubert Walter";  /* **** */

"Stephen Langton" = "Stephen Langton";  /* **** */

"Richard Wethershed" = "Richard Wethershed";  /* **** */

"Edmund Rich (de Abbendon)" = "Edmund Rich (de Abbendon)";  /* **** */

"Boniface of Savoy" = "Boniface of Savoy";  /* **** */

"Robert Kilwardby" = "Robert Kilwardby";  /* **** */

"John Peckham" = "John Peckham";  /* **** */

"Robert Winchelsea" = "Robert Winchelsea";  /* **** */

"Clement V" = "Clement V";  /* **** */
"Pope who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon and disbanded the Knights Templar." = "Pope who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon and disbanded the Knights Templar.";  /* **** */

"Walter Reynolds" = "Walter Reynolds";  /* **** */

"John XXII" = "John XXII";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon who opposed Franciscan teaching on Christ’s poverty." = "Pope in Avignon who opposed Franciscan teaching on Christ’s poverty.";  /* **** */

"Simon de Meopham" = "Simon de Meopham";  /* **** */

"John Stratford" = "John Stratford";  /* **** */

"Benedict XII" = "Benedict XII";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon who attempted monastic reforms." = "Pope in Avignon who attempted monastic reforms.";  /* **** */

"Clement VI" = "Clement VI";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon during the first outbreak of the Black Death." = "Pope in Avignon during the first outbreak of the Black Death.";  /* **** */

"John de Ufford" = "John de Ufford";  /* **** */

"Simon Islip" = "Simon Islip";  /* **** */

"Thomas Bradwardin" = "Thomas Bradwardin";  /* **** */

"Innocent VI" = "Innocent VI";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon." = "Pope in Avignon.";  /* **** */

"Urban V" = "Urban V";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon who instituted clerical reforms and promoted education." = "Pope in Avignon who instituted clerical reforms and promoted education.";  /* **** */

"Simon Langham" = "Simon Langham";  /* **** */

"William Wittlesey" = "William Wittlesey";  /* **** */

"Gregory XI" = "Gregory XI";  /* **** */
"Pope in Avignon who moved the papacy back to Rome." = "Pope in Avignon who moved the papacy back to Rome.";  /* **** */

"Simon Sudbury" = "Simon Sudbury";  /* **** */

"Robert of Geneva" = "Robert of Geneva";  /* **** */
"Clement VII" = "Clement VII";  /* **** */
"Antipope in Avignon elected in opposition to Urban VI." = "Antipope in Avignon elected in opposition to Urban VI.";  /* **** */

"William Courtenay" = "William Courtenay";  /* **** */

"Pedro de Luna" = "Pedro de Luna";  /* **** */
"Benedict XIII" = "Benedict XIII";  /* **** */
"Second antipope in Avignon during the Western Schism, deposed at the Council of Constance." = "Second antipope in Avignon during the Western Schism, deposed at the Council of Constance.";  /* **** */

"Thomas Arundel" = "Thomas Arundel";  /* **** */
"Archbishop of Canterbury who helped depose Richard II and who vehemently opposed the Lollards." = "Archbishop of Canterbury who helped depose Richard II and who vehemently opposed the Lollards.";  /* **** */

"Henry Chicheley" = "Henry Chicheley";  /* **** */

"Gil Sanchez Muñoz" = "Gil Sanchez Muñoz";  /* **** */
"Clement VIII" = "Clement VIII";  /* **** */
"Antipope of the Avignon line who resigned in submission to Pope Martin V." = "Antipope of the Avignon line who resigned in submission to Pope Martin V.";  /* **** */

"Amadeus of Savoy" = "Amadeus of Savoy";  /* **** */
"Felix V" = "Felix V";  /* **** */
"Antipope elected by the council of Basil in opposition to Eugene IV." = "Antipope elected by the council of Basil in opposition to Eugene IV.";  /* **** */

"John Stafford" = "John Stafford";  /* **** */

"John Kemp" = "John Kemp";  /* **** */

"Thomas Bourchier" = "Thomas Bourchier";  /* **** */

"John Morton" = "John Morton";  /* **** */

"Henry Deane" = "Henry Deane";  /* **** */

"William Warham" = "William Warham";  /* **** */

"Thomas Cranmer" = "Thomas Cranmer";  /* **** */

"Reginald Pole" = "Reginald Pole";  /* **** */

"Matthew Parker" = "Matthew Parker";  /* **** */

"Edmund Grindal" = "Edmund Grindal";  /* **** */

"John Whitgift" = "John Whitgift";  /* **** */

"Richard Bancroft" = "Richard Bancroft";  /* **** */

"George Abbot" = "George Abbot";  /* **** */

"William Laud" = "William Laud";  /* **** */

"William Juxon" = "William Juxon";  /* **** */

"Gilbert Sheldon" = "Gilbert Sheldon";  /* **** */

"William Sancroft" = "William Sancroft";  /* **** */

"John Tillotson" = "John Tillotson";  /* **** */

"Thomas Tenison" = "Thomas Tenison";  /* **** */

"William Wake" = "William Wake";  /* **** */

"John Potter" = "John Potter";  /* **** */

"Thomas Herring" = "Thomas Herring";  /* **** */

"Matthew Hutton" = "Matthew Hutton";  /* **** */

"Thomas Ecker" = "Thomas Ecker";  /* **** */

"Frederick Cornwallis" = "Frederick Cornwallis";  /* **** */

"John Moore" = "John Moore";  /* **** */

"Charles Manners-Sutton" = "Charles Manners-Sutton";  /* **** */

"William Howley" = "William Howley";  /* **** */

"John Bird Sumner" = "John Bird Sumner";  /* **** */

"Charles Thomas Longley" = "Charles Thomas Longley";  /* **** */

"Archibald Campbell Tait" = "Archibald Campbell Tait";  /* **** */

"Edward White Benson" = "Edward White Benson";  /* **** */

"Frederick Temple" = "Frederick Temple";  /* **** */

"Randall Davidson" = "Randall Davidson";  /* **** */

"Cosmo Gordon Lang" = "Cosmo Gordon Lang";  /* **** */

"William Temple" = "William Temple";  /* **** */

"Geoffrey Francis Fisher" = "Geoffrey Francis Fisher";  /* **** */

"Arthur Michael Ramsey" = "Arthur Michael Ramsey";  /* **** */

"Frederick Donald Coggan" = "Frederick Donald Coggan";  /* **** */

"Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie" = "Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie";  /* **** */

"George Leonard Carey" = "George Leonard Carey";  /* **** */

"Rowan Douglas Williams" = "Rowan Douglas Williams";  /* **** */

"Justin Welby" = "Justin Welby";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* EASTERN EUROPE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* EASTERN EUROPE - Rulers */

"Attila the Hun" = "Attila the Hun";  /* **** */
"Ruthless leader of the Huns nicknamed the “Scourge of God.”" = "Ruthless leader of the Huns nicknamed the “Scourge of God.”";  /* **** */

"Krum" = "Krum";  /* **** */
"Bulgarian chieftain who defeated the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I and used his skull as a drinking cup." = "Bulgarian chieftain who defeated the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I and used his skull as a drinking cup.";  /* **** */

"Simeon I" = "Simeon I";  /* **** */
"Bulgarian ruler who expanded the Bulgarian empire to its greatest extent " = "Bulgarian ruler who expanded the Bulgarian empire to its greatest extent ";  /* **** */

"Olga of Kiev" = "Olga of Kiev";  /* **** */
"Regent of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity to become the first Christian ruler of Russia." = "Regent of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity to become the first Christian ruler of Russia.";  /* **** */

"Mieszko I" = "Mieszko I";  /* **** */
"Founder of the Piast dynasty of Polish kings." = "Founder of the Piast dynasty of Polish kings.";  /* **** */

"Vladimir of Kiev" = "Vladimir of Kiev";  /* **** */
"Prince of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity and Christianized Russia." = "Prince of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity and Christianized Russia.";  /* **** */

"Casimir III the Great" = "Casimir III the Great";  /* **** */
"King of Poland who expanded his kingdom and protected Jews from persecution." = "King of Poland who expanded his kingdom and protected Jews from persecution.";  /* **** */

"Ivan the Great" = "Ivan the Great";  /* **** */
"Ivan III" = "Ivan III";  /* **** */
"Grand Prince of Moscow who aggressively expanded the Russian state and threw off the Mongol yoke." = "Grand Prince of Moscow who aggressively expanded the Russian state and threw off the Mongol yoke.";  /* **** */

"Ivan the Terrible" = "Ivan the Terrible";  /* **** */
"Ivan IV" = "Ivan IV";  /* **** */
"Ruthless Grand Prince of Moscow who centralized power and declared himself Russian Czar." = "Ruthless Grand Prince of Moscow who centralized power and declared himself Russian Czar.";  /* **** */

"Michael I" = "Michael I";  /* **** */
"First czar of the Romanov dynasty." = "First czar of the Romanov dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Peter the Great" = "Peter the Great";  /* **** */
"Peter I" = "Peter I";  /* **** */
"First emperor of Russia who expanded its territory and introduced modernizing reforms." = "First emperor of Russia who expanded its territory and introduced modernizing reforms.";  /* **** */

"Catherine the Great" = "Catherine the Great";  /* **** */
"Catherine II" = "Catherine II";  /* **** */
"Empress of Russia who deposed her husband and forged Russia into a major European power." = "Empress of Russia who deposed her husband and forged Russia into a major European power.";  /* **** */

"Last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate and later executed with his family." = "Last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate and later executed with his family.";  /* **** */

"Vladimir Lenin" = "Vladimir Lenin";  /* **** */
"Communist revolutionary and first head of the Soviet Union." = "Communist revolutionary and first head of the Soviet Union.";  /* **** */

"Joseph Stalin" = "Joseph Stalin";  /* **** */
"Communist dictator who led the Soviet Union through World War II and its post-war emergence as a superpower." = "Communist dictator who led the Soviet Union through World War II and its post-war emergence as a superpower.";  /* **** */

"Nikita Khrushchev" = "Nikita Khrushchev";  /* **** */
"Soviet premier deposed in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis." = "Soviet premier deposed in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis.";  /* **** */

"Leonid Brezhnev" = "Leonid Brezhnev";  /* **** */
"Soviet premier who increased Russia’s military strength but saw increasing economic stagnation." = "Soviet premier who increased Russia’s military strength but saw increasing economic stagnation.";  /* **** */

"Mikhail Gorbachev" = "Mikhail Gorbachev";  /* **** */
"Last premier of the Soviet Union." = "Last premier of the Soviet Union.";  /* **** */

"Boris Yeltsin" = "Boris Yeltsin";  /* **** */
"First president of the Russian Federation." = "First president of the Russian Federation.";  /* **** */

"Vladimir Putin" = "Vladimir Putin";  /* **** */
"Long-standing leader of the Russian Federation." = "Long-standing leader of the Russian Federation.";  /* **** */



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Individuals */

"Ulfilas" = "Ulfilas";  /* **** */
"Ulphilas" = "Ulphilas";  /* **** */
"Arian Christian missionary to the Gauls who invented the Gaulic alphabet and oversaw a Gaulic translation of the Scriptures." = "Arian Christian missionary to the Gauls who invented the Gaulic alphabet and oversaw a Gaulic translation of the Scriptures.";  /* **** */

"Methodius" = "Methodius";  /* **** */
"Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Cyril. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible." = "Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Cyril. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Cyril" = "Cyril";  /* **** */
"Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Methodius. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible." = "Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Methodius. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible.";  /* **** */

"Stanislaus" = "Stanislaus";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Krakow murdered by king Boleslaw II during Mass." = "Bishop of Krakow murdered by king Boleslaw II during Mass.";  /* **** */

"Hyacinth" = "Hyacinth";  /* **** */
"Polish Dominican friar and missionary in northern Europe." = "Polish Dominican friar and missionary in northern Europe.";  /* **** */

"Vlad III Dracula" = "Vlad III Dracula";  /* **** */
"Walllachian prince infamous for impaling his enemies and celebrated for his resistance to the Ottomans." = "Walllachian prince infamous for impaling his enemies and celebrated for his resistance to the Ottomans.";  /* **** */

"Copernicus" = "Copernicus";  /* **** */
"Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric understanding of the universe." = "Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric understanding of the universe.";  /* **** */

"Baal Shem Tov" = "Baal Shem Tov";  /* **** */
"Israel ben Eliezer" = "Israel ben Eliezer";  /* **** */
"Jewish rabbi and mystic from Poland who founded Hasidic Judaism." = "Jewish rabbi and mystic from Poland who founded Hasidic Judaism.";  /* **** */

"Chopin" = "Chopin";  /* **** */
"Polish Romantic composer and pianist." = "Polish Romantic composer and pianist.";  /* **** */



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Events */

"Council of Sardica" = "Council of Sardica";  /* **** */
"Council of western bishops which acquitted Athanasius." = "Council of western bishops which acquitted Athanasius.";  /* **** */

"3rd Council of Sirmium" = "3rd Council of Sirmium";  /* **** */
"Council of eastern bishops which published an Arian confession." = "Council of eastern bishops which published an Arian confession.";  /* **** */

"Influx of Visigoths" = "Influx of Visigoths";  /* **** */
"Fleeing the Huns, an influx of Visigoths enter Roman territory." = "Fleeing the Huns, an influx of Visigoths enter Roman territory.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Adrianople" = "Battle of Adrianople";  /* **** */
"Goths rout the Romans, inaugurating the decline of the western Roman empire." = "Goths rout the Romans, inaugurating the decline of the western Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Lombards defeat Gepids" = "Lombards defeat Gepids";  /* **** */
"At the battle of Asfeld, Lombard forces defeat the Gepids." = "At the battle of Asfeld, Lombard forces defeat the Gepids.";  /* **** */

"Avars defeat Gepids" = "Avars defeat Gepids";  /* **** */
"Avars allied with the Lombards defeat the Gepids and take control of their territory." = "Avars allied with the Lombards defeat the Gepids and take control of their territory.";  /* **** */

"Slavic Kingdom of Samo" = "Slavic Kingdom of Samo";  /* **** */
"Samo forges a tribal union of Western Slavs." = "Samo forges a tribal union of Western Slavs.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Pliska" = "Battle of Pliska";  /* **** */
"Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines and kill emperor Nikephoros I." = "Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines and kill emperor Nikephoros I.";  /* **** */

"Mieszko I Baptized" = "Mieszko I Baptized";  /* **** */
"Mieszko I is baptized as a Christian after his marriage to a Christian princess of Bohemia." = "Mieszko I is baptized as a Christian after his marriage to a Christian princess of Bohemia.";  /* **** */

"Rus defeat Bulgarians" = "Rus defeat Bulgarians";  /* **** */
"Incited by the Byzantines, the Kievan Rus conquer Bulgarian territory north of the Danube." = "Incited by the Byzantines, the Kievan Rus conquer Bulgarian territory north of the Danube.";  /* **** */

"Conversion of Vladimir" = "Conversion of Vladimir";  /* **** */
"Vladimir of Kiev converts to Orthodox Christianity, marries a Byzantine princess, and begins to Christianize Russia." = "Vladimir of Kiev converts to Orthodox Christianity, marries a Byzantine princess, and begins to Christianize Russia.";  /* **** */

"People’s Crusade in Hungary" = "People’s Crusade in Hungary";  /* **** */
"The People’s Crusade incites conflict while passing through Hungary." = "The People’s Crusade incites conflict while passing through Hungary.";  /* **** */

"Autocephaly of Russian Church" = "Autocephaly of Russian Church";  /* **** */
"Election of Jonah of Moscow results in Russian Orthodox Church becoming effectively autocephalous, independent of higher authority." = "Election of Jonah of Moscow results in Russian Orthodox Church becoming effectively autocephalous, independent of higher authority.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Mohács" = "Battle of Mohács";  /* **** */
"The forces of Suleiman I decisively defeat the Kingdom of Hungary." = "The forces of Suleiman I decisively defeat the Kingdom of Hungary.";  /* **** */

"Russian Patriarchate Founded" = "Russian Patriarchate Founded";  /* **** */
"Job of Moscow becomes Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church." = "Job of Moscow becomes Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.";  /* **** */

"Old Believers Schism" = "Old Believers Schism";  /* **** */
"Raskol" = "Raskol";  /* **** */
"Adherents to traditional Russian Orthodoxy break with the church over the reforms of Nikon." = "Adherents to traditional Russian Orthodoxy break with the church over the reforms of Nikon.";  /* **** */

"Holy Synod Established" = "Holy Synod Established";  /* **** */
"After blocking the election of a new Patriarch for nearly two decades, Peter the Great establishes the Holy Synod as the governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church." = "After blocking the election of a new Patriarch for nearly two decades, Peter the Great establishes the Holy Synod as the governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church.";  /* **** */

"Hasidic Judaism Begins" = "Hasidic Judaism Begins";  /* **** */
"Orthodox Jewish revivalist movement develops among the disciples of Baal Shem Tov." = "Orthodox Jewish revivalist movement develops among the disciples of Baal Shem Tov.";  /* **** */

"First Balkan War" = "First Balkan War";  /* **** */
"An alliance of Balkan states wins independence from the Ottoman empire." = "An alliance of Balkan states wins independence from the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"Second Balkan War" = "Second Balkan War";  /* **** */
"Territorial dispute between Bulgaria and its Balkan allies. Bulgaria is defeated and loses territory." = "Territorial dispute between Bulgaria and its Balkan allies. Bulgaria is defeated and loses territory.";  /* **** */

"Russian Patriarchate Restored" = "Russian Patriarchate Restored";  /* **** */
"The Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church is restored by a council of Russian ecclesiastics." = "The Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church is restored by a council of Russian ecclesiastics.";  /* **** */



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Political */

"Scythians" = "Scythians";  /* **** */
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare dominate the Eastern European steppe." = "Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare dominate the Eastern European steppe.";  /* **** */

"Germanic Tribes (Poland)" = "Germanic Tribes (Poland)";  /* **** */
"North Central European plain inhabited by various Germanic tribal groups." = "North Central European plain inhabited by various Germanic tribal groups.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Balkans)" = "Persian Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"The Balkans under the control of the Persian empire." = "The Balkans under the control of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Thracian Kingdoms" = "Thracian Kingdoms";  /* **** */
"A series of Thracian tribal coalitions and kingdoms control much of the Balkans." = "A series of Thracian tribal coalitions and kingdoms control much of the Balkans.";  /* **** */

"Greek Empire (Balkans)" = "Greek Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"Alexander the Great seizes control over the Balkans." = "Alexander the Great seizes control over the Balkans.";  /* **** */

"Hellenistic Period (Balkans)" = "Hellenistic Period (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"Balkan tribes are directly ruled, or highly influenced by, the Hellenistic kingdoms to the south." = "Balkan tribes are directly ruled, or highly influenced by, the Hellenistic kingdoms to the south.";  /* **** */

"Sarmatians" = "Sarmatians";  /* **** */
"Nomadic people of Iranian origin come to dominate the territory of the Scythians." = "Nomadic people of Iranian origin come to dominate the territory of the Scythians.";  /* **** */

"Dacian Kingdoms" = "Dacian Kingdoms";  /* **** */
"A series of Dacian tribal coalitions and kingdoms resist Roman expansion north of the Danube." = "A series of Dacian tribal coalitions and kingdoms resist Roman expansion north of the Danube.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Balkans)" = "Roman Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"Thrace is a client kingdom, then province, of the Roman empire." = "Thrace is a client kingdom, then province, of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Dacia)" = "Roman Empire (Dacia)";  /* **** */
"Dacia under the control of the Roman empire." = "Dacia under the control of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Goths" = "Goths";  /* **** */
"Germanic Gothic tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea." = "Germanic Gothic tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea.";  /* **** */

"Goths (Dacia)" = "Goths (Dacia)";  /* **** */
"Germanic Gothic tribes gradually become the dominant peoples of the Danubian plain." = "Germanic Gothic tribes gradually become the dominant peoples of the Danubian plain.";  /* **** */

"Hunnic Empire (Poland)" = "Hunnic Empire (Poland)";  /* **** */

"Huns" = "Huns";  /* **** */
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare invade Europe from Asia, displacing Germanic tribes." = "Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare invade Europe from Asia, displacing Germanic tribes.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Balkans)" = "Byzantine Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Thrace remains a Byzantine province." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Thrace remains a Byzantine province.";  /* **** */

"Hunnic Empire (Hungary)" = "Hunnic Empire (Hungary)";  /* **** */
"The Huns rule a European empire from their base in the Great Hungarian Plain." = "The Huns rule a European empire from their base in the Great Hungarian Plain.";  /* **** */

"Hunnic Empire (Balkans)" = "Hunnic Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"Huns overrun the Balkans, exacting heavy tribute from the Eastern Roman empire." = "Huns overrun the Balkans, exacting heavy tribute from the Eastern Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"After the withdrawal of the Huns, Thrace remains a Byzantine province with a growing population of Slavic peoples." = "After the withdrawal of the Huns, Thrace remains a Byzantine province with a growing population of Slavic peoples.";  /* **** */

"Gepid Kingdom" = "Gepid Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Gepid tribes defeat the Huns and establish an independent kingdom." = "Gepid tribes defeat the Huns and establish an independent kingdom.";  /* **** */

"Slavic Tribes" = "Slavic Tribes";  /* **** */
"Eastern Slavic peoples inhabit the Eastern European steppe." = "Eastern Slavic peoples inhabit the Eastern European steppe.";  /* **** */

"Slavic Tribes (Poland)" = "Slavic Tribes (Poland)";  /* **** */
"Western Slavic peoples establish permanent settlements in the North Central European plain." = "Western Slavic peoples establish permanent settlements in the North Central European plain.";  /* **** */

"Avars" = "Avars";  /* **** */
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare occupy the Eastern European steppe." = "Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare occupy the Eastern European steppe.";  /* **** */

"Avar Khaganate" = "Avar Khaganate";  /* **** */
"Nomadic Avars control the ethnically mixed populations north of the Danube." = "Nomadic Avars control the ethnically mixed populations north of the Danube.";  /* **** */

"Bulgars" = "Bulgars";  /* **** */
"Bulgar tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea." = "Bulgar tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea.";  /* **** */

"Khazars" = "Khazars";  /* **** */
"Semi-nomadic Turkic people control large portions of the Eastern European steppe." = "Semi-nomadic Turkic people control large portions of the Eastern European steppe.";  /* **** */

"Bulgarian Empire" = "Bulgarian Empire";  /* **** */
"Driven west by the Khazars, Bulgars become the dominant force north of the Danube." = "Driven west by the Khazars, Bulgars become the dominant force north of the Danube.";  /* **** */

"Kievan Rus" = "Kievan Rus";  /* **** */
"A federation of Scandinavian and East Slavic peoples controls most of the Eastern European steppe." = "A federation of Scandinavian and East Slavic peoples controls most of the Eastern European steppe.";  /* **** */

"Kingdom of Poland" = "Kingdom of Poland";  /* **** */
"The Lechitic Slavic peoples form a united kingdom of Poland." = "The Lechitic Slavic peoples form a united kingdom of Poland.";  /* **** */

"Hungary" = "Hungary";  /* **** */
"Magyars who settled the Carpathian basin establish the Kingdom of Hungary." = "Magyars who settled the Carpathian basin establish the Kingdom of Hungary.";  /* **** */

"Mongol Rule" = "Mongol Rule";  /* **** */
"The Mongols conquer the Eastern European steppe, which remains under the control of the Golden Horde Mongol khanate." = "The Mongols conquer the Eastern European steppe, which remains under the control of the Golden Horde Mongol khanate.";  /* **** */

"Poland–Lithuania" = "Poland–Lithuania";  /* **** */
"Poland and Lithuania are united, first through marriage and later by formal union." = "Poland and Lithuania are united, first through marriage and later by formal union.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Balkans)" = "Ottoman Empire (Balkans)";  /* **** */
"The Ottoman empire conquers the Balkans to surround Constantinople. After its fall, Ottomans control the Balkans for another 500 years." = "The Ottoman empire conquers the Balkans to surround Constantinople. After its fall, Ottomans control the Balkans for another 500 years.";  /* **** */

"Grand Duchy of Moscow" = "Grand Duchy of Moscow";  /* **** */
"Rus principality which grew under Mongol rule and eventually gained independence." = "Rus principality which grew under Mongol rule and eventually gained independence.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Occupation" = "Ottoman Occupation";  /* **** */
"Much of Hungary under the control of the Ottoman Empire." = "Much of Hungary under the control of the Ottoman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Czardom of Russia" = "Czardom of Russia";  /* **** */
"Russian state ruled by monarchs who adopted the title of czar, derived from caesar." = "Russian state ruled by monarchs who adopted the title of czar, derived from caesar.";  /* **** */

"Habsburg Hungary" = "Habsburg Hungary";  /* **** */
"Hungary is controlled by the Habsburgs of Austria." = "Hungary is controlled by the Habsburgs of Austria.";  /* **** */

"Russian Empire" = "Russian Empire";  /* **** */
"Czarist Russia becomes one of the largest empires in history." = "Czarist Russia becomes one of the largest empires in history.";  /* **** */

"Foreign Occupation" = "Foreign Occupation";  /* **** */
"Polish territory is partitioned between European empires." = "Polish territory is partitioned between European empires.";  /* **** */

"Austria-Hungary" = "Austria-Hungary";  /* **** */
"Hungary forms half of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary." = "Hungary forms half of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.";  /* **** */

"2nd Polish Republic" = "2nd Polish Republic";  /* **** */
"Between the two World Wars, Poland becomes an independent republic." = "Between the two World Wars, Poland becomes an independent republic.";  /* **** */

"Balkan States" = "Balkan States";  /* **** */
"The Balkan states remain largely independent, though sometimes dominated by the major European powers." = "The Balkan states remain largely independent, though sometimes dominated by the major European powers.";  /* **** */

"Modern Hungary" = "Modern Hungary";  /* **** */
"The nation of Hungary retains its national identity through periods of Nazi and Communist domination." = "The nation of Hungary retains its national identity through periods of Nazi and Communist domination.";  /* **** */

"Soviet Union" = "Soviet Union";  /* **** */
"One party communist state which emerged from World War II as a superpower." = "One party communist state which emerged from World War II as a superpower.";  /* **** */

"Polish People’s Republic" = "Polish People’s Republic";  /* **** */
"Poland is a communist state under the control of the Soviet Union." = "Poland is a communist state under the control of the Soviet Union.";  /* **** */

"3rd Polish Republic" = "3rd Polish Republic";  /* **** */
"Poland abandons communism and enters alliances with Western Europe." = "Poland abandons communism and enters alliances with Western Europe.";  /* **** */

"Russian Federation" = "Russian Federation";  /* **** */
"Post-Soviet Russia is a constitutional republic which has nevertheless been dominated by its president." = "Post-Soviet Russia is a constitutional republic which has nevertheless been dominated by its president.";  /* **** */



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Religious Leaders */

"Jonah of Moscow" = "Jonah of Moscow";  /* **** */
"First metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church to be appointed without consent from Constantinople." = "First metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church to be appointed without consent from Constantinople.";  /* **** */

"Job of Moscow" = "Job of Moscow";  /* **** */
"Metropolitan of Russian Orthodox Church who was elevated to Patriarch." = "Metropolitan of Russian Orthodox Church who was elevated to Patriarch.";  /* **** */

"Nikon of Moscow" = "Nikon of Moscow";  /* **** */
"Patriarch of Moscow whose ecclesiastical reforms led to a schism with the Old Believers." = "Patriarch of Moscow whose ecclesiastical reforms led to a schism with the Old Believers.";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* AFRICA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* AFRICA - Individuals */

"Tertullian" = "Tertulliano";
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and theologian. First to use the term Trinity. Sympathetic toward Montanism." = "Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and theologian. First to use the term Trinity. Sympathetic toward Montanism.";  /* **** */

"Cyprian of Carthage (Life)" = "Cyprian of Carthage (Life)";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Carthage who dealt with the issue of lapsed Christians before dying as a martyr." = "Bishop of Carthage who dealt with the issue of lapsed Christians before dying as a martyr.";  /* **** */

"Lactantius" = "Lactantius";  /* **** */
"North African scholar and Christian apologist who tutored the son of Constantine." = "North African scholar and Christian apologist who tutored the son of Constantine.";  /* **** */

"Augustine of Hippo" = "Augustine of Hippo";  /* **** */
"Bishop of Hippo and profoundly influential theologian." = "Bishop of Hippo and profoundly influential theologian.";  /* **** */

"Robert Moffat" = "Robert Moffat";  /* **** */
"Scottish missionary in Africa and translator who inspired David Livingstone." = "Scottish missionary in Africa and translator who inspired David Livingstone.";  /* **** */

"David Livingstone" = "David Livingstone";  /* **** */
"Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa who worked to end the slave trade." = "Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa who worked to end the slave trade.";  /* **** */

"Andrew Murray" = "Andrew Murray";  /* **** */
"South African Dutch Reformed minister who wrote on prayer and Christian spirituality." = "South African Dutch Reformed minister who wrote on prayer and Christian spirituality.";  /* **** */

"Mary Slessor" = "Mary Slessor";  /* **** */
"Scottish missionary to West Africa." = "Scottish missionary to West Africa.";  /* **** */

"Charles de Foucauld" = "Charles de Foucauld";  /* **** */
"French Catholic monk who engaged in missionary and linguistic work in Algeria." = "French Catholic monk who engaged in missionary and linguistic work in Algeria.";  /* **** */



/* AFRICA - Writings */

"Confessions" = "Confessioni";
"Augustine" = "Agostino";
"Augustine’s account of his early life and Christian conversion." = "Augustine’s account of his early life and Christian conversion.";  /* **** */

"De Trinitate" = "De Trinitate";  /* **** */
"Treatise on the doctrine of the Trinity by Augustine." = "Treatise on the doctrine of the Trinity by Augustine.";  /* **** */

"City of God" = "Città di Dio";
"Apologetic treatise by Augustine contrasting the earthly city with the City of God." = "Apologetic treatise by Augustine contrasting the earthly city with the City of God.";  /* **** */



/* AFRICA - Events */

"Carthage Founded" = "Carthage Founded";  /* **** */

"Council of Hippo" = "Council of Hippo";  /* **** */
"Council of African bishops which affirmed a biblical canon." = "Council of African bishops which affirmed a biblical canon.";  /* **** */

"Jews Expelled from Morocco" = "Jews Expelled from Morocco";  /* **** */
"Almoravid ruler of Morocco expels Jews who refuse to convert to Islam." = "Almoravid ruler of Morocco expels Jews who refuse to convert to Islam.";  /* **** */



/* AFRICA - Political */

"Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa" = "Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa";  /* **** */
"Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nubia to the south of Egypt." = "Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nubia to the south of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Libyan Tribes" = "Libyan Tribes";  /* **** */
"Berber tribes in ancient Libya sometimes clash with Egypt." = "Berber tribes in ancient Libya sometimes clash with Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Cush" = "Cush";  /* **** */
"Ethiopia" = "Ethiopia";  /* **** */
"The kingdom of Cush becomes the most powerful civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa, even conquering Egypt for a time." = "The kingdom of Cush becomes the most powerful civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa, even conquering Egypt for a time.";  /* **** */

"Phoenician Colonies" = "Phoenician Colonies";  /* **** */
"Phoenicians establish trading colonies along the north African coast." = "Phoenicians establish trading colonies along the north African coast.";  /* **** */

"Greek Colonies" = "Greek Colonies";  /* **** */
"Greeks establish colonies on the north African coast west of Egypt." = "Greeks establish colonies on the north African coast west of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Carthaginian Empire" = "Carthaginian Empire";  /* **** */
"Carthage gradually emerges as a maritime empire controlling the western Mediterranean." = "Carthage gradually emerges as a maritime empire controlling the western Mediterranean.";  /* **** */

"Persian Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Persian Empire (Cyrenaica)";  /* **** */
"Cyrenaica becomes a satrapy of the Persian empire." = "Cyrenaica becomes a satrapy of the Persian empire.";  /* **** */

"Ptolemaic Rule (Cyrenaica)" = "Ptolemaic Rule (Cyrenaica)";  /* **** */
"Cyrenaica under the control of the Ptolemies of Egypt." = "Cyrenaica under the control of the Ptolemies of Egypt.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Roman Empire (Cyrenaica)";  /* **** */
"Cyrenaica part of the Roman empire." = "Cyrenaica part of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (N. Africa)" = "Roman Empire (N. Africa)";  /* **** */
"North Africa under the control of the Roman empire." = "North Africa under the control of the Roman empire.";  /* **** */

"Aksum" = "Aksum";  /* **** */
"Axum" = "Axum";  /* **** */
"The Christian kingdom of Aksum reaches its zenith, establishing a maritime empire centered in Ethiopia." = "The Christian kingdom of Aksum reaches its zenith, establishing a maritime empire centered in Ethiopia.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Byzantine Empire (Cyrenaica)";  /* **** */
"After the division of the Roman empire, Cyrenaica becomes part of the eastern (Byzantine) empire." = "After the division of the Roman empire, Cyrenaica becomes part of the eastern (Byzantine) empire.";  /* **** */

"Vandal Kingdom" = "Vandal Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Vandals control the Roman city of Carthage." = "Vandals control the Roman city of Carthage.";  /* **** */

"Byzantine Province (Africa)" = "Byzantine Province (Africa)";  /* **** */
"Carthage and western North Africa under Byzantine control." = "Carthage and western North Africa under Byzantine control.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate (Barqa)" = "Rashidun Caliphate (Barqa)";  /* **** */
"Muslims conquer eastern North Africa, which becomes the province of Barqa." = "Muslims conquer eastern North Africa, which becomes the province of Barqa.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Barqa)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Barqa)";  /* **** */
"Barqa subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Barqa subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)";  /* **** */
"Western North Africa (Ifriqiya) subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Western North Africa (Ifriqiya) subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Idrisid Morocco" = "Idrisid Morocco";  /* **** */
"Morocco becomes an independent Muslim state under the Idrisid dynasty." = "Morocco becomes an independent Muslim state under the Idrisid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Aghlabid Ifriqiya " = "Aghlabid Ifriqiya ";  /* **** */
"Central North Africa ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty, which is nominally subject to the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Central North Africa ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty, which is nominally subject to the Abbasid Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Pre-Colonial Period" = "Pre-Colonial Period";  /* **** */
"Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some regions become Christianized or Islamicized." = "Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some regions become Christianized or Islamicized.";  /* **** */

"Tulunid Control (Libya)" = "Tulunid Control (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Eastern North Africa under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Eastern North Africa under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Ifriqiya)";  /* **** */
"Ismaili Shiites overthrow the Aghlabids to establish a Shiite caliphate." = "Ismaili Shiites overthrow the Aghlabids to establish a Shiite caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Libya)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Libya subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Libya subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Cordoba Caliphate (Morocco)" = "Cordoba Caliphate (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco subject to the Caliphate of Cordoba." = "Morocco subject to the Caliphate of Cordoba.";  /* **** */

"Almoravid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Almoravid Dynasty (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Almoravid dynasty." = "Morocco ruled by the Almoravid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Almohad Caliphate (Morocco)" = "Almohad Caliphate (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Almohad caliphate." = "Morocco ruled by the Almohad caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Almohad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Almohad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)";  /* **** */
"Central North Africa ruled by the Almohad caliphate." = "Central North Africa ruled by the Almohad caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Libya)" = "Ayyubid Sultanate (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Libya under Ayyubid control." = "Libya under Ayyubid control.";  /* **** */

"Hafsid Kingdom (Ifriqiya)" = "Hafsid Kingdom (Ifriqiya)";  /* **** */
"The Hafsid dynasty seizes control of central North Africa from the Almohads." = "The Hafsid dynasty seizes control of central North Africa from the Almohads.";  /* **** */

"Marinid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Marinid Dynasty (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Marinid dynasty." = "Morocco ruled by the Marinid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Mamluk Sultanate (Libya)" = "Mamluk Sultanate (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Libya under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Libya under the control of the Mamluk sultans.";  /* **** */

"Wattasid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Wattasid Dynasty (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Wattasid dynasty." = "Morocco ruled by the Wattasid dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Libya)" = "Ottoman Empire (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Libya is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire." = "Libya is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Saadi Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Saadi Dynasty (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Saadi dynasty." = "Morocco ruled by the Saadi dynasty.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Ifriqiya)" = "Ottoman Empire (Ifriqiya)";  /* **** */
"Algeria is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire." = "Algeria is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire.";  /* **** */

"Alaouite Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Alaouite Dynasty (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco ruled by the Alaouite dynasty." = "Morocco ruled by the Alaouite dynasty.";  /* **** */

"French Rule (Algeria)" = "French Rule (Algeria)";  /* **** */
"Algeria under the control of France." = "Algeria under the control of France.";  /* **** */

"Western Slavery & Colonialism" = "Western Slavery & Colonialism";  /* **** */
"Sub-Saharan Africa is transformed by Western powers, first through the Atlantic slave trade, then through open colonization." = "Sub-Saharan Africa is transformed by Western powers, first through the Atlantic slave trade, then through open colonization.";  /* **** */

"Italian Rule (Libya)" = "Italian Rule (Libya)";  /* **** */
"Libya under the control of Italy." = "Libya under the control of Italy.";  /* **** */

"European Control (Morocco)" = "European Control (Morocco)";  /* **** */
"Morocco briefly a British protectorate, then divided between France and Spain." = "Morocco briefly a British protectorate, then divided between France and Spain.";  /* **** */

"Modern Libya" = "Modern Libya";  /* **** */
"Libya is an independent state." = "Libya is an independent state.";  /* **** */

"Modern Morocco" = "Modern Morocco";  /* **** */
"Morocco is an independent state." = "Morocco is an independent state.";  /* **** */

"Modern Algeria" = "Modern Algeria";  /* **** */
"Algeria is an independent state." = "Algeria is an independent state.";  /* **** */

"Modern Nations" = "Modern Nations";  /* **** */
"Sub-Saharan Africa divided into modern independent states." = "Sub-Saharan Africa divided into modern independent states.";  /* **** */



/* AFRICA - Religious Leaders */

"Cyprian of Carthage" = "Cyprian of Carthage";  /* **** */






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ARABIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ARABIA - Rulers */

"Abu Bakr" = "Abu Bakr";  /* **** */
"Companion of Muhammad who became the first Rashidun caliph." = "Companion of Muhammad who became the first Rashidun caliph.";  /* **** */

"Umar" = "Umar";  /* **** */
"Omar" = "Omar";  /* **** */
"Second Rashidun caliph who rapidly expanded the Islamic empire." = "Second Rashidun caliph who rapidly expanded the Islamic empire.";  /* **** */

"Uthman" = "Uthman";  /* **** */
"Osman" = "Osman";  /* **** */
"Third Rashidun caliph who issued a recension of the Quran." = "Third Rashidun caliph who issued a recension of the Quran.";  /* **** */

"Ali" = "Ali";  /* **** */
"Muhammad’s son-in-law, first caliph and imam to Shiites, fourth Rashidun caliph to Sunnis." = "Muhammad’s son-in-law, first caliph and imam to Shiites, fourth Rashidun caliph to Sunnis.";  /* **** */

"Ibn al-Zubayr" = "Ibn al-Zubayr";  /* **** */
"Rival caliph who controlled the Hejaz during the Second Fitna, in opposition to the Ummayads." = "Rival caliph who controlled the Hejaz during the Second Fitna, in opposition to the Ummayads.";  /* **** */



/* ARABIA - Individuals */

"Khadijah" = "Khadijah";  /* **** */
"Muhammad’s first wife, a wealthy widow 15 years his senior." = "Muhammad’s first wife, a wealthy widow 15 years his senior.";  /* **** */

"Muhammad" = "Muhammad";  /* **** */
"Mohammad" = "Mohammad";  /* **** */
"Founder of Islam who conquered much of Arabia." = "Founder of Islam who conquered much of Arabia.";  /* **** */

"Aisha" = "Aisha";  /* **** */
"Muhammad’s youngest wife; the daughter of Abu Bakr." = "Muhammad’s youngest wife; the daughter of Abu Bakr.";  /* **** */



/* ARABIA - Writings */

"Qur’an" = "Qur’an";  /* **** */
"Islamic Scriptures containing the recitations of Muhammad." = "Islamic Scriptures containing the recitations of Muhammad.";  /* **** */



/* ARABIA - Events */

"Muhammad Marries Khadijah" = "Muhammad Marries Khadijah";  /* **** */
"Muhammad marries a wealthy widow 15 years his senior." = "Muhammad marries a wealthy widow 15 years his senior.";  /* **** */

"Muhammad Marries Aisha" = "Muhammad Marries Aisha";  /* **** */
"Muhammad marries the young daughter of Abu Bakr." = "Muhammad marries the young daughter of Abu Bakr.";  /* **** */

"Muhammad Emigrates to Medinah" = "Muhammad Emigrates to Medinah";  /* **** */
"Hijra" = "Hijra";  /* **** */
"Muhammad flees Mecca to establish himself at Medinah." = "Muhammad flees Mecca to establish himself at Medinah.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Badr" = "Battle of Badr";  /* **** */
"Muslims defeat a superior force from Mecca." = "Muslims defeat a superior force from Mecca.";  /* **** */

"Battle of Uhud" = "Battle of Uhud";  /* **** */
"Muslims defeated by Meccans." = "Muslims defeated by Meccans.";  /* **** */

"Battle of the Trench" = "Battle of the Trench";  /* **** */
"Meccan siege of Medinah fails." = "Meccan siege of Medinah fails.";  /* **** */

"Muslims Conquer Mecca" = "Muslims Conquer Mecca";  /* **** */
"Mecca surrenders to Muhammad in the face of the Muslim advance." = "Mecca surrenders to Muhammad in the face of the Muslim advance.";  /* **** */

"Wars of Apostasy" = "Wars of Apostasy";  /* **** */
"After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr quells rebellions in Arabia." = "After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr quells rebellions in Arabia.";  /* **** */

"First Fitna" = "First Fitna";  /* **** */
"Islamic civil war prompted by the assassination of Uthman and election of Ali." = "Islamic civil war prompted by the assassination of Uthman and election of Ali.";  /* **** */

"Second Fitna" = "Second Fitna";  /* **** */
"Islamic civil war in opposition to the Ummayads’ hereditary caliphate." = "Islamic civil war in opposition to the Ummayads’ hereditary caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Kaaba Stone Removed" = "Kaaba Stone Removed";  /* **** */
"Qarmatians remove the Black Stone from the Kaaba and return it after a ransom is paid." = "Qarmatians remove the Black Stone from the Kaaba and return it after a ransom is paid.";  /* **** */



/* ARABIA - Political */

"Arabic Overland Trade" = "Arabic Overland Trade";  /* **** */
"Arabic tribes engage in overland trade caravans." = "Arabic tribes engage in overland trade caravans.";  /* **** */

"Sabaean Kingdom" = "Sabaean Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Sheba?" = "Sheba?";  /* **** */
"The Sabaean kingdom of southern Arabia (Yemen) is likely the land of the biblical queen of Sheba." = "The Sabaean kingdom of southern Arabia (Yemen) is likely the land of the biblical queen of Sheba.";  /* **** */

"Nabataean Kingdom" = "Nabataean Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Nabataeans develop a flourishing civilization in northwestern Arabia." = "Nabataeans develop a flourishing civilization in northwestern Arabia.";  /* **** */

"Roman Empire (Arabia)" = "Roman Empire (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Northwestern Arabia becomes the Roman province of Arabia Petraea." = "Northwestern Arabia becomes the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.";  /* **** */

"Himyarite Kingdom" = "Himyarite Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Homerite Kingdom" = "Homerite Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Southern Arabia (Yemen) controlled by the Himyarites." = "Southern Arabia (Yemen) controlled by the Himyarites.";  /* **** */

"Ghassanid Kingdom" = "Ghassanid Kingdom";  /* **** */
"Christian Ghassanid Arabs rule a kingdom in northwest Arabia which is a Byzantine vassal." = "Christian Ghassanid Arabs rule a kingdom in northwest Arabia which is a Byzantine vassal.";  /* **** */

"Rise of Islam" = "Rise of Islam";  /* **** */
"United by Islam, the Arabs embark on military expansion." = "United by Islam, the Arabs embark on military expansion.";  /* **** */

"Rashidun Caliphate" = "Rashidun Caliphate";  /* **** */
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs control Arabia." = "Muslims under the earliest caliphs control Arabia.";  /* **** */

"Ummayad Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Ummayad Caliphate (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Arabia under the control of the Ummayad Muslim Caliphate." = "Arabia under the control of the Ummayad Muslim Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Abbasid Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Abbasid Caliphate (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Arabia under the control of the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Arabia under the control of the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Fatimid Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Fatimid Caliphate (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Arabia subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Arabia subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate.";  /* **** */

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Arabia)" = "Ayyubid Sultanate (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Most of Arabia under Ayyubid control." = "Most of Arabia under Ayyubid control.";  /* **** */

"Mamluk Sultanate (Arabia)" = "Mamluk Sultanate (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Arabia under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Arabia under the control of the Mamluk sultans.";  /* **** */

"Ottoman Empire (Arabia)" = "Ottoman Empire (Arabia)";  /* **** */
"Arabia under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Arabia under the control of the Ottoman empire.";  /* **** */

"Saudi Arabia" = "Saudi Arabia";  /* **** */
"Modern state of Saudi Arabia ruled by the Saud dynasty." = "Modern state of Saudi Arabia ruled by the Saud dynasty.";  /* **** */






/* ------------------------------------------------ */
/* Other Default Names for renamable Timeline items */
/* ------------------------------------------------ */

"Africa & Rome" = "Africa & Rome";  /* **** */
"Africa & Western Europe" = "Africa & Western Europe";  /* **** */
"Africa & World" = "Africa & World";  /* **** */
"All Regions" = "All Regions";  /* **** */
"All Without Periods" = "All Without Periods";  /* **** */
"Cradles of Civilization" = "Cradles of Civilization";  /* **** */
"Egypt & Persia" = "Egypt & Persia";  /* **** */
"Egypt & Rome" = "Egypt & Rome";  /* **** */
"Europe" = "Europe";  /* **** */
"Israel & Arabia" = "Israel & Arabia";  /* **** */
"Israel & Greece" = "Israel & Greece";  /* **** */
"Israel & Mesopotamia" = "Israel & Mesopotamia";  /* **** */
"Israel & Neighbors" = "Israele & Vicini";
"Israel & Persia" = "Israel & Persia";  /* **** */
"Israel & Rome" = "Israel & Rome";  /* **** */
"Israel & World" = "Israel & World";  /* **** */
"Mediterranean Regions" = "Mediterranean Regions";  /* **** */
"Middle East" = "Middle East";  /* **** */

"All but Ussher" = "All but Ussher";  /* **** */
"All Items" = "All Items";  /* **** */
"All User Items" = "Tutti gli elementi dell'utente";
"Divided Kings" = "Re divisi";
"Early Events" = "Primi eventi";
"Events" = "Events";  /* **** */
"Individuals" = "Individui";
"Prophets" = "Profeti";
"Prophets, Priests & Kings" = "Prophets, Priests & Kings";  /* **** */
"Religious Leaders" = "Religious Leaders";  /* **** */
"Rulers" = "Governatori";
"Rulers, Individuals & Events" = "Rulers, Individuals & Events";  /* **** */
"Writings" = "Writings";  /* **** */

"Fall of the House of Ussher" = "Fall of the House of Ussher";  /* **** */
"Kings of Judah/Israel" = "Re di Giuda/Israele";

"Balaam" = "Balaam";  /* **** */
"Jael Kills Sisera" = "Jael Kills Sisera";  /* **** */

"All" = "Tutti";
"All apolitical" = "All non politici";
"Books" = "Libri";
"Egypt" = "Egitto";
"Example period" = "Periodo esempio";
"Example Province" = "Provincia esempio";
"Example user items" = "Elementi dell'utente di esempio";
"King A" = "Re A";
"King B" = "Re B";
"King C" = "Re C";
"King D" = "Re D";
"King E" = "Re E";
"King F" = "Re F";
"Mesopotamia" = "Mesopotamia";  /* **** */
"Person 1" = "Persona 1";
"Person 2" = "Persona 2";
"War Chronicles" = "Cronache di guerra";
"War of Independence" = "Guerra di indipendenza";
