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/*            Localized strings for Timeline Items                 */
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/*  NOTE: Strings needing translation have a '****' comment        */
/*  Please remove the comment after translating to show that it    */
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/* EGYPT */
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/* EGYPT - Rulers */

"Narmer" = "Narmer";
"Menes" = "Menes";
"Pharaoh who unified Egypt to found the First Dynasty." = "Faraón que unificó Egipto para fundar la Primera Dinastía";

"Nebka" = "Sanajt";
"Sanakhte" = "Sanajt";
"Possible founder of the Third Dynasty of Egypt." = "Posible fundador de la Tercera Dinastía de Egipto.";

"Djoser" = "Zoser";
"Zoser, Netjerykhet" = "Zoser, Necherjet";
"Third Dynasty pharaoh who built the great step pyramid." = "Faraón de la tercera dinastía que construyó la gran pirámide escalonada.";

"Djoser Teti" = "Zoser Teti";
"Sekhemkhet" = "Sejemjet";
"Third Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded Djoser." = "Faraón de la tercera dinastía que sucedió a Zoser.";

"Khaba" = "Jaba";
"Third Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known." = "Faraón de la tercera dinastía de quien se sabe poco.";

"Huni" = "Huny";
"Last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty." = "Último faraón de la Tercera Dinastía";

"Sneferu" = "Seneferu";
"Snofru" = "Seneferu";
"Founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt." = "Fundador de la Cuarta Dinastía de Egipto.";

"Cheops" = "Keops";
"Khufu" = "Keops";
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid." = "Faraón de la Cuarta Dinastía que construyó la Gran Pirámide.";

"Redjedef" = "Dyedefra";
"Djedefre" = "Dyedefra";
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who adopted the title “son of Ra.”" = "Faraón de la Cuarta Dinastía que adoptó el título “hijo de Ra”.";

"Chephren" = "Kefrén";
"Khafre" = "Kefrén";
"Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who built pyramid and sphinx at Giza." = "Faraón de la Cuarta Dinastía que construyó la pirámide y la esfinge en Guiza.";

"Baufre" = "Baefra";
"Son of Chephren who may have ruled as pharaoh briefly." = "Hijo de Kefrén que pudo haber gobernado brevemente como faraón.";

"Mycerinus" = "Micerino";
"Menkaure" = "Menkaura";
"Fourth dynasty pharaoh who built the smallest of the great pyramids." = "Faraón de la cuarta dinastía que construyó la más pequeña de las grandes pirámides.";

"Shepseskaf" = "Shepseskaf";
"Uncertain pharaoh at the end of the Fourth Dynasty." = "Faraón incierto al final de la Cuarta Dinastía";

"Dedefptah" = "Dyedefptah";
"Thamphthis" = "Dyedefptah";

"Userkaf" = "Userkaf";
"Founder of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt and patron of the cult of Ra." = "Fundador de la Quinta Dinastía de Egipto y patrón del culto a Ra.";

"Sahure" = "Sahura";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who engaged in widespread trade." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía que participó en el comercio generalizado.";

"Neferirkare Kakai" = "Neferirkara Kakai";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh with a peaceful and prosperous reign." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía con un reinado pacífico y próspero.";

"Shepsekare Isi" = "Shepseskara";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh about whom little is known." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía de quien se sabe poco.";

"Neferefre" = "Neferefra";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in an unfinished pyramid." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía enterrado en una pirámide inacabada.";

"Nyuserre" = "Nyuserra";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who built six pyramids for himself and his family." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía que construyó seis pirámides para él y su familia.";

"Menkauhor" = "Menkauhor";
"Akauhor" = "Akauhor";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh buried in a ruined pyramid at Saqqara." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía enterrado en una pirámide en ruinas en Saqqara.";

"Djedkare Isesi" = "Dyedkara Isesi";
"Fifth Dynasty pharaoh who introduced sweeping administrative reforms." = "Faraón de la Quinta Dinastía que introdujo reformas administrativas radicales.";

"Unas" = "Unis";
"Last pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty." = "Último faraón de la Quinta Dinastía";

"Teti" = "Teti";
"Founder of the Sixth Dynasty assassinated in a palace plot." = "Fundador de la Sexta Dinastía asesinado en un complot palaciego.";

"Userkare" = "Userkara";
"Obscure Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who may have usurped the throne or served as regent." = "El oscuro faraón de la Sexta Dinastía que puede haber usurpado el trono o haber servido como regente.";

"Phiops I" = "Pepi I";
"Pepi I" = "Pepi I";
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who built temples throughout Egypt." = "Faraón de la Sexta Dinastía que construyó templos en todo Egipto.";

"Antyemsaf I" = "Merenra I";
"Nemtyemsaf I" = "Merenra I";
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh who appointed strong governors." = "Faraón de la Sexta Dinastía que nombró gobernadores fuertes.";

"Phiops II" = "Pepi II";
"Pepi II" = "Pepi II";
"Sixth Dynasty pharaoh whose long reign led to rapid decline." = "Faraón de la Sexta Dinastía cuyo largo reinado llevó a un rápido declive.";

"Antyemsaf II" = "Merenra II";
"Nemtyemsaf II" = "Merenra II";
"Son of Pepi II who likely became pharaoh as an old man." = "Hijo de Pepi II que probablemente se convirtió en faraón siendo ya anciano.";

"Netjerykare" = "Netjerykare";
"Nitocris?" = "¿Nitocris?";
"Last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty, possibly identified with legendary queen Nitocris." = "Último faraón de la Sexta Dinastía, posiblemente identificado con la legendaria reina Nitocris.";

"Inyotef I" = "Intef I";
"Intef I" = "Intef I";
"Theban nomarch who adopted pharaonic titles and expanded Theban territory. " = "Nomarca tebano que adoptó títulos faraónicos y expandió el territorio tebano.";

"Mentuhotpe I" = "Montuhotep I";
"Mentuhotep I" = "Montuhotep I";
"Obscure Theban nomarch who may have founded the 11th Dynasty." = "Oscuro nomarca tebano que pudo haber fundado la XI dinastía.";

"Wahkare Achthoes III" = "Wahkare Actoes III";
"Wahkare Khety III" = "Wahkare Jety III";
"Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who may have been deceived by Abraham." = "Faraón del Bajo Egipto que pudo haber sido engañado por Abraham.";

"Pharaoh of Lower Egypt who authored the Instruction for Meri-ka-Re." = "Faraón del Bajo Egipto, autor de la Instrucción para Meri-ka-Re.";

"Inyotef II" = "Intef II";
"Intef II" = "Intef II";
"Ruler of Upper Egypt who greatly expanded Theban hegemony." = "Gobernante del Alto Egipto que expandió enormemente la hegemonía tebana.";

"Inyotef III" = "Intef III";
"Intef III" = "Intef III";
"Ruler of Upper Egypt at a relative stalemate with Lower Egypt." = "Gobernante del Alto Egipto en un punto muerto relativo con el Bajo Egipto.";

"Mentuhotpe II" = "Montuhotep I";
"Mentuhotep II" = "Montuhotep II";
"Pharaoh who ushered in the Middle Kingdom by unifying Egypt." = "Faraón que marcó el comienzo del Reino Medio al unificar Egipto.";

"Mentuhotpe III" = "Montuhotep III";
"Mentuhotep III" = "Montuhotep III";
"11th Dynasty pharaoh who sent an expedition to Punt." = "Faraón de la XI Dinastía que envió una expedición a Punt.";

"Mentuhotpe IV" = "Montuhotep IV";
"Mentuhotep IV" = "Montuhotep IV";
"Obscure final 11th Dynasty pharaoh." = "Oscuro faraón del final de la XI dinastía.";

"Ammenemmes I" = "Amenemhat I";
"Amenemhet I" = "Amenemhat I";
"Founder of the 12th Dynasty; possibly a vizier who usurped the throne." = "Fundador de la XII Dinastía; posiblemente un visir que usurpó el trono.";

"Sesostris I" = "Sesostris I";
"Senwosret I" = "Senusert I";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who consolidated power after his father’s assassination." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que consolidó el poder después del asesinato de su padre.";

"Ammenemmes II" = "Amenemhat II";
"Amenemhet II" = "Amenemhat II";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded international trade relations." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que expandió las relaciones comerciales internacionales.";

"Sesostris II" = "Sesostris II";
"Senwosret II" = "Senusert II";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who may have elevated Joseph." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que pudo haber ascendido a José.";

"12th Dynasty pharaoh who began irrigation of the Fayyum region." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que comenzó a regar la región de Fayyum.";

"Sesostris III" = "Sesostris III";
"Senwosret III" = "Senusert III";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who supplanted the nomarchs with central administrators." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que suplantó a los nomarcas con administradores centrales.";

"Ammenemmes III" = "Amenemhat III";
"Amenemhet III" = "Amenemhat III";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía que gobernó en el apogeo del Reino Medio.";

"Ammenemmes IV" = "Amenemhat IV";
"Amenemhet IV" = "Amenemhat IV";
"12th Dynasty pharaoh with relatively peaceful reign." = "Faraón de la XII Dinastía con un reinado relativamente pacífico.";

"Sobkneferu" = "Neferusobek";
"Sobeknofru" = "Neferusobek";
"First female pharaoh and last of the 12th Dynasty." = "Primera mujer faraón y última de la XII Dinastía";

"Kamose" = "Kamose";
"17th Dynasty king of Thebes who began driving back the Hyksos." = "Rey de Tebas de la XVII dinastía que comenzó a repeler a los hicsos.";

"Amosis" = "Amosis";
"Ahmose" = "Amosis";
"Brother of Kamose who expelled the Hyksos and founded the 18th Dynasty." = "Hermano de Kamose que expulsó a los hicsos y fundó la XVIII Dinastía";

"Amenophis I" = "Amenofis I";
"Amenhotep I" = "Amenhotep I";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh with a largely prosperous reign." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía con un reinado en gran medida próspero.";

"Tuthmosis I" = "Tutmosis I";
"Thutmose I" = "Thutmose I";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who may have ordered Hebrew infanticide." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que pudo haber ordenado el infanticidio hebreo.";

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who expanded the Egyptian empire." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que expandió el Imperio egipcio.";

"Tuthmosis II" = "Tutmosis II";
"Thutmose II" = "Thutmose II";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who married Hatshepsut." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que se casó con Hatshepsut.";

"Tuthmosis III" = "Tutmosis III";
"Thutmose III" = "Thutmose III";
"Powerful 18th Dynasty pharaoh from whom Moses fled to Midian." = "Poderoso faraón de la XVIII Dinastía de quien Moisés huyó a Madián.";

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who emerged from Hatshepsut’s shadow to expand Egypt’s empire." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que emergió de la sombra de Hatshepsut para expandir el Imperio de Egipto.";

"Hatshepsut" = "Hatshepsut";
"Pharaoh’s daughter?" = "¿la hija de Faraón?";
"Daughter of Tuthmosis I who may have adopted Moses. Later ruled as pharaoh." = "Hija de Tutmosis I que pudo haber adoptado a Moisés. Más tarde gobernó como faraón.";

"Daughter of Tuthmosis I who ruled as pharaoh while Tuthmosis III was a child." = "Hija de Tutmosis I que gobernó como faraón mientras Tutmosis III era niño.";

"Amenophis II" = "Amenofis II";
"Amenhotep II" = "Amenhotep II";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh at the time of the Hebrew exodus." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía en el momento del éxodo hebreo.";

"18th Dynasty pharaoh who made a treaty with Mitanni." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que hizo un tratado con Mitanni.";

"Tuthmosis IV" = "Tutmosis IV";
"Thutmose IV" = "Thutmose IV";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who restored the sphinx." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que restauró la esfinge.";

"Amenophis III" = "Amenofis III";
"Amenhotep III" = "Amenhotep III";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who ruled at the height of the Egyptian empire." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que gobernó en el apogeo del Imperio egipcio.";

"Amenophis IV" = "Amenofis IV";
"Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten" = "Amenhotep IV, Akenatón";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who abandoned traditional deities to impose worship of Aten." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que abandonó las deidades tradicionales para imponer el culto a Aten.";

"Smenkhkare" = "Smenejkara";
"Obscure 18th Dynasty pharaoh who briefly succeeded Akhenaten." = "Oscuro faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que sucedió brevemente a Akhenaton.";

"Tutankhamun" = "Tutankamon";
"18th Dynasty pharaoh who reversed the religious innovations of Akhenaten." = "Faraón de la XVIII Dinastía que revirtió las innovaciones religiosas de Akhenaton.";

"Ay" = "Hai";
"A vizier who claimed the throne after the death of Tutankhamun." = "Visir que reclamó el trono después de la muerte de Tutankamón.";

"Horemheb" = "Horemheb";
"A general who became pharaoh after the death of Ay." = "General que se convirtió en faraón después de la muerte de Ay.";

"Rameses I" = "Ramsés I";
"Ramses I" = "Ramsés I";
"Vizier and priest of Amun appointed as Horemheb’s heir. Founder of 19th Dynasty." = "Visir y sacerdote de Amón designado como el heredero de Horemheb. Fundador de la XIX Dinastía";

"Sethos I" = "Seti I";
"Seti I" = "Seti I";
"19th Dynasty pharaoh who conquered parts of Canaan and Syria." = "Faraón de la XIX Dinastía que conquistó partes de Canaán y Siria.";

"Rameses II" = "Ramsés II";
"Ramses II" = "Ramsés II";
"The greatest pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty and perhaps all of Egyptian history." = "El faraón más grande de la XIX Dinastía y quizás de toda la historia de Egipto.";

"Merneptah" = "Merneptah";
"Merenptah" = "Merenptah";
"19th Dynasty pharaoh who boasted of victory over Israel." = "Faraón de la XIX Dinastía que se jactó de la victoria sobre Israel.";

"Amenmesses" = "Amenmeses";
"Usurper who preempted the accession of Sethos II." = "Usurpador que se adelantó al ascenso al trono de Seti II.";

"Sethos II" = "Seti II";
"Seti II" = "Seti II";
"Heir of Merneptah who deposed Amenmesses." = "Heredero de Merneptah que depuso a Amenmesses.";

"Siptah" = "Siptah";
"Child pharaoh installed by a powerful chancellor whom he eventually executed." = "Niño faraón instalado por un poderoso canciller a quien finalmente ejecutó.";

"Tewosret" = "Tausert";
"Queen of Sethos II, co-regent with Siptah, and sole ruler after Siptah’s death." = "Reina de Seti II, corregente con Siptah, y única gobernante después de la muerte de Siptah.";

"Sethnakhte" = "Sethnajt";
"Military commander who seized the throne to found the 20th Dynasty." = "Comandante militar que tomó el trono para fundar la XX Dinastía";

"Rameses III" = "Ramsés III";
"Ramses III" = "Ramsés III";
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Sea Peoples." = "Faraón de la XX Dinastía que derrotó a los Pueblos del Mar.";

"Rameses IV" = "Ramsés IV";
"Ramses IV" = "Ramsés IV";
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who gained the throne in spite of a rival claimant." = "Faraón de la XX Dinastía que ganó el trono a pesar de un aspirante rival.";

"Rameses V" = "Ramsés V";
"Ramses V" = "Ramsés V";
"20th Dynasty pharaoh hampered by the rising power of the priests of Amun." = "Faraón de la XX Dinastía obstaculizado por el creciente poder de los sacerdotes de Amón.";

"Rameses VI" = "Ramsés VI";
"Ramses VI" = "Ramsés VI";
"20th Dynasty pharaoh who suppressed Libyan raids but lost territory in Canaan." = "Faraón de la XX Dinastía que reprimió las incursiones libias pero perdió territorio en Canaán.";

"Rameses VII" = "Ramsés VII";
"Ramses VII" = "Ramsés VII";
"Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh." = "Oscuro faraón de la XX Dinastía";

"Rameses VIII" = "Ramsés VIII";
"Ramses VIII" = "Ramsés VIII";

"Rameses IX" = "Ramsés IX";
"Ramses IX" = "Ramsés IX";
"Obscure 20th Dynasty pharaoh with a lengthy reign." = "Oscuro faraón de la XX Dinastía con un largo reinado.";

"Rameses X" = "Ramsés X";
"Ramses X" = "Ramsés X";

"Rameses XI" = "Ramsés XI";
"Ramses XI" = "Ramsés XI";
"Last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty." = "Último faraón de la XX Dinastía";

"Smendes" = "Esmendes";
"Nesbanebdjed" = "Nesbanebdyedet";
"Governor of Lower Egypt who founded the 21st Dynasty." = "Gobernador del Bajo Egipto que fundó la XXI Dinastía";

"Psusennes I" = "Psusennes I";
"21st Dynasty pharaoh who built up the city of Tanis." = "Faraón de la XXI Dinastía que construyó la ciudad de Tanis.";

"Amenemope" = "Amenemope";
"21st Dynasty pharaoh who may have harbored Hadad of Edom." = "Faraón de la XXI dinastía que pudo haber albergado a Hadad de Edom.";

"Siamon" = "Siamón";
"Siamun" = "Siamón";
"Last pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty who may have made an alliance with Solomon." = "El último faraón de la XXI Dinastía que pudo haber establecido una alianza con Salomón.";

"Sheshonk I" = "Sheshonq I";
"Shishak, Shoshenq I" = "Sisac, Shoshenq I";
"Founder of the 22nd Dynasty who raided Judah and Israel." = "Fundador de la XXII dinastía que asaltó Judá e Israel.";

"Osorkon I" = "Osorkon I";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh with long peaceful reign." = "Faraón de la XXII Dinastía con un largo reinado pacífico.";

"Takeloti I" = "Takeloti I";
"Takeloth I" = "Takelot I";
"Obscure 22nd Dynasty pharaoh." = "Oscuro faraón de la XXII dinastía.";

"Osorkon II" = "Osorkon II";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a united Egypt and resisted the Assyrians at the Battle of Qarqar." = "Faraón de la XXII dinastía que gobernó un Egipto unido y resistió a los asirios en la batalla de Qarqar.";

"Sheshonk II" = "Sheshonq II";
"Shoshenq II" = "Shoshenq II";

"Pedubaste" = "Padibastet";
"Pedubast" = "Padibastet";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Takeloti II." = "Faraón de la XXIII dinastía que gobernó una facción en Tebas en oposición a Takeloti II.";

"Iuput" = "Iuput";
"23rd Dynasty co-regent with his father Pedubaste." = "Corregente de la XXIII dinastía junto a su padre Pedubaste.";

"Sheshonk III" = "Sheshonq III";
"Shoshenq III" = "Shoshenq III";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh who lost control of Upper Egypt." = "Faraón de la XXII dinastía que perdió el control del Alto Egipto.";

"Takeloti II" = "Takeloti II";
"Takeloth II" = "Takelot II";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who ruled a faction at Thebes in opposition to Pedubaste." = "Faraón de la XXIII dinastía que gobernó una facción en Tebas en oposición a Pedubaste.";

"Osorkon III" = "Osorkon III";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who defeated the Pedubaste faction at Thebes." = "Faraón de la XXIII dinastía que derrotó a la facción Pedubaste en Tebas.";

"Pimai" = "Pimai";
"Pimay" = "Pimai";

"Sheshonk IV" = "Sheshonq IV";
"Shoshenq IV" = "Shoshenq IV";
"22nd Dynasty pharaoh." = "Faraón de la XXII dinastía.";

"Takeloti III" = "Takeloti III";
"Takeloth III" = "Takelot III";
"23rd Dynasty pharaoh who succeeded his father Osorkon III." = "Faraón de la XXIII Dinastía que sucedió a su padre Osorkon III.";

"Osorkon IV" = "Osorkon IV";
"So?" = "¿So?";
"Last 22nd Dynasty king who may have received envoys from Hoshea of Israel." = "Último rey de la XXII dinastía que pudo haber recibido enviados de Oseas de Israel.";

"Rudamon" = "Rudamón";
"Last pharaoh of the 23rd Dynasty." = "Último faraón de la XXIII dinastía.";

"Piankhi" = "Pianjy";
"Piankhy" = "Pianjy";
"Nubian ruler who conquered Thebes, establishing the 25th Dynasty." = "Gobernante nubio que conquistó Tebas, estableciendo la XXV Dinastía.";

"Tefnakhte I" = "Tafnajt I";
"Founder of the 24th Dynasty, which ruled from Sais." = "Fundador de la XXIV dinastía, que gobernó desde Sais.";

"Bokenranef" = "Bakenrenef";
"Bocchoris" = "Bokkoris";
"24th Dynasty king burned to death by Shabataka." = "Rey de la XXIV Dinastía quemado hasta morir por Shabataka.";

"Shabaka" = "Sabaca";
"Shabako" = "Sabaco";
"25th Dynasty pharaoh who strengthened Nubian control of Egypt." = "Faraón de la XXV Dinastía que fortaleció el control nubio de Egipto.";

"Shabataka" = "Shabataka";
"Shebitku" = "Shabitko";
"25th Dynasty pharaoh who executed Bokenranef." = "Faraón de la XXV Dinastía que ejecutó a Bokenranef.";

"Taharka" = "Taharqo";
"Taharqa, Tirhakah" = "Taharqo, Tirhaqa";
"25th Dynasty ruler who lost Lower Egypt to Assyria." = "Gobernante de la XXV dinastía que perdió el Bajo Egipto ante Asiria.";

"Psamatik I" = "Psamético I";
"Psamtik I, Psammetichus I" = "Psamético I";
"Founder of the 26th Dynasty, installed by Assyria but eventually gaining independence." = "Fundador de la XXVI dinastía, instalada por Asiria pero que finalmente se independizó.";

"Tanutamun" = "Tenutamón";
"Tantamun, Tantamani" = "Tanutamani, Tenutamón";
"25th Dynasty ruler who lost control of Egypt and returned to Nubia." = "Gobernante de la XXV dinastía que perdió el control de Egipto y regresó a Nubia.";

"Neco II" = "Necao II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who killed Josiah on his way to help Assyria." = "Faraón de la XXVI Dinastía que mató a Josías cuando este se dirigía a ayudar a Asiria.";

"Psamatik II" = "Psamético II";
"Psamtik II, Psammetichus II" = "Psamético II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who defeated Nubia." = "Faraón de la XXVI Dinastía que derrotó a Nubia.";

"Uahibre" = "Uahibra";
"Apries, Hophra" = "Apries, Hofra";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who aided Judah against Nebuchadnezzar II." = "Faraón de la XXVI Dinastía que ayudó a Judá contra Nabucodonosor II.";

"I‘ahmases II" = "Amosis II";
"Amasis II" = "Amasis II";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh who seized the throne from Uahibre." = "Faraón de la XXVI Dinastía que tomó el trono de Uahibre.";

"Psamatik III" = "Psamético III";
"Psamtik III, Psammetichus III, " = "Psamético III";
"26th Dynasty pharaoh conquered by Cambyses II of Persia." = "Faraón de la XXVI Dinastía conquistado por Cambises II de Persia.";

"Ptolemy I" = "Ptolomeo I";
"Soter" = "Sóter";
"General of Alexander who seized control of Egypt and founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty." = "General de Alejandro que tomó el control de Egipto y fundó la dinastía ptolemaica.";

"Ptolemy II" = "Ptolomeo II";
"Philadelphus" = "Filadelfo";
"Ptolemaic king who established the precedent of sister-queens." = "Rey ptolemaico que estableció el precedente de las hermanas reinas.";

"Ptolemy III" = "Ptolomeo III";
"Euergetes" = "Evergetes";
"Ptolemaic king who invaded the Seleucid Empire." = "Rey ptolemaico que invadió el Imperio seléucida.";

"Ptolemy IV" = "Ptolomeo IV";
"Philopator" = "Filopátor";
"Ptolemaic king who seized Syria and Palestine from Antiochus III." = "Rey ptolemaico que le arrebató Siria y Palestina a Antíoco III";

"Ptolemy V" = "Ptolomeo V";
"Epiphanes" = "Epífanes";
"Ptolemaic king mentioned in the Rosetta Stone." = "Rey Ptolemaico mencionado en la Piedra Rosetta.";

"Ptolemy VI" = "Ptolomeo VI";
"Philometor" = "Filométor";
"Ptolemaic king engaged in war with Seleucids and civil war with Ptolemy VIII." = "Rey ptolemaico que intervino en la guerra con los seléucidas y la guerra civil con Ptolomeo VIII";

"Ptolemy VIII" = "Ptolomeo VIII";
"Euergetes II Tryphon" = "Evergetes II Trifón";
"Ptolemaic king who returned to power after the death of Ptolemy VI." = "Rey ptolemaico que volvió al poder después de la muerte de Ptolomeo VI.";

"Cleopatra VII" = "Cleopatra VII";
"Last Ptolemaic ruler who made political and romantic alliances with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony." = "Último gobernante ptolemaico que hizo alianzas políticas y románticas con Julio César y Marco Antonio.";

"Saladin" = "Saladino";
"Salah ad-Din" = "Salah ad-Din";
"Sultan of Egypt and Syria who founded the Ayyubid Dynasty and defeated the Crusaders." = "Sultán de Egipto y Siria que fundó la dinastía ayyubí y derrotó a los cruzados.";

"Baibars" = "Baibars";
"Mamluk general who became Sultan of Egypt. He defeated both Mongols and Crusaders to build an empire." = "General mameluco que se convirtió en Sultán de Egipto. Derrotó tanto a los mongoles como a los cruzados para construir un imperio.";



/* EGYPT - Individuals */

"Clement of Alexandria" = "Clemente de Alejandría";
"Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher who taught at Alexandria." = "Apologista cristiano, teólogo y filósofo que enseñó en Alejandría.";

"Origen" = "Orígenes";
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, textual critic, allegorical interpreter, and theologian criticized for subordinationism." = "Padre anteniceno, apologista, crítico textual, intérprete alegórico y teólogo criticado por su subordinacionismo.";

"Antony of Egypt" = "Antonio de Egipto";
"Egyptian Christian hermit who pioneered anchoritic monasticism." = "Ermitaño cristiano egipcio que fue pionero del monacato anacoreta.";

"Arius" = "Arrio";
"Alexandrian priest who taught that Christ was begotten at a point in time and therefore subordinate to the Father." = "Sacerdote alejandrino que enseñó que Cristo fue engendrado en un momento dado y, por lo tanto, estaba subordinado al Padre.";

"Pachomius" = "Pacomio";
"Egyptian Christian monk who pioneered cenobitic (communal) monasticism." = "Monje cristiano egipcio que fue pionero en el monacato cenobítico (comunitario)";

"Athanasius (Life)" = "Atanasio (vida)";
"Orthodox bishop of Alexandria who staunchly defended Nicean orthodoxy against Arianism." = "Obispo ortodoxo de Alejandría que defendió firmemente la ortodoxia de Nicea contra el arrianismo.";

"Didymus the Blind" = "Dídimo el ciego";
"Christian teacher in Alexandria influenced by Origen and influential to Jerome." = "Maestro cristiano de Alejandría influenciado por Orígenes que tuvo influencia sobre Jerónimo.";

"Cyril of Alexandria" = "Cirilo de Alejandría";
"Patriarch of Alexandria instrumental in the deposition of Nestorius. Affirmed the hypostatic union but taught that God the Word had “one incarnate nature” (miaphysitism)." = "Patriarca de Alejandría que jugó un papel clave en la deposición de Nestorio. Afirmó la unión hipostática pero enseñó que Dios la Palabra tenía “una naturaleza encarnada” (miafisitismo)";

"Ibn Hisham" = "Ibn Hisham";
"Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, removing potentially offensive material." = "Erudito islámico que editó la biografía de Mahoma de Ibn Ishaq, eliminando material potencialmente ofensivo.";

"Moses Maimonides" = "Moisés Maimónides";
"Rambam" = "Rambam";
"Jewish sage, philosopher, and physician who wrote important commentaries on the Mishna and Talmud. Emigrated from Cordova, Spain to Egypt." = "Sabio, filósofo y médico judío que escribió importantes comentarios sobre la Misná y el Talmud. Emigró de Córdoba (España) a Egipto.";



/* EGYPT - Writings */

"Narmer Palette" = "Paleta de Narmer";
"Cermonial palette which depicts Narmer conquering enemies." = "Paleta ceremonial que representa a Narmer conquistando a sus enemigos.";

"Instruction for Meri-ka-Re" = "Instrucciones a Merikare";
"Advice on ruling wisely which includes a warning against Asiatics." = "Consejo para gobernar sabiamente, que incluye una advertencia contra los asiáticos.";

"Tale of Sinuhe" = "Cuento de Sinuhé";
"Sinuhe * Tale of" = "Sinuhé * Cuento de";
"Story of Egyptian official’s exile in Canaan and return." = "Historia del exilio de un funcionario egipcio en Canaán y su regreso.";

"Book of the Dead" = "Libro de los Muertos";
"Book of Coming Forth by Day" = "Libro para salir al día";
"Egyptian funerary texts with instruction for the afterlife." = "Textos funerarios egipcios con instrucciones para el más allá.";

"Dream Stele" = "Estela de los sueños";
"Sphinx Stele" = "Estela de la esfinge";
"Tuthmosis IV has a dream that he will become pharaoh if he restores the sphinx." = "Tutmosis IV sueña que se convertirá en faraón si restaura la esfinge.";

"Amarna Letters" = "Cartas de Amarna";
"Official correspondence between Akhenaten and vassal rulers." = "Correspondencia oficial entre Akhenaton y los gobernantes vasallos.";

"Kadesh Treaty" = "Tratado de Cades";
"Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty" = "Tratado de paz entre egipcios e hititas.";

"Merneptah Stele" = "Estela de Merneptah";
"Victory stele of Merneptah which mentions Israel." = "Estela de la victoria de Merneptah que menciona a Israel.";

"Elephantine Papyri" = "Papiros de Elefantina";
"Texts from the Jewish exiles at Elephantine in Egypt." = "Textos de los exiliados judíos en Elefantina (Egipto)";

"Septuagint" = "Septuaginta";
"LXX" = "LXX";
"Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible." = "Traducción griega de la Biblia hebrea.";

"Rosetta Stone" = "Piedra Rosetta";
"Multilingual inscription used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics." = "Inscripción multilingüe utilizada para descifrar los jeroglíficos egipcios.";

"Sirach (Greek)" = "Sirácida (griego)";
"Ecclesiasticus" = "Eclesiástico";
"A preface to the Greek of Sirach indicates that it was translated by his grandson in Egypt." = "Un prefacio al Sirácida griego indica que fue traducido por su nieto en Egipto.";

"Wisdom of Solomon" = "Sabiduría de Salomón";
"Date assumes the book’s concern for idolatry is based on the plans of Caligula." = "La fecha asume que la preocupación del libro por la idolatría se basa en los planes de Calígula.";

"Nag Hammadi Texts" = "Textos de Nag Hammadi";
"Gnostic Gospels" = "Evangelios gnósticos";
"Collection of Gnostic texts discovered at Nag Hammadi." = "Colección de textos gnósticos descubiertos en Nag Hammadi.";



/* EGYPT - Events */

"Narmer Unites Egypt" = "Narmer unifica Egipto";
"Narmer conquers Lower Egypt to unify Egypt under a single pharaoh." = "Narmer conquista el Bajo Egipto para unificar Egipto bajo un solo faraón.";

"Step Pyramid" = "Pirámide escalonada";
"The architect Imhotep builds a step pyramid for Djoser." = "El arquitecto Imhotep construye una pirámide escalonada para Zoser.";

"Bent Pyramid" = "Pirámide acodada";
"Failed attempt at a true pyramid at Dahshur." = "Intento fallido de construir una verdadera pirámide en Dahshur.";

"Red Pyramid" = "Pirámide Roja";
"North Pyramid" = "Pirámide Norte";
"First true pyramid in Egypt." = "Primera pirámide auténtica en Egipto.";

"Great Pyramid" = "Gran pirámide";
"Largest pyramid built at Giza." = "La pirámide más grande construida en Guiza.";

"Great Sphinx" = "Gran Esfinge";
"Sphinx statue at Giza possibly carved to resemble Chephren." = "Estatua de una esfinge en Guiza, posiblemente tallada para parecerse a Kefrén.";

"Pyramid of Chephren" = "Pirámide de Kefrén";
"Pyramid of Khafre" = "Pirámide de Khafre";
"Second largest pyramid at Giza." = "Segunda pirámide más grande de Guiza.";

"Pyramid of Mycerinus" = "Pirámide de Micedrino";
"Pyramid of Menkaure" = "Pirámide de Menkaura";
"Smallest of the great pyramids at Giza." = "La más pequeña de las grandes pirámides de Guiza.";

"Mentuhotpe II Reunifies Egypt" = "Montuhotep II reunifica Egipto";
"Mentuhotpe II conquers Lower Egypt to rule all of Egypt." = "Mentuhotpe II conquista el Bajo Egipto para gobernar todo Egipto.";

"Founding of Alexandria" = "Fundación de Alejandría";
"Alexander founds Alexandria, which becomes the Ptolemaic capital of Egypt." = "Alejandro funda Alejandría, que se convierte en la capital ptolemaica de Egipto.";

"Julius Caesar in Egypt" = "Julio César en Egipto";
"Julius Caesar establishes Cleopatra VII’s rule and she conceives his son." = "Julio César establece el reinado de Cleopatra VII y ella concibe a su hijo.";

"Cleopatra in Rome" = "Cleopatra en Roma";
"Cleopatra visits Rome to secure her son’s succession, but leaves when Octavius is named Caesar’s heir." = "Cleopatra visita Roma para asegurar la sucesión de su hijo, pero se va cuando Octavio es nombrado heredero de César.";

"Cleopatra Marries Marc Antony" = "Cleopatra se casa con Marco Antonio";
"Cleopatra marries Marc Antony, which eventually leads to civil war with Octavius." = "Cleopatra se casa con Marco Antonio, lo que finalmente conduce a una guerra civil con Octavio.";

"Octavius Enters Alexandria" = "Octavio entra en Alejandría";
"Octavius defeats Antony and Cleopatra, who both commit suicide." = "Octavio vence a Antonio y Cleopatra, quienes se suicidan.";

"Sinai War" = "Guerra del Sinaí";
"Second Arab–Israel War, Suez Cr" = "Segunda guerra árabe-israelí, crisis de Suez.";
"Israel, Britain, and France invade Sinai over control of the Suez canal." = "Israel, Gran Bretaña y Francia invaden el Sinaí por el control del canal de Suez.";

"Yom Kippur War" = "Guerra de Yom Kippur";
"Ramadan War" = "Guerra de Ramadán";
"War between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai peninsula." = "Guerra entre Israel y Egipto en la península del Sinaí";



/* EGYPT - Political */

"1st–2nd Dynasties" = "I-II Dinastías";
"Archaic Egypt" = "Egipto arcaico";
"The earliest dynasties to rule both Upper and Lower Egypt." = "Las primeras dinastías que gobernaron el Alto y el Bajo Egipto.";

"3rd Dynasty" = "III Dinastía";
"Third Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "III Dinastía, Imperio Antiguo.";
"Strong pharaohs rule from Memphis and are buried at Saqqara." = "Los faraones fuertes gobiernan desde Menfis y son enterrados en Saqqara.";

"4th Dynasty" = "IV Dinastía";
"Fourth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "IV Dinastía, Imperio Antiguo";
"Egyptian dynasty which built the great pyramids." = "Dinastía egipcia que construyó las grandes pirámides.";

"5th Dynasty" = "V Dinastía";
"Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "V Dinastía, Imperio Antiguo";
"Egyptian dynasty which built temples to Ra and smaller pyramids." = "Dinastía egipcia que construyó templos para Ra y pirámides más pequeñas.";

"6th Dynasty" = "VI Dinastía";
"Sixth Dynasty, Old Kingdom" = "VI Dinastía, Imperio Antiguo";
"Egyptian dynasty weakened by the growing power of the nomarchs." = "Dinastía egipcia debilitada por el creciente poder de los nomarcas.";

"7th–10th Dynasties" = "VII-X Dinastías";
"First Intermediate Period" = "Primer período intermedio";
"Political instability and decentralization fragment Egypt." = "La inestabilidad política y la descentralización fragmentan Egipto.";

"11th Dynasty (Thebes)" = "XI Dinastía (Tebas)";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "Dinastía de faraones que gobernaron el Alto Egipto desde Tebas.";

"11th Dynasty" = "XI Dinastía";
"Middle Kingdom" = "Imperio Medio";
"11th Dynasty pharaohs rule all of Egypt, beginning the Middle Kingdom." = "Los faraones de la XI dinastía gobiernan todo Egipto, comenzando el Imperio Medio.";

"12th Dynasty" = "XII Dinastía";
"Dynasty of pharaohs which ruled at the height of the Middle Kingdom." = "Dinastía de faraones que gobernó durante el apogeo del Imperio Medio.";

"13th–17th Dynasties" = "XIII-XVII Dinastías";
"Second Intermediate Period" = "Segundo período intermedio";
"Regional divisions leave Egypt open to foreign domination by the Hyksos." = "Las divisiones regionales dejan a Egipto abierto a la dominación extranjera por los hicsos.";

"Hyksos Period" = "Período de los hicsos";
"A Semitic people invade and dominate much of Egypt." = "Un pueblo semita invade y domina gran parte de Egipto.";

"18th Dynasty" = "XVIII Dinastía";
"New Kingdom" = "Imperio Nuevo";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ushered in the New Kingdom." = "Dinastía de faraones que marcaron el comienzo del Imperio Nuevo.";

"19th Dynasty" = "XIX Dinastía";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled at the height of the New Kingdom." = "Dinastía de faraones que gobernaron durante el apogeo del Imperio Nuevo.";

"20th Dynasty" = "XX Dinastía";
"Dynasty of pharaohs during the decline of the New Kingdom." = "Dinastía de los faraones durante el declive del Imperio Nuevo.";

"21st Dynasty" = "XXI Dinastía";
"Third Intermediate Period" = "Tercer período intermedio";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis." = "Dinastía de faraones que gobernaron el Bajo Egipto desde Tanis.";

"Priests of Amun" = "Sacerdotes de Amón";
"The priests of Amun effectively rule Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "Los sacerdotes de Amón gobiernan efectivamente el Alto Egipto desde Tebas.";

"22nd Dynasty" = "XXII Dinastía";
"Libyan dynasty of pharaohs who ruled Lower Egypt from Tanis." = "Dinastía libia de faraones que gobernaron el Bajo Egipto desde Tanis.";

"23rd Dynasty" = "XXIII Dinastía";
"Libyan dynasty of kings who ruled parts of Upper Egypt." = "Dinastía libia de reyes que gobernaron partes del Alto Egipto.";

"25th Dynasty (Thebes)" = "XXV Dinastía (Tebas)";
"Nubian rulers conquer and rule Upper Egypt from Thebes." = "Los gobernantes nubios conquistan y gobiernan el Alto Egipto desde Tebas.";

"24th Dynasty" = "XXIV Dinastía";
"Short-lived dynasty that ruled from Sais in the western delta." = "Dinastía de corta duración que gobernó desde Sais, en el delta occidental.";

"25th Dynasty (Lower Egypt)" = "XXV Dinastía (Bajo Egipto)";
"Nubian rulers conquer all of Egypt and clash with the Assyrians." = "Los gobernantes nubios conquistan todo Egipto y chocan con los asirios.";

"26th Dynasty" = "XXVI Dinastía";
"Late Period" = "Período Tardío";
"Dynasty of pharaohs who ruled from Sais during the Late Period." = "Dinastía de faraones que gobernaron desde Sais durante el Período Tardío.";

"27th Dynasty" = "XXVII Dinastía";
"1st Persian Dominion" = "1er dominio persa";
"Persian kings rule Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire." = "Los reyes persas gobiernan Egipto como una satrapía del Imperio persa.";

"28th–30th Dynasties" = "XXVIII-XXX Dinastías";
"Egyptian Independence" = "Independencia egipcia";
"Native Egyptian rulers maintain independence from Persia." = "Los gobernantes egipcios nativos mantienen la independencia de Persia.";

"31st Dynasty" = "XXXI Dinastía";
"2nd Persian Dominion" = "2º dominio persa";
"Persian kings again rule Egypt until it is annexed by Alexander the Great." = "Los reyes persas vuelven a gobernar Egipto hasta que es anexado por Alejandro Magno.";

"Greek Empire (Egypt)" = "Imperio griego (Egipto)";
"Alexander the Great liberates Egypt from Persia." = "Alejandro Magno libera a Egipto de Persia.";

"Ptolemaic Period" = "Período ptolemaico";
"Ptolemy I seizes control of Egypt and establishes a lasting dynasty." = "Ptolomeo I toma el control de Egipto y establece una dinastía duradera.";

"Roman Empire (Egypt)" = "Imperio romano (Egipto)";
"Egypt becomes a province of the Roman Empire." = "Egipto se convierte en una provincia del Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Empire (Egypt)" = "Imperio bizantino (Egipto)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Egypt remains a Byzantine province." = "Tras la división del Imperio romano, Egipto sigue siendo una provincia bizantina.";

"Sassanian Empire (Egypt)" = "Imperio sasánida (Egipto)";
"Sassanian Persians conquer Egypt." = "Los persas sasánidas conquistan Egipto.";

"Byzantines reconquer Egypt from the Sassanian Empire." = "Los bizantinos reconquistan Egipto del Imperio sasánida.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Califato rashidún (Egipto)";
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Egypt." = "Los musulmanes bajo los primeros califas conquistan Egipto.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Califato omeya (Egipto)";
"Egypt subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Egipto sujeto al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Abbasid Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Califato abasí (Egipto)";
"Egypt subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Egipto sujeto al califato musulmán abasí.";

"Tulunid Control (Egypt)" = "Control de los tuluníes (Egipto)";
"Egypt under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Egipto bajo el control de la dinastía tuluní, que se independizó del califato abasí.";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt)" = "Califato fatimí (Egipto)";
"Shia Muslims from North Africa conquer Egypt and establish a rival caliphate to the Abbasids." = "Los musulmanes chiítas del norte de África conquistan Egipto y establecen un califato rival de los abasíes.";

"Ayyubid Sultanate" = "Sultanato ayubí";
"Egypt under the control of the Ayyubid dynasty." = "Egipto bajo el control de la dinastía ayubí.";

"Mamluk Sultanate" = "Sultanato mameluco";
"Egypt under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Egipto bajo el control de los sultanes mamelucos.";

"Ottoman Empire (Egypt)" = "Imperio otomano (Egipto)";
"Egypt is an often semi-autonomous province under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Egipto es una provincia a menudo semiautónoma bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"British Rule (Egypt)" = "Dominación británica (Egipto)";
"Egypt under the control of Great Britain." = "Egipto bajo el control de Gran Bretaña.";

"Egypt (Nation)" = "Egipto (nación)";
"Egypt becomes an independent republic." = "Egipto se convierte en una república independiente.";



/* EGYPT - Religious Leaders */

"Athanasius" = "Atanasio";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Rulers */

"Othniel" = "Otoniel";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Aramean oppression." = "Juez que libró a Israel de la opresión aramea.";

"Ehud" = "Aod";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Moabite oppression." = "Juez que libró a Israel de la opresión moabita.";

"Deborah" = "Débora";
"Prophetess and judge who delivered Israel from Canaanite oppression." = "Profetisa y jueza que libró a Israel de la opresión cananea.";

"Shamgar" = "Shamgar";
"Judge who defeated 600 Philistines." = "Juez que derrotó a 600 filisteos.";

"Gideon" = "Gedeón";
"Jerub-Baal" = "Jerobaal";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Midianite oppression." = "Juez que libró a Israel de la opresión madianita.";

"Abimelech" = "Abimelec";
"Son of Gideon who killed his brothers and declared himself king." = "Hijo de Gedeón que mató a sus hermanos y se declaró rey.";

"Tola" = "Tola";
"Judge in the highlands of Ephraim." = "Juez en las tierras altas de Efraín.";

"Jephthah" = "Jefté";
"Judge who delivered Israel from Ammonite oppression." = "Juez que libró a Israel de la opresión amonita.";

"Samson" = "Sansón";
"Judge and strongman from Dan who fought the Philistines." = "Juez y hombre fuerte de Dan que luchó contra los filisteos.";

"Ibzan" = "Ibzán";
"Judge who ruled in Bethlehem." = "Juez que gobernó en Belén.";

"Jair" = "Jair";
"Judge with 30 sons who ruled in Gilead." = "Juez con 30 hijos que gobernaron en Galaad.";

"Elon" = "Elón";
"Judge from the tribe of Zebulun." = "Juez de la tribu de Zabulón.";

"Abdon" = "Abdón";

"First king of Israel, anointed by Samuel but eventually rejected by God." = "Primer rey de Israel, ungido por Samuel pero finalmente rechazado por Dios.";

"David" = "David";
"Shepherd, psalmist, and warrior who became the second king of Israel." = "Pastor, salmista y guerrero que se convirtió en el segundo rey de Israel.";

"Ish-Bosheth" = "Is-boset";

"Solomon" = "Salomón";
"Proverbially wise and wealthy third king of Israel." = "Tercer rey de Israel, conocido por su proverbial sabiduría y riqueza.";

"Jeroboam" = "Jeroboam";
"First king of Israel who broke away from Davidic rule and established rival cult centers." = "Primer rey de Israel que se separó del dominio davídico y estableció centros de culto rivales.";

"Rehoboam" = "Roboam";
"King of Judah who lost northern Israel to Jeroboam I." = "Rey de Judá que perdió el norte de Israel a manos de Jeroboam I.";

"Abijah" = "Abías";
"Abijam" = "Abiam";
"King of Judah continually at war with Jeroboam I of Israel." = "Rey de Judá que estuvo constantemente en guerra con Jeroboam I de Israel.";

"Asa" = "Asa";
"King of Judah devoted to the Lord throughout his long reign." = "Rey de Judá dedicado al Señor durante todo su largo reinado.";

"Nadab" = "Nadab";
"King of Israel deposed by Baasha." = "Rey de Israel depuesto por Baasa.";

"Baasha" = "Baasa";
"Usurper who killed Baasha to become king of Israel." = "Usurpador que mató a Baasa para convertirse en rey de Israel.";

"Elah" = "Ela";
"King of Israel deposed by Zimri." = "Rey de Israel depuesto por Zimri.";

"Omri" = "Omri";
"Army commander who defeated Zimri to become king of Israel." = "Comandante del ejército que derrotó a Zimri para convertirse en rey de Israel.";

"Tibni" = "Tibni";
"Rival claimant to the throne of Israel defeated by Omri." = "Demandante rival al trono de Israel derrotado por Omri.";

"Zimri" = "Zimri";
"Usurper who killed Elah to become king of Israel." = "Usurpador que mató a Elah para convertirse en rey de Israel.";

"Ahab" = "Acab";
"King of Israel who married Jezebel and promoted Baal worship." = "Rey de Israel que se casó con Jezabel y promovió el culto a Baal.";

"Jehoshaphat" = "Josafat";
"Faithful king of Judah who made an alliance with the kings of Israel." = "Fiel rey de Judá que hizo una alianza con los reyes de Israel.";

"Ahaziah (Israel)" = "Ocozías (Israel)";
"King of Israel condemned for consulting Baal-zebub." = "Rey de Israel condenado por consultar a Baal-zebub.";

"Joram" = "Joram";
"Unfaithful king of Judah condemned by Elijah." = "Rey infiel de Judá condenado por Elías.";

"Jehoram" = "Joram";
"King of Israel often opposed to Elisha and deposed by Jehu." = "Rey de Israel a menudo opuesto a Eliseo y depuesto por Jehú";

"Ahaziah (Judah)" = "Ocozías (Judá)";
"Jehoahaz (Judah)" = "Joacaz (Judá)";
"King of Judah killed alongside Joram of Israel by Jehu." = "Rey de Judá asesinado junto a Joram de Israel por Jehú";

"Athaliah" = "Atalía";
"Queen of Judah who nearly eradicated the dynasty of David." = "Reina de Judá que casi erradicó la dinastía de David.";

"Jehu" = "Jehú";
"Usurper who killed Ahaziah of Judah, Joram of Israel, and Jezebel to become king of Israel." = "Usurpador que mató a Ocozías de Judá, Joram de Israel y Jezabel para convertirse en rey de Israel.";

"Joash" = "Joás";
"Jehoash (Judah)" = "Joás (Judá)";
"Son of Ahaziah rescued from Athaliah and made king of Judah after her overthrow." = "Hijo de Ocozías rescatado de Atalía y hecho rey de Judá después del derrocamiento de aquella.";

"Jehoahaz (Israel)" = "Joacaz (Israel)";
"King of Israel who suffered repeated losses to Aram." = "Rey de Israel que sufrió repetidas pérdidas ante Aram.";

"Jehoash" = "Joás";
"Joash (Israel)" = "Joás (Israel)";
"King of Israel who sacked Jerusalem and captured Amaziah of Judah." = "Rey de Israel que saqueó Jerusalén y capturó a Amasías de Judá";

"Amaziah" = "Amasías";
"King of Judah captured by Jehoash of Israel." = "Rey de Judá capturado por Joás de Israel.";

"Jeroboam II" = "Jeroboam II";
"King of Israel who ruled during a long period of peace and prosperity." = "Rey de Israel que gobernó durante un largo período de paz y prosperidad.";

"Uzziah" = "Uzías";
"Azariah" = "Azarías";
"Faithful king of Judah who enjoyed a long, prosperous reign but died a leper." = "Rey fiel de Judá que disfrutó de un reinado largo y próspero pero murió leproso.";

"Zechariah (Israel)" = "Zacarías (Israel)";
"Final king of Israel from the dynasty of Jehu. Deposed by Shallum." = "Último rey de Israel de la dinastía de Jehú. Depuesto por Salum.";

"Menahem" = "Manahem";
"Usurper who killed Shallum to become king of Israel." = "Usurpador que mató a Salum para convertirse en rey de Israel.";

"Pekah" = "Peka";
"King of Israel allied with Aram against Judah." = "Rey de Israel que se alió con Aram en contra de Judá";

"Usurper who killed Zechariah to become king of Israel, only to be killed by Menahem." = "Usurpador que mató a Zacarías para convertirse en rey de Israel, solo para ser asesinado por Menahem.";

"Jotham" = "Jotam";
"Faithful king of Judah who began ruling when Uzziah contracted leprosy." = "Rey fiel de Judá que comenzó a gobernar cuando Uzías contrajo lepra.";

"Pekahiah" = "Pekaía";
"King of Israel deposed by Pekah." = "Rey de Israel depuesto por Pekah.";

"Ahaz" = "Acaz";
"King of Judah who bribed Assyria into attacking Aram and Israel." = "Rey de Judá que sobornó a Asiria para que atacara a Aram e Israel.";

"Hoshea" = "Oseas";
"Last king of Israel captured by the Assyrians." = "Último rey de Israel capturado por los asirios.";

"Hezekiah" = "Ezequías";
"Faithful king of Judah who endured invasion by Sennacherib of Assyria." = "Rey fiel de Judá que sufrió la invasión de Senaquerib de Asiria.";

"Manasseh" = "Manasés";
"Idolatrous king of Judah who repented after captivity in Babylon." = "Rey idólatra de Judá que se arrepintió después del cautiverio en Babilonia.";

"Amon" = "Amón";
"Idolatrous king of Judah assassinated by his servants." = "Rey idólatra de Judá asesinado por sus sirvientes.";

"Josiah" = "Josías";
"Faithful king of Judah who led sweeping religious reforms." = "Rey fiel de Judá que dirigió reformas religiosas radicales.";

"Shallum" = "Salum";
"King of Judah deposed by Neco II of Egypt." = "Rey de Judá depuesto por Necao II de Egipto.";

"Jehoiakim" = "Joacim";
"Eliakim" = "Eliaquim";
"King of Judah who ruled as a puppet of both Egypt and Babylon." = "Rey de Judá que gobernó como un títere de Egipto y Babilonia.";

"Jehoiachin" = "Joaquín";
"King of Judah carried into Babylonian exile." = "Rey de Judá llevado al exilio babilónico.";

"Zedekiah" = "Sedequías";
"Last king of Judah blinded and exiled to Babylon." = "El último rey de Judá cegado y exiliado a Babilonia.";

"Nehemiah" = "Nehemías";
"Jewish Persian official who returned to Jerusalem as governor, rebuilding its walls and leading reforms." = "Funcionario persa judío que regresó a Jerusalén como gobernador, reconstruyendo sus muros y liderando reformas.";

"Judas Maccabeus" = "Judas Macabeo";
"Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after his father’s death." = "Hijo de Matías que dirigió la revuelta macabea después de la muerte de su padre.";

"Mattathias" = "Matías";
"Jewish priest who began the Maccabean revolt." = "Sacerdote judío que comenzó la rebelión macabea.";

"Jonathan" = "Jonatán";
"Son of Mattathias who led the Maccabean revolt after the death of Judas." = "Hijo de Matías que dirigió la rebelión macabea después de la muerte de Judas.";

"Simon" = "Simón";
"Son of Mattathias who founded the Hasmonean dynasty." = "Hijo de Matías que fundó la dinastía asmonea.";

"John Hyrcanus I" = "Juan Hircano I";
"Son of Simon who expanded the Hasmonean kingdom." = "Hijo de Simón que expandió el reino asmoneo.";

"Aristobulus I" = "Aristóbulo I";
"Hasmonean ruler who took the title of king and conquered Galilee." = "Gobernante asmoneo que tomó el título de rey y conquistó Galilea.";

"Alexander Janneus" = "Alejandro Janeo";
"Hasmonean ruler who expanded the kingdom and fought a civil war." = "Gobernante asmoneo que expandió el reino y libró una guerra civil.";

"Alexandra" = "Alejandra";
"Hasmonean queen who quieted factional disputes." = "Reina asmonea que apaciguó las disputas entre facciones.";

"Aristobulus II" = "Aristóbulo II";
"Hasmonean ruler who deposed Hyrcanus II but was deposed by the Roman general Pompey." = "Gobernante asmoneo que depuso a Hircano II pero fue depuesto por el general romano Pompeyo.";

"Hyrcanus II" = "Hircano II";
"Hasmonean ruler restored to power by the Roman general Pompey." = "Gobernante asmoneo restituido en el poder por el general romano Pompeyo.";

"Herod the Great" = "Herodes del Grande";
"King of Judea known for ambitious building projects and murderous paranoia." = "Rey de Judea conocido por sus ambiciosos proyectos de construcción y su paranoia asesina.";

"Archelaus" = "Arquelao";
"Ethnarch of Judea installed and later deposed by Augustus." = "Etnarca de Judea instalado y luego depuesto por Augusto.";

"Herod Antipas" = "Herodes Antipas";
"Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Galilee. Executed John the Baptist and tried Jesus." = "Hijo de Herodes el Grande que se convirtió en Tetrarca de Galilea. Ejecutó a Juan el Bautista y juzgó a Jesús.";

"Herod Philip II" = "Herodes Felipe II";
"Son of Herod the Great who became Tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitus." = "Hijo de Herodes el Grande que se convirtió en Tetrarca de Iturea y Traconite.";

"Pontius Pilate" = "Poncio Pilato";
"Governor of Judea who crucified Jesus." = "Gobernador de Judea que crucificó a Jesús.";

"Herod Agrippa I" = "Herodes Agripa I";
"King of Judea who persecuted the early church." = "Rey de Judea que persiguió a la iglesia primitiva.";

"Herod Agrippa II" = "Herod Agrippa II";
"Jewish king who never controlled any territory. Consulted by Festus regarding the case of Paul." = "Rey judío que nunca controló ningún territorio. Consultado por Festo sobre el caso de Pablo.";

"Antonius Felix" = "Antonio Félix";
"Governor of Judea who imprisoned Paul at Caesarea." = "Gobernador de Judea que encarceló a Pablo en Cesarea.";

"Porcias Festus" = "Porcio Festo";
"Governor of Judea who tried Paul and sent him to Rome." = "Gobernador de Judea que juzgó a Pablo y lo envió a Roma.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Prophets */

"Gad" = "Gad";
"Prophet who served David during his flight from Saul and later rule." = "Profeta que sirvió a David durante su huida de Saúl y luego gobernó";

"Nathan" = "Natán";
"Court prophet of David who exposed his sin with Bathsheba." = "Profeta de la corte de David que sacó a la luz su pecado con Betsabé";

"Elijah" = "Elías";
"Prophet of Israel who opposed Ahab and Jezebel’s idolatry." = "Profeta de Israel que se opuso a la idolatría de Acab y Jezabel.";

"Elisha" = "Eliseo";
"Prophet of Israel who succeeded Elijah and performed many miracles." = "Profeta de Israel que sucedió a Elías y realizó muchos milagros.";

"Joel" = "Joel";
"Prophet of Judah who preached about the “Day of the Lord.”" = "Profeta de Judá que predicó sobre el “Día del Señor”.";

"Obadiah" = "Abdías";
"Prophet of Judah who preached against Edom." = "Profeta de Judá que predicó contra Edom.";

"Jonah" = "Jonás";

"Prophet of Israel who reluctantly preached in Nineveh." = "Profeta de Israel que a regañadientes predicó en Nínive.";

"Amos" = "Amós";
"Prophet from Judah called to Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II." = "Profeta de Judá llamado a profetizar en Israel durante el reinado de Jeroboam II";

"Hosea" = "Oseas";
"Prophet of Israel who condemned Israel’s covenant unfaithfulness." = "Profeta de Israel que condenó la infidelidad del pacto de Israel.";

"Micah" = "Miqueas";
"Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah." = "Profeta de Judá que sirvió durante los reinados de Jotam, Acaz y Ezequías.";

"Isaiah" = "Isaías";
"Prophet of Judah who served during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah." = "Profeta de Judá que sirvió durante los reinados de Uzías, Jotam, Acaz y Ezequías.";

"First Isaiah" = "Primer Isaías";

"Nahum" = "Nahum";

"Prophet of Judah who prophesied the fall of Nineveh." = "Profeta de Judá que profetizó la caída de Nínive.";

"Zephaniah" = "Sofonías";
"Prophet of Judah who preached God’s judgment on Judah and the nations." = "Profeta de Judá que predicó el juicio de Dios sobre Judá y las naciones.";

"Jeremiah" = "Jeremías";
"Prophet of Judah who witnessed the Babylonian conquest." = "Profeta de Judá que fue testigo de la conquista de Babilonia.";

"Habakkuk" = "Habacuc";

"Prophet of Judah who wrestled with the rise of Babylonia." = "Profeta de Judá que luchó con el surgimiento de Babilonia.";

"Daniel" = "Daniel";
"Belteshazzar" = "Beltsasar";
"Exilic prophet who served in the Babylonian court." = "Profeta exílico que sirvió en la corte de Babilonia.";

"Ezekiel" = "Ezequiel";
"Exilic prophet who prophesied the fall and restoration of Jerusalem." = "Profeta exílico que profetizó la caída y restauración de Jerusalén.";

"Second Isaiah" = "Segundo Isaías";
"Deutero-Isaiah" = "Deuteroisaías";
"Pseudonymous exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 40–66 (or possibly only 40–55)." = "Profeta exílico seudónimo que escribió Isaías 40–66 (o posiblemente solo 40–55)";

"Haggai" = "Hageo";
"Post-exilic prophet who urged the rebuilding of the temple." = "Profeta posexílico que instó a la reconstrucción del templo.";

"Zechariah" = "Zacarías";
"Post-exilic prophet who foretold a coming messiah." = "Profeta posexílico que predijo la venida de un mesías.";

"Third Isaiah?" = "¿Trito-Isaías?";
"Trito-Isaiah" = "Trito-Isaías";
"Pseudonymous post-exilic prophet who wrote Isaiah 56–66." = "Profeta seudónimo posexílico que escribió Isaías 56-66";

"Malachi" = "Malaquías";
"Post-exilic prophet who peached against covenant unfaithfulness." = "Profeta posexílico que predicó contra la infidelidad del pacto.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Individuals */

"Terah" = "Taré";
"Father of Abram, who emigrated with his family from Ur to Haran." = "Padre de Abram, que emigró con su familia de Ur a Harán.";

"Abraham" = "Abraham";
"Abram" = "Abram";
"Hebrew patriarch whom God called to Canaan with the promise that he would become a great nation." = "Patriarca hebreo a quien Dios llamó a Canaán con la promesa de que se convertiría en una gran nación.";

"Sarah" = "Sara";
"Sarai" = "Sarai";
"The wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac." = "Esposa de Abraham y madre de Isaac.";

"Ishmael" = "Ismael";
"The son of Abraham by Hagar, Sarah’s slave." = "Hijo de Abraham de Agar, esclava de Sara.";

"Isaac" = "Isaac";
"The son of Abraham and Sarah; father to Jacob and Esau." = "Hijo de Abraham y Sara; padre de Jacob y Esaú";

"Esau" = "Esaú";
"Edom" = "Edom";
"The older twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father of the Edomites." = "Gemelo mayor de Isaac y Rebeca; padre de los edomitas.";

"Jacob" = "Jacob";
"Israel" = "Israel";
"The younger twin of Isaac and Rebekah; father to the 12 tribes of Israel." = "Gemelo menor de Isaac y Rebeca; padre de las 12 tribus de Israel.";

"Levi" = "Leví";
"Third son of Jacob by Leah whose descendants became Israel’s priests." = "Tercer hijo de Jacob por Lea, cuyos descendientes se convirtieron en sacerdotes de Israel.";

"Joseph" = "José";
"The son of Jacob and Rachel; father of Manasseh and Ephraim." = "Hijo de Jacob y Raquel; padre de Manasés y Efraín.";

"Aaron (Life)" = "Aarón (vida)";
"Brother of Moses who acted as his spokesman and became the first high priest." = "Hermano de Moisés que actuó como su portavoz y se convirtió en el primer sumo sacerdote.";

"Moses" = "Moisés";
"Lawgiver who led the Israelite exodus from Egypt." = "Legislador que dirigió el éxodo israelita de Egipto.";

"Caleb" = "Caleb";
"Faithful Israelite spy who lived to conquer Hebron." = "Fiel espía israelita que vivió para conquistar Hebrón.";

"Joshua" = "Josué";
"Successor to Moses who led the Israelite conquest of Canaan." = "Sucesor de Moisés que dirigió la conquista israelita de Canaán.";

"Eli (Life)" = "Elí (vida)";
"Priest who received the boy Samuel and who died when the Philistines captured the ark of the covenant." = "Sacerdote que recibió al niño Samuel y que murió cuando los filisteos capturaron el arca del pacto.";

"Ruth" = "Rut";
"Moabite daughter-in-law of Naomi, wife of Boaz, and great-grandmother of David. " = "Moabita nuera de Noemí, esposa de Booz y bisabuela de David.";

"Samuel" = "Samuel";
"Prophet, priest, and final judge of Israel who oversaw the transition to monarchy." = "Profeta, sacerdote y último juez de Israel que supervisó la transición a la monarquía.";

"Saul (Life)" = "Saúl (vida)";

"Jonathan (Life)" = "Jonatán (vida)";
"Eldest son of Saul who made a covenant with David." = "Hijo mayor de Saúl que hizo un pacto con David.";

"Ish-Bosheth (Life)" = "Is-boset (vida)";
"Esh-Baal" = "Esh-Baal";
"Surviving son of Saul who briefly ruled northern Israel." = "Hijo superviviente de Saúl que gobernó brevemente el norte de Israel.";

"David (Life)" = "David (vida)";

"Solomon (Life)" = "Salomón (vida)";

"Jezebel" = "Jezabel";
"Princess of Tyre who married Ahab of Israel and promoted the worship of Baal and Asherah." = "Princesa de Tiro que se casó con Acab de Israel y promovió la adoración de Baal y Asera.";

"Hillel the Elder" = "Hillel el Anciano";
"Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Hillel school tended to be less strict than the rival school of Shammai." = "Rabino judío y fundador de una escuela cuyas enseñanzas están registradas en la Misná. La escuela de Hillel tendía a ser menos estricta que la escuela rival de Shammai.";

"Shammai" = "Shammai";
"Jewish rabbi and founder of a school whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. The Shammai school tended to be more strict than the rival school of Hillel." = "Rabino judío y fundador de una escuela cuyas enseñanzas están registradas en la Misná. La escuela de Shammai tendía a ser más estricta que la escuela rival de Hillel.";

"Herod Philip I" = "Herodes Felipe I";
"Herod II" = "Herodes II";
"Son of Herod the Great, first husband of Herodias, and father of Salome." = "Hijo de Herodes el Grande, primer esposo de Herodías y padre de Salomé";

"Herodias" = "Herodías";
"Mother of Salome by her first husband, whom she abandoned to marry Antipas." = "Madre de Salomé por su primer esposo, a quien abandonó para casarse con Antipas.";

"Gamaliel" = "Gamaliel";
"Grandson of Hillel and leader of the Sanhedrin who advised cautious toleration of early Christians." = "Nieto de Hillel y líder del Sanedrín que aconsejó la tolerancia cautelosa de los primeros cristianos.";

"John the Baptist" = "Juan el Bautista";
"Itinerant preacher who proclaimed Jesus as Messiah and opposed Herod Antipas." = "Predicador itinerante que proclamó a Jesús como el Mesías y se opuso a Herodes Antipas.";

"Jesus" = "Jesús";
"Christ" = "Cristo";
"Jewish rabbi regarded by Christians as incarnate Son of God." = "Rabino judío considerado por los cristianos como el Hijo encarnado de Dios.";

"Paul" = "Pablo";
"Saul" = "Saúl";
"Pharisee who persecuted the church before becoming a Christian apostle." = "Fariseo que persiguió a la iglesia antes de convertirse en apóstol cristiano.";

"Akiva" = "Akiva";
"Jewish rabbi whose teachings are recorded in the Mishnah. Proclaimed Bar Kokhba as the Messiah." = "Rabino judío cuyas enseñanzas están registradas en la Misná. Proclamó a Bar Kokhba como el Mesías.";

"Shimon bar Yochai" = "Shimon bar Yochai";
"Jewish rabbi regarded as the author of the Zohar." = "Rabino judío considerado como el autor del Zohar.";

"Judah ha-Nasi" = "Judá ha-Nasi";
"Jewish rabbi and ruler of the Sanhedrin who edited the Mishna." = "Rabino judío y gobernante del Sanedrín que editó la Misná";

"Pamphilus" = "Pánfilo";
"Christian scholar and presbyter of Caesarea martyred during the Diocletian persecution." = "Erudito cristiano y presbítero de Cesarea martirizado durante la persecución de Diocleciano.";

"Eusebius of Caesarea" = "Eusebio de Cesarea";
"Bishop of Caesarea and author of Church History." = "Obispo de Cesarea y autor de Historia de la Iglesia.";

"Hilarion" = "Hilarión";
"Palestinian Christian hermit who brought anchorite monasticism to Palestine." = "Ermitaño cristiano palestino que trajo el monacato anacoreta a Palestina.";

"Cyril of Jerusalem" = "Cirilo de Jerusalén";
"Bishop of Jerusalem known for his Catechetical Homilies." = "Obispo de Jerusalén conocido por sus homilías catequéticas.";

"Jerome" = "Jerónimo";
"Christian scholar who produced the Latin Vulgate translation of the Scriptures." = "Erudito cristiano que elaboró la traducción de la Vulgata latina de las Escrituras.";

"Paula of Rome" = "Paula de Roma";
"Roman noblewoman who established a convent in Bethlehem in association with Jerome." = "Noble romana que estableció un convento en Belén en asociación con Jerónimo.";

"Sophronius (Life)" = "Sofronio (vida)";
"Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Monoenergism and Monothelitism. Reportedly toured Jerusalem with the Muslim Caliph Umar." = "Patriarca de Jerusalén que se opuso al monoenergismo y al monotelitismo. Según se cuenta, recorrió Jerusalén con el califa musulmán Umar.";

"Ben Naphtali" = "Ben Neftalí";
"Jewish scribe of a rival Masoretic school to that of Ben Asher." = "Escriba judío de una escuela masorética rival a la de Ben Aser.";

"Ben Asher" = "Ben Aser";
"Aaron ben Moses ben Asher" = "Aarón ben Moisés ben Aser.";
"Jewish scribe who refined the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible." = "Escriba judío que pulió el texto masorético de la Biblia hebrea.";

"Dositheos (Life)" = "Dositeo (vida)";
"Patriarch of Jerusalem who opposed Catholic and Protestant influences in the Orthodox church. Called the Synod of Jerusalem." = "Patriarca de Jerusalén que se opuso a las influencias católicas y protestantes en la iglesia ortodoxa. Convocó el Sínodo de Jerusalén.";

"Martin Buber" = "Martin Buber";
"Austrian-Israeli philosopher of religion who spoke of religious encounter as an “I-Thou relationship.”" = "Filósofo austriaco-israelí de la religión que habló del encuentro religioso como una “relación Yo-Tú”.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Writings */

"Pentateuch" = "Pentateuco";

"Joshua (Book)" = "Josué (libro)";

"Judges (Book)" = "Jueces (libro)";

"Yahwist (J)" = "Yahvista (J)";

"1–2 Samuel" = "1-2 Samuel";
"Samuel * Books of" = "Samuel * Libros de";

"Gezer Calendar" = "Calendario de Gezer";
"Early Hebrew inscription listing the times for various agricultural activities." = "Inscripción hebrea temprana que enumera los tiempos para diversas actividades agrícolas.";

"Obadiah (Book)" = "Abdías (libro)";

"Tel Dan Inscription" = "Inscripción de Tel Dan";
"House of David Inscription" = "Inscripción de la Casa de David";
"Aramaic inscription from Dan which mentions the house of David." = "Inscripción aramea de Dan que menciona la casa de David.";

"Mesha Stele" = "Estela de Mesa";
"Moabite Stone" = "Piedra moabita";
"Moabite account of Mesha’s successful revolt against Israel." = "Cuenta moabita de la exitosa revuelta de Mesa contra Israel.";

"Joel (Book)" = "Joel (libro)";

"Deir Alla Inscription" = "Inscripción de Deir Alla";
"Book of Balaam, son of Beor" = "Libro de Balaam, hijo de Beor";
"Aramaic inscription from Deir Alla relating visions by Balaam son of Beor." = "Inscripción aramea de Deir Alla relatando visiones de Balaam, hijo de Beor.";

"Elohist (E)" = "Elohista (E)";

"Amos (Book)" = "Amós (libro)";

"Jonah (Book)" = "Jonás (libro)";

"Micah (Book)" = "Miqueas (libro)";

"Hosea (Book)" = "Oseas (libro)";

"Siloam Inscription" = "Inscripción de Siloé";
"Paleo-Hebrew inscription detailing the completion of Hezekiah’s tunnel." = "Inscripción paleohebrea que detalla la finalización del túnel de Ezequías.";

"First Isaiah (Book)" = "Primer Isaías (libro)";

"Isaiah (Book)" = "Isaías (libro)";

"Nahum (Book)" = "Nahum (libro)";

"Zephaniah (Book)" = "Sofonías (libro)";

"Deuteronomy" = "Deuteronomio";
"Deuteronomic * D" = "Deuteronómico * D";

"Habakkuk (Book)" = "Habacuc (libro)";

"Priestly Document" = "Documento sacerdotal";
"Priestly * P" = "Sacerdotal * P";

"1–2 Kings" = "1-2 Reyes";
"Kings * Books of" = "Reyes * Libros de los";

"Jeremiah (Book)" = "Jeremías (libro)";

"Ezekiel (Book)" = "Ezequiel (libro)";

"Deuteronomistic History" = "Historia Deuteronomista";

"Second Isaiah (Book)" = "Segundo Isaías (libro)";
"Redaction by Second Isaiah" = "Redacción del Segundo Isaías";

"Daniel (Book)" = "Daniel (libro)";

"Haggai (Book)" = "Hageo (libro)";

"Malachi (Book)" = "Malaquías (libro)";

"Torah" = "Torá";

"Zechariah (Book)" = "Zacarías (libro)";

"Isaiah (Book)?" = "¿Isaías (libro)?";
"Redaction by Third Isaiah?" = "¿Redacción del Tercer Isaías?";

"1–2 Chronicles" = "1-2 Crónicas";
"Chronicles * Books of" = "Crónicas * Libros de las";

"Ezra (Book)" = "Esdras (libro)";

"Nehemiah (Book)" = "Nehemías (libro)";

"Chronistic History" = "Historia del Cronista";

"Dead Sea Scrolls" = "Manuscritos del Mar Muerto";
"Collection of Hebrew texts found in caves near the Dead Sea." = "Colección de textos hebreos encontrados en cuevas cerca del Mar Muerto.";

"1 Enoch" = "1 Enoc";
"A composite work which reveals Second Temple apocalyptic thought." = "Una obra compuesta que revela el pensamiento apocalíptico del Segundo Templo.";

"Tobit" = "Tobías";
"Originally written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Fragments in both languages were found at Qumran." = "Originalmente escrito en hebreo o arameo. Se encontraron fragmentos en ambos idiomas en Qumran.";

"Sirach (Hebrew)" = "Sirácida (hebreo)";
"Ben Sira" = "Ben Sira";
"Originally written in Hebrew in Palestine prior to the Maccabean revolt." = "Originalmente escrito en hebreo en Palestina antes de la rebelión macabea.";

"Judith" = "Judit";
"Originally written in Hebrew, possibly during the Maccabean revolt." = "Originalmente escrito en hebreo, posiblemente durante la rebelión macabea.";

"1 Maccabees" = "1 Macabeos";
"Although only extant in Greek, was originally written in Hebrew." = "Aunque solo se ha conservado en griego, fue escrito originalmente en hebreo.";

"2 Maccabees" = "2 Macabeos";
"Abridgment of an earlier history written in Greek." = "Resumen de una historia anterior escrita en griego.";

"Baruch" = "Baruc";
"Purports to have been written in the time of Jeremiah, but from a later period." = "Pretende haber sido escrito en la época de Jeremías, pero data de un período posterior.";

"Galatians" = "Gálatas";

"1 Thessalonians" = "1 Tesalonicenses";
"Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Second Missionary Journey." = "Probablemente escrito desde Corinto durante el Segundo Viaje Misionero de Pablo.";

"2 Thessalonians" = "2 Tesalonicenses";
"Probably written from Corinth not long after 1 Thessalonians." = "Probablemente escrito desde Corinto no mucho después de 1 Tesalonicenses.";

"James (Book)" = "Santiago (libro)";

"Mark (Book)" = "Marcos (libro)";
"Mark * Gospel" = "Marcos * Evangelio de";
"Gospel by Mark, companion of Peter, which emphasizes Jesus’s actions." = "Evangelio de Marcos, compañero de Pedro, que enfatiza las acciones de Jesús.";

"Matthew (Book)" = "Mateo (libro)";
"Matthew * Gospel" = "Mateo * Evangelio de";
"Gospel which emphasizes Jesus as Jewish Messiah." = "Evangelio que enfatiza a Jesús como el Mesías judío.";

"Thessalonians * First Epistle" = "Tesalonicenses * Primera epístola";

"Thessalonians * Second Epistle" = "Tesalonicenses * Segunda epístola";

"1 Corinthians" = "1 Corintios";
"Probably written during Paul’s extended stay at Ephesus during his Third Missionary Journey." = "Probablemente escrita durante la prolongada estancia de Pablo en Éfeso durante su Tercer Viaje Misionero.";

"Probably written from Ephesus or Macedonia during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probablemente escrita desde Éfeso o Macedonia durante el Tercer Viaje Misionero de Pablo.";

"2 Corinthians" = "2 Corintios";
"Probably written from Macedonia en route to Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probablemente escrita desde Macedonia en ruta a Corinto durante el tercer viaje misionero de Pablo.";

"Philippians" = "Filipenses";
"Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Ephesus or Caesarea." = "Probablemente escrita mientras Pablo está encarcelado en Éfeso o Cesarea.";

"Romans" = "romanos";
"Probably written from Corinth during Paul’s Third Missionary Journey." = "Probablemente escrita desde Corinto durante el tercer viaje misionero de Pablo.";

"Philemon" = "Filemón";
"Probably written at the same time as Colossians." = "Probablemente escrito al mismo tiempo que Colosenses.";

"Corinthians * First Epistle" = "Corintios * Primera epístola";

"Corinthians * Second Epistle" = "Corintios * Segunda epístola";

"Colossians" = "Colosenses";
"Probably written while Paul is imprisoned at Caesarea or Rome." = "Probablemente escrita mientras Pablo está encarcelado en Cesarea o Roma.";

"Ephesians" = "Efesios";

"1 Timothy" = "1 Timoteo";
"Timothy * First Epistle" = "Timoteo * Primera epístola";

"2 Timothy" = "2 Timoteo";
"Timothy * Second Epistle" = "Timoteo * Segunda epístola";

"Titus" = "Tito";

"Luke (Book)" = "Lucas (libro)";
"Luke * Gospel of" = "Lucas * Evangelio de";
"Gospel by Luke, companion of Paul, " = "Evangelio de Lucas, compañero de Pablo.";

"1 Peter" = "1 Pedro";
"Peter * First Epistle" = "Pedro * Primera epístola";

"2 Peter" = "2 Pedro";
"Peter * Second Epistle" = "Pedro * Segunda epístola";

"Acts" = "Hechos";

"Hebrews" = "Hebreos";

"Jude" = "Judas";

"John (Book)" = "Juan (libro)";
"John * Gospel of" = "Juan * Evangelio de";

"Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and priority to Acts." = "La fecha asume la prioridad marcana, el conocimiento de la destrucción de Jerusalén y la prioridad de Hechos.";

"Date assumes knowledge of First Jewish Revolt, either approaching or recently past." = "La fecha asume el conocimiento de la Primera Revuelta Judía, ya sea que se aproximara o que hubiera sucedido recientemente.";

"Date assumes some years after the writing of Luke." = "La fecha asume algunos años después de la escritura de Lucas.";

"Date assumes post-Pauline but pre-Irenaean author familiar with Paul’s letters." = "La fecha asume un autor pospaulino pero preirineano familiarizado con las cartas de Pablo.";

"Dated to same period as Luke–Acts and the early reign of Domitian." = "Fechado en el mismo período que Lucas-Hechos y el reinado temprano de Domiciano.";

"Date assumes Markan priority, knowledge of Jerusalem’s destruction, and ecclesiastical development." = "La fecha asume la prioridad marcana, el conocimiento de la destrucción de Jerusalén y el desarrollo eclesiástico.";

"1 John" = "1 Juan";
"John * First Epistle" = "Juan * Primera epístola";

"Probably written not long after the book of John." = "Probablemente escrita poco después del libro de Juan.";

"Date assumes that the references to persecution point to the reign of Domitian." = "La fecha asume que las referencias a la persecución apuntan al reinado de Domiciano.";

"2 John" = "2 Juan";
"John * Second Epistle" = "Juan * Segunda epístola";

"Probably written around the time of 1John." = "Probablemente escrita alrededor del tiempo de 1 Juan.";

"3 John" = "3 Juan";
"John * Third Epistle" = "Juan * Tercera epístola";

"Date assumes knowledge of Luke and must be before early 2nd century papyri." = "La fecha asume el conocimiento de Lucas y debe ser anterior a los papiros de principios del siglo II";

"Revelation" = "Apocalipsis";

"Probably written toward the end of the reign of Domitian." = "Probablemente escrito hacia el final del reinado de Domiciano.";

"Date assumes pseudonymous author around the turn of the Second Century." = "La fecha asume un autor seudónimo alrededor de principios del siglo II";

"2 Esdras" = "2 Esdras";
"A composite work from the second or third centuries." = "Una obra compuesta del siglo II o III";

"Date assumes a pseudonymous post-Pauline Jewish Christian author." = "La fecha asume un autor seudónimo pospaulino judeocristiano.";

"Probably written after James, around the turn of the Second Century." = "Probablemente escrito después de Santiago, alrededor de principios del siglo II";

"Zohar" = "Zohar";
"Foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) attributed to Shimon bar Yochai." = "Obra fundamental del misticismo judío (Cábala) atribuida a Shimon bar Yochai.";

"Probably written after Jude in the second quarter of the Second Century." = "Probablemente escrito después de Judas en el segundo cuarto del siglo II";

"Mishna" = "Misná";
"A collection of rabbinic rulings on how to apply the Torah." = "Colección de decisiones rabínicas sobre cómo aplicar la Torá";

"Tosefta" = "Tosefta";
"A collection of rabbinic teaching parallel to the Mishna and roughly from the same period." = "Colección de enseñanza rabínica paralela a la Misná y aproximadamente del mismo período.";

"Church History" = "Historia de la Iglesia";
"A history of the ante-Nicene church by Eusebius of Caesarea." = "Historia de la iglesia antenicena escrita por Eusebio de Cesarea.";

"Jerusalem Talmud" = "Talmud de Jerusalén";
"Talmud Yerushalmi" = "Talmud Yerushalmi";
"Commentary on the Mishna by Palestinian rabbis." = "Comentario sobre la Misná realizado por rabinos palestinos.";

"Vulgate" = "Vulgata";
"Jerome’s Latin translation of the Bible." = "La traducción latina de la Biblia de Jerónimo.";

"Babylonian Talmud" = "Talmud de Babilonia";
"Talmud Bavli" = "Talmud Bavli";
"Commentary on the Mishna by Babylonian rabbis." = "Comentario sobre la Misná realizado por rabinos babilónicos.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Events */

"Terah’s Journey to Haran" = "Viaje de Taré a Harán";
"Terah emigrates with his family from Ur to Haran." = "Taré emigra con su familia de Ur a Harán.";

"Abraham’s Journey to Canaan" = "Viaje de Abraham a Canaán";
"Abraham travels from Haran to Canaan in answer to God’s call." = "Abraham viaja de Harán a Canaán en respuesta al llamamiento de Dios.";

"Abraham in Egypt" = "Abraham en Egipto";
"Abraham sojourns in Egypt to escape famine in Canaan." = "Abraham reside en Egipto para escapar del hambre en Canaán.";

"Concubinage of Hagar" = "Concubinato de Agar";
"Abraham takes Sarah’s handmaid, Hagar, as his concubine." = "Abraham toma a la sierva de Sara, Agar, como su concubina.";

"Covenant of Circumcision" = "Pacto de la circuncisión";
"Abraham and his household receive the covenant sign of circumcision." = "Abraham y su familia reciben la señal del pacto de la circuncisión.";

"Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed" = "Sodoma y Gomorra destruidas";
"Lot escapes divine judgment against the cities of the plain." = "Lot escapa al juicio divino contra las ciudades de la llanura.";

"Binding of Isaac" = "Sacrificio de Isaac";

"Isaac Marries Rebekah" = "Isaac se casa con Rebeca";
"Abraham arranges his son’s marriage to a woman from his extended family." = "Abraham organiza el matrimonio de su hijo con una mujer de su familia extensa.";

"Jacob’s Stay with Laban" = "Jacob se queda con Labán";
"Jacob works for his uncle Laban in Syria." = "Jacob trabaja para su tío Labán en Siria.";

"Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel" = "Jacob se casa con Lea y Raquel";
"Tricked into marrying Leah, Jacob also marries Rachel a week later." = "Tras ser engañado para casarse con Lea, Jacob también se casa con Raquel una semana después.";

"Rape of Dinah" = "Violación de Dina";
"Jacob’s daughter is raped by the prince of Shechem, and her brothers exact revenge." = "La hija de Jacob es violada por el príncipe de Siquem, y sus hermanos se vengan.";

"Joseph Taken to Egypt" = "José es llevado a Egipto";
"Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, Joseph is taken to Egypt." = "Vendido como esclavo por sus celosos hermanos, José es llevado a Egipto.";

"Joseph’s Imprisonment" = "Encarcelamiento de José";
"Falsely accused of attempted rape, Joseph is imprisoned in Egypt." = "Falsamente acusado de intento de violación, José es encarcelado en Egipto.";

"Years of Abundance" = "Años de abundancia";
"Seven-year period of agricultural surplus in Egypt." = "Período de siete años de excedente agrícola en Egipto.";

"Years of Famine" = "Años de hambruna";
"Seven-year period of famine in Egypt." = "Período de siete años de hambruna en Egipto.";

"Judah and Tamar" = "Judá y Tamar";
"Judah’s widowed daughter-in-law finds a way to preserve his line." = "La nuera viuda de Judá encuentra la manera de preservar su linaje.";

"Jacob Travels to Egypt" = "Jacob viaja a Egipto";
"At Joseph’s request, Jacob is given refuge in Egypt." = "A petición de José, Jacob recibe refugio en Egipto.";

"Oppression in Egypt" = "Opresión en Egipto";
"An Egyptian king subjects the Israelites to forced labor." = "Un rey egipcio somete a los israelitas a trabajos forzados.";

"Moses Flees Egypt" = "Moisés huye de Egipto";
"Moses flees to Midian to escape capital punishment in Egypt." = "Moisés huye a Madián para escapar de la pena capital en Egipto.";

"Battle of Megiddo" = "Batalla de Meguido";
"Tuthmosis III defeats a coalition of rebellious Canaanite vassals at Megiddo." = "Tutmosis III derrota a una coalición de vasallos cananeos rebeldes en Meguido.";

"Exodus" = "Éxodo";
"Israelites escape Egypt under Moses" = "Los israelitas escapan de Egipto bajo Moisés.";

"Wilderness Wandering" = "Travesía por el desierto";
"The Israelites wander in the wilderness for 40 years." = "Los israelitas deambulan por el desierto durante 40 años.";

"Sinai Covenant" = "Alianza del Sinaí";
"The Israelites enter the Mosaic covenant with YHWH at Mount Sinai." = "Los israelitas entran en el pacto mosaico con YHWH en el Monte Sinaí";

"Spies Enter Canaan" = "Los espías entran en Canaán";
"12 Israelite spies scout the land of Canaan." = "12 espías israelitas exploran la tierra de Canaán.";

"Conquest of Canaan" = "Conquista de Canaán";
"Joshua leads the Israelite invasion of Canaan." = "Josué lidera la invasión israelita de Canaán.";

"Caleb Requests His Inheritance" = "Caleb solicita su herencia";
"Caleb requests the hill country around Hebron as his inheritance." = "Caleb solicita la región montañosa alrededor de Hebrón como su herencia.";

"Aramean Oppression" = "Opresión aramea";
"Israelites subject to Arameans until delivered by Othniel." = "Los israelitas están sujetos a los arameos hasta que Otoniel los libera.";

"Moabite Oppression" = "Opresión moabita";
"Israelites subject to Moabites until delivered by Ehud." = "Los israelitas están sometidos a los moabitas hasta que son liberados por Aod.";

"Northern Canaanite Oppression" = "Opresión de los cananeos del norte";
"Israelites subject to Canaanites until delivered by Deborah and Barak." = "Los israelitas están sometidos a los cananeos hasta que son liberados por Débora y Barac.";

"Joshua leads an Israelite invasion of Canaan." = "Josué lidera una invasión israelita de Canaán.";

"Midianite Oppression" = "Opresión de los madianitas";
"Israelites subject to Midianites until delivered by Gideon." = "Los israelitas están sometidos por los madianitas hasta que son liberados por Gedeón.";

"Ammonite Oppression" = "Opresión amonita";
"Israelites subject to Ammonites until delivered by Jephthah." = "Los israelitas están sometidos a los amonitas hasta que son liberados por Jefté";

"Philistine Oppression" = "Opresión de los filisteos";
"Israelites subject to Philistines until delivered by Samuel." = "Los israelitas están sometidos a los filisteos hasta que son liberados por Samuel.";

"Ark Taken to Kiriath-Jearim" = "El arca es llevada a Quiriat-jearim";
"Sent back by the Philistines, the ark of the covenant is taken to Kiriath-Jearim." = "Una vez devuelta por los filisteos, el arca de la alianza es llevada a Quiriat-jearim.";

"Battle of Ebenezer" = "Batalla de Ebenezer";
"Battle of Aphek, Ark Captured" = "Batalla de Afec, el Arca capturada";
"Philistines defeat the Israelites and capture the ark of the covenant." = "Los filisteos derrotan a los israelitas y capturan el arca de la alianza.";

"Battle of Mizpah" = "Batalla de ";
"Samuel Routs the Philistines" = "Samuel derrota a los filisteos";
"Israelites repent at Mizpah and drive back the Philistines while Samuel prays." = "Los israelitas se arrepienten de Mizpa y hacen retroceder a los filisteos mientras Samuel ora.";

"Samuel Anoints David" = "Samuel unge a David";
"After the rejection of Saul, Samuel secretly anoints David as king of Israel." = "Tras el rechazo de Saúl, Samuel secretamente unge a David como rey de Israel.";

"David Slays Goliath" = "David mata a Goliat";
"David slays the giant Philistine, Goliath, with a sling." = "David mata al gigante filisteo, Goliat, con una honda.";

"David’s Flight from Saul" = "David huye de Saúl";
"David escapes Saul and lives as a fugitive in Israel and Philistia." = "David escapa de Saúl y vive como un fugitivo en Israel y Filistia.";

"David Made King in Hebron" = "David es nombrado rey en Hebrón";
"After the death of Saul, David becomes king of Judah." = "Tras la muerte de Saúl, David se convierte en rey de Judá";

"David Conquers Jerusalem" = "David conquista Jerusalén";
"David captures the Jebusite city of Jerusalem and makes it his capital." = "David captura la ciudad jebusea de Jerusalén y la convierte en su capital.";

"David’s Adultery with Bathsheba" = "Adulterio de David con Betsabé";
"David commits adultery with Bathsheba and has her husband killed." = "David comete adulterio con Betsabé y mata a su esposo.";

"Amnon Rapes Tamar" = "Amnón viola a Tamar";
"David’s son Amnon rapes his half-sister, Tamar, who is the full sister of Absalom." = "Amnón, el hijo de David, viola a su media hermana, Tamar, que es la hermana de Absalón.";

"Absalom in Exile" = "Absalón en el exilio";
"After murdering his half-brother Amnon, Absalom lives in exile at the court of his grandfather, the king of Geshur." = "Tras asesinar a su medio hermano Amnón, Absalón vive en el exilio en la corte de su abuelo, el rey de Geshur.";

"Ark Brought to Jerusalem" = "El Arca es llevada a Jerusalén";
"David brings the ark of the covenant from Kiriath-Jearim to Jerusalem." = "David trae el arca del pacto de Quiriat-jearim a Jerusalén.";

"Absalom’s Rebellion" = "Rebelión de Absalón";
"David’s son Absalom seizes the throne but is eventually defeated." = "Absalón, el hijo de David, se hace con el trono pero finalmente es derrotado.";

"David’s Census" = "Censo de David";
"David numbers his troops and is punished." = "David cuenta sus tropas y es castigado.";

"First Temple Constructed" = "Construcción del primer templo";

"Solomon’s Temple" = "Templo de Salomón";
"Solomon builds the first temple in Jerusalem." = "Salomón construye el primer templo en Jerusalén.";

"Solomon’s Palace Constructed" = "Construcción del palacio de Salomón";
"After completing the temple, Solomon builds his royal palace and a house for his Egyptian queen." = "Tras terminar el templo, Salomón construye su palacio real y una casa para su reina egipcia.";

"Shishak Invades Judah" = "Sisac invade Judá";
"Shishak exploits the Divided Kingdom to raid sites in Judah and Israel." = "Sisac se aprovecha del Reino dividido para atacar lugares de Judá e Israel.";

"Capital Moved to Samaria" = "La capital se traslada a Samaria";
"Omri buys the hill of Samaria and builds a new capital of Israel." = "Omri compra la colina de Samaria y construye una nueva capital de Israel.";

"Asa Defeats Zerah" = "Asa derrota a Zera";
"Asa defeats an invasion led by Zerah the Cushite." = "Asa derrota una invasión liderada por Zera el cusita.";

"Asa’s War with Baasha" = "Guerra de Asa con Baasa";
"Baasha fortifies cities on the border with Judah, and Asa bribes the king of Aram to attack Israel." = "Baasa fortifica ciudades en la frontera con Judá, y Asa soborna al rey de Aram para que ataque a Israel.";

"Three-Year Drought" = "Tres años de sequía";
"Israel is without rain for three years during the ministry of Elijah." = "Israel está sin lluvia durante tres años durante el ministerio de Elías.";

"Elijah at Carmel & Horeb" = "Elías en el Carmelo y Horeb";
"Elijah defeats the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, then flees to Mount Horeb." = "Elías derrota a los profetas de Baal en el monte Carmelo y luego huye al monte Horeb.";

"Elijah Anoints Elisha" = "Elías unge a Eliseo";
"Elijah anoints Elisha as his prophetic successor." = "Elías unge a Eliseo como su sucesor profético.";

"Seven-Year Famine" = "Hambruna de siete años";
"Israel experiences an extended famine during the reign of Joram." = "Israel experimenta una hambruna prolongada durante el reinado de Joram.";

"Syro-Ephraimite War" = "Guerra siro-efraimita";
"Aram and Israel attack Judah in order to install a puppet king." = "Aram e Israel atacan Judá para instalar un rey títere.";

"Fall of Samaria" = "Caída de Samaria";
"Shalmaneser V of Assyria conquers Samaria after a three-year siege." = "Salmanasar V de Asiria conquista Samaria después de un asedio de tres años.";

"Sennacherib’s Invasion" = "Invasión de Senaquerib";
"Sennacherib of Assyria invades Judah during the reign of Hezekiah." = "Senaquerib de Asiria invade Judá durante el reinado de Ezequías.";

"First Deportation of Jews" = "Primera deportación de los judíos";
"Nebuchadnezzar attacks Jerusalem and carries noble Jews like Daniel into exile." = "Nabucodonosor ataca Jerusalén y manda al exilio a judíos nobles como Daniel.";

"Jehoiakim’s Rebellion" = "Rebelión de Joacim";
"Jehoiakim rebels against Babylonian rule." = "Joacim se rebela contra el dominio babilónico.";

"Second Deportation of Jews" = "Segunda deportación de los judíos";
"Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem and carries her leading citizens into exile." = "Nabucodonosor captura Jerusalén y manda a sus principales ciudadanos al exilio.";

"First Temple Destruction" = "Destrucción del primer templo";
"Babylonians Sack Jerusalem" = "Babilonia saquea Jerusalén";
"Nebuchadnezzar sacks Jerusalem, burning the temple, destroying the walls, and deporting her citizens." = "Nabucodonosor saquea Jerusalén, quema el templo, destruye los muros y deporta a sus ciudadanos.";

"Cyrus Edict" = "Edicto de Ciro";
"Cyrus the Great of Persia decrees that Jewish exiles may return to Judah." = "Ciro el Grande de Persia decreta que los exiliados judíos pueden regresar a Judá";

"Exiles Return under Zerubbabel" = "Los exiliados regresan bajo Zorobabel";
"The first group of exiles return to Judah with Zerubbabel." = "El primer grupo de exiliados regresa a Judá con Zorobabel.";

"Second Temple Foundations Laid" = "Colocación cimientos del segundo templo";
"The returning Jewish exiles begin construction of a new temple, but the work stalls." = "Los exiliados judíos que regresan comienzan la construcción de un nuevo templo, pero el trabajo se detiene.";

"Second Temple Constructed" = "Construcción del segundo templo";
"Zerubbabel’s Temple" = "Templo de Zorobabel";
"At the urging of Haggai and Zechariah, construction of the second temple is completed." = "A instancias de Hageo y Zacarías, se completa la construcción del segundo templo.";

"Return of Ezra" = "Retorno de Esdras";
"The priest Ezra returns from exile to lead religious reforms in Judah." = "El sacerdote Esdras regresa del exilio para dirigir las reformas religiosas en Judá";

"Return of Nehemiah" = "Retorno de Nehemías";
"Nehemiah returns from exile as governor of Judah and rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem." = "Nehemías regresa del exilio como gobernador de Judá y reconstruye los muros de Jerusalén.";

"Nehemiah Leads Reforms" = "Nehemías lidera las reformas";
"After a three-year absence, Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and institutes reforms." = "Tras una ausencia de tres años, Nehemías regresa a Jerusalén e instituye reformas.";

"Battle of Panium" = "Batalla de Panio";
"Antiochus III defeats a Ptolemaic ally and gains control of Judea and Samaria." = "Antíoco III derrota a un aliado ptolemaico y consigue el control de Judea y Samaria.";

"Antiochus desecrates the Temple" = "Antíoco profana el Templo";
"Antiochus IV sets up a pagan idol at the Jerusalem Temple." = "Antíoco IV levanta un ídolo pagano en el Templo de Jerusalén.";

"Maccabean Revolt" = "Rebelión macabea";
"Judas Maccabeus and his brothers lead a revolt against the Seleucids." = "Judas Macabeo y sus hermanos encabezan una revuelta contra los seléucidas.";

"Rededication of Temple" = "Rededicación del Templo";
"The Maccabean cleansing of the Jerusalem Temple commemorated at Hanukkah." = "La purificación macabea del Templo de Jerusalén es conmemorada en Janucá";

"Jews granted religious freedom" = "A los judíos se les concede libertad religiosa";
"The Seleucids grant religious freedom to the Jews to achieve a temporary peace." = "Los seléucidas otorgan libertad religiosa a los judíos para lograr una paz temporal.";

"Samaritan Temple Destroyed" = "Destrucción del templo samaritano";
"John Hyrcanus I destroys the Samaritan Temple at Shechem." = "Juan Hircano I destruye el Templo samaritano en Siquem.";

"Second Temple Rebuilt" = "Reconstrucción del segundo templo";
"Herod’s Temple" = "Templo de Herodes";
"Herod enlarges and refurbishes the Jerusalem Temple." = "Herodes amplía y restaura el Templo de Jerusalén.";

"The Boy Jesus at the Temple" = "El niño Jesús en el templo";
"Jesus gets left behind at the Jerusalem Temple." = "Jesús se queda atrás en el Templo de Jerusalén.";

"Christ’s public ministry" = "Ministerio público de Cristo";
"Jesus teaches and performs miracles in Galilee, Judea, and beyond." = "Jesús enseña y realiza milagros en Galilea, Judea y más allá";

"John the Baptist imprisoned" = "Juan el Bautista encarcelado";
"Herod Antipas imprisons John the Baptist at Machaerus." = "Herodes Antipas encarcela a Juan el Bautista en Maqueronte.";

"Holy Spirit at Pentecost" = "Espíritu Santo en Pentecostés";
"Christ’s disciples in Jerusalem experience the Holy Spirit during the feast of Pentecost." = "Los discípulos de Cristo en Jerusalén experimentan el Espíritu Santo durante la fiesta de Pentecostés.";

"Conversion of Paul" = "Conversión de Pablo";
"Paul converts to Christianity on his way to persecute Christians in Damascus." = "Pablo se convierte al cristianismo en su camino para perseguir a los cristianos en Damasco.";

"Stoning of Stephen" = "Lapidación de Esteban";
"Stephen, a deacon of the early church, becomes the first Christian martyr." = "Esteban, un diácono de la iglesia primitiva, se convierte en el primer mártir cristiano.";

"Martyrdom of James" = "Martirio de Santiago";

"Son of Zebedee" = "Hijo de Zebedeo";
"James the son of Zebedee is executed by Herod Agrippa I." = "Santiago, hijo de Zebedeo, es ejecutado por Herodes Agripa I.";

"First Missionary Journey" = "Primer viaje misionero";

"Paul and Barnabas evangelize Cyprus and Galatia." = "Pablo y Bernabé evangelizan Chipre y Galacia.";

"Jerusalem Council" = "Concilio de Jerusalén";
"Early Christian council addresses the inclusion of Gentile Christians." = "El concilio cristiano primitivo aborda la inclusión de los cristianos gentiles.";

"Second Missionary Journey" = "Segundo viaje misionero";

"Paul and Silas evangelize Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece." = "Pablo y Silas evangelizan Asia Menor, Macedonia y Grecia.";

"Third Missionary Journey" = "Tercer viaje misionero";

"Paul evangelizes western Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece." = "Pablo evangeliza el oeste de Asia Menor, Macedonia y Grecia.";

"Paul imprisoned in Caesarea" = "Pablo encarcelado en Cesarea";

"After his arrest in Jerusalem, Paul is imprisoned in Caesarea awaiting trial." = "Después de su arresto en Jerusalén, Paul está encarcelado en Cesarea en espera de juicio.";

"Martyrdom of James the Just" = "Martirio de Santiago el Justo";
"Brother of Jesus" = "Hermano de Jesús";
"James the brother of Jesus is executed in Jerusalem." = "Santiago el hermano de Jesús es ejecutado en Jerusalén.";

"Jewish War with Rome" = "Guerra de los judíos contra Roma";
"First Jewish Revolt" = "Primera revuelta judía";
"Jewish revolt against Rome is crushed by Vespasian and Titus." = "La revuelta judía contra Roma es aplastada por Vespasiano y Tito.";

"Second Temple Destroyed" = "Destrucción del segundo templo";
"Romans sack Jerusalem and raze the Temple." = "Los romanos saquean Jerusalén y arrasan el Templo.";

"Bar Kokhba Revolt" = "Rebelión de Bar Kojba";
"Second Jewish Revolt" = "Segunda revuelta judía";
"Bar Kokhba is proclaimed Messiah and establishes a short-lived Jewish state." = "Bar Kokhba es proclamado Mesías y establece un estado judío de corta duración.";

"Persian Conquest of Jerusalem" = "Conquista persa de Jerusalén";
"Sassanian Persians capture Jerusalem after a brief siege." = "Los persas sasánidas capturan Jerusalén después de un breve asedio.";

"Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem" = "Conquista musulmana de Jerusalén";
"Jerusalem surrenders to the Muslim caliph Umar after a four month siege." = "Jerusalén se rinde al califa musulmán Umar después de un asedio de cuatro meses.";

"Dome of the Rock Constructed" = "Cúpula de la roca construida";
"Islamic shrine built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem." = "Santuario islámico construido en el Monte del Templo en Jerusalén.";

"Capture of Jerusalem" = "Captura de Jerusalén";
"Crusaders capture Jerusalem, slaughtering many Muslims and Jews." = "Los cruzados capturan Jerusalén, matando a muchos musulmanes y judíos.";

"Battle of Hattin" = "Batalla de Hattin";
"Saladin decisively defeats the Crusaders to regain Muslim control of most of Palestine." = "Saladino derrota decisivamente a los cruzados para recuperar el control musulmán de la mayor parte de Palestina.";

"Jews Return to Jerusalem" = "Los judíos regresan a Jerusalén";
"After conquering Jerusalem, Saladin invites Jews to return to the city." = "Después de conquistar Jerusalén, Saladino invita a los judíos a regresar a la ciudad.";

"Khwarazmians Sack Jerusalem" = "Khwarazmians saquean Jerusalém";
"Khwarazmian Muslims sack Jerusalem and leave the city in ruins." = "Los musulmanes Khwarazmian saquean Jerusalén y dejan la ciudad en ruinas.";

"Battle of Ain Jalut" = "Batalla de Ain Jalut";
"Mamluk forces from Egypt defeat the Mongols in the Jezreel valley." = "Las fuerzas mamelucas de Egipto derrotan a los mongoles en el valle de Jezreel.";

"Fall of Acre" = "Caída de Acre";
"Mamluk forces from Egypt capture the Acre, ending the Crusader Kingdom of Acre." = "Las fuerzas mamelucas de Egipto capturan el Acre, poniendo fin al Reino Cruzado de Acre.";

"Synod of Jerusalem" = "Sínodo de Jerusalén";
"Synod of Bethlehem" = "Sínodo de Belén";
"Synod of Orthodox bishops which rejected the Calvinism of a book attributed to Patriarch Cyril Lucaris." = "Sínodo de los obispos ortodoxos que rechazó el calvinismo de un libro atribuido al patriarca Cirilo Lucaris.";

"First Aliyah" = "Primera Aliá";
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel, primarily from Russia and Yemen." = "Gran ola de inmigración judía a Israel, principalmente de Rusia y Yemen.";

"Second Aliyah" = "Segunda Aliá";
"Major wave of Russian Jewish immigration to Israel to escape pogroms." = "Gran ola de inmigración judía rusa a Israel para escapar de los pogromos.";

"Balfour Declaration" = "Declaración de Balfour";
"British declaration of support for a Jewish “national home” in Palestine, then under Ottoman control." = "Declaración británica de apoyo a un “hogar nacional” judío en Palestina, entonces bajo control otomano.";

"Third Aliyah" = "Tercera Aliá";
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel in the aftermath of World War I." = "Gran ola de inmigración judía a Israel después de la Primera Guerra Mundial.";

"Fourth Aliyah" = "Cuarta Aliá";
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape European anti-Semitism." = "Gran ola de inmigración judía a Israel para escapar del antisemitismo europeo.";

"Fifth Aliyah" = "Quinta Aliá";
"Major wave of Jewish immigration to Israel to escape the rise of Nazism in Germany." = "Gran ola de inmigración judía a Israel para escapar del auge del nazismo en Alemania.";

"Aliyah Bet" = "Aliyah Bet";
"Secondary Immigration" = "Inmigración secundaria.";
"In spite of British limitations on Jewish immigration, many thousands of Jews immigrate to Israel." = "A pesar de las limitaciones británicas sobre la inmigración judía, muchos miles de judíos emigran a Israel.";

"War of Independence" = "Guerra de la independencia";
"First Arab–Israeli War" = "Primera guerra árabe-israelí";
"War between the newly created state of Israel and a coalition of neighboring Arab states." = "Guerra entre el recién creado estado de Israel y una coalición de estados árabes vecinos.";

"Six-Day War" = "Guerra de los seis días";
"Third Arab-Israeli War" = "Tercera guerra árabe-israelí";
"War in which Israel defeated the allied forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to gain control of the Sinai peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights." = "Guerra en la que Israel derrotó a las fuerzas aliadas de Egipto, Jordania y Siria para obtener el control de la península del Sinaí, la Franja de Gaza, Cisjordania y los Altos del Golán.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Political */

"Early Canaanite Civilizations" = "Antiguas civilizaciones cananeas";
"Earliest Canaanite city-states are established." = "Se establecen las primeras ciudades-estado cananeas.";

"Amorite Invasion" = "Invasión amorrea";
"An influx of semi-nomadic Amorites leads to widespread deurbanization." = "Una afluencia de amorreos seminómadas conduce a una desurbanización generalizada.";

"Patriarchal Period" = "Período patriarcal";
"Period from the birth of Abraham to the Egyptian sojourn." = "Período desde el nacimiento de Abraham hasta la estancia egipcia.";

"Egyptian Sojourn" = "Estancia en Egipto";
"Period from Jacob’s migration to Egypt to the Exodus." = "Período de la migración de Jacob a Egipto al Éxodo.";

"Exodus & Conquest" = "Éxodo y conquista";
"Israelites escape Egypt under Moses and conquer Canaan under Joshua." = "Los israelitas escapan de Egipto bajo Moisés y conquistan Canaán bajo Josué";

"Judges" = "Jueces";
"Period from the death of Joshua through the ministry of Samuel." = "Período desde la muerte de Joshua a través del ministerio de Samuel.";

"Exodus, Conquest & Judges" = "Éxodo, conquista y jueces";
"Period in which Israelites conquer Canaan through successive waves of migration from Egypt, wars of conquest, and the exploits of judges." = "Período en el que los israelitas conquistan Canaán a través de sucesivas oleadas de migración desde Egipto, guerras de conquista y las hazañas de los jueces.";

"United Monarchy" = "Monarquía unida";
"Period when Saul, David, and Solomon ruled all Israel." = "Período en que Saúl, David y Salomón gobernaron todo Israel.";

"Northern kingdom of Israel during the Divided Monarchy." = "Reino del norte de Israel durante la monarquía dividida.";

"Judah" = "Judá";
"Divided Monarchy" = "Monarquía dividida.";
"Southern kingdom of Judah during the Divided Monarchy." = "Reino del sur de Judá durante la monarquía dividida.";

"Assyrian Empire (Israel)" = "Imperio Asirio (Israel)";
"Israel becomes an Assyrian province. Much of the native population is exiled." = "Israel se convierte en una provincia asiria. Gran parte de la población nativa está exiliada.";

"Babylonian Empire (Israel)" = "Imperio de Babilonia (Israel)";
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Israel becomes a Babylonian province." = "Después de la conquista babilónica de Asiria, Israel se convierte en una provincia babilónica.";

"Babylonian Empire (Judah)" = "Imperio de Babilonia (Judá)";
"After the fall of Jerusalem, Judah becomes a Babylonian province." = "Después de la caída de Jerusalén, Judá se convierte en una provincia de Babilonia.";

"Persian Empire (Judah/Samaria)" = "Imperio persa (Judá / Samaria)";
"Judah and Samaria under the control of the Persian empire." = "Judá y Samaria bajo el control del Imperio persa.";

"Greek Empire (Judea)" = "Imperio griego (Judea)";
"Judea becomes part of Alexander the Great’s empire." = "Judea se convierte en parte del Imperio de Alejandro Magno.";

"Wars of the Diadochi (Judea)" = "Guerras de los diádocos (Judea)";
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Judea." = "Los sucesores de Alejandro luchan por el control de Judea.";

"Ptolemaic Rule (Judea)" = "Dominación ptolemaica (Judea)";
"Judea under the control of the Ptolemies in Egypt." = "Judea bajo el control de los Ptolomeos en Egipto.";

"Seleucid Rule" = "Dominación seléucida";
"Judea under the control of the Seleucids." = "Judea bajo el control de los seléucidas.";

"Hasmonean Kingdom (Judea)" = "Reino Hasmonean (Judea)";
"Hasmonean dynasty rules an independent kingdom of Judea." = "La dinastía asmonea gobierna un reino independiente de Judea.";

"Roman Empire (Palestine)" = "Imperio romano (Palestina)";
"Judea (later renamed Palestine) becomes a province of the Roman empire." = "Judea (más tarde renombrada Palestina) se convierte en una provincia del Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Empire (Palestine)" = "Imperio Bizantino (Palestina)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Palestine remains a Byzantine province." = "Después de la división del Imperio romano, Palestina sigue siendo una provincia bizantina.";

"Sassanian Empire (Palestine)" = "Imperio de Sasán (Palestina)";
"Sassanian Persians conquer Palestine." = "Los persas sasánidas conquistan Palestina.";

"Byzantines reconquer Palestine from the Sassanian Empire." = "Los bizantinos reconquistan Palestina del Imperio de Sasán.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Califato rashidún (Palestina)";
"Palestine subject to the Rashidun Muslim caliphate." = "Palestina sujeta al califato musulmán rashidún.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Califato omeya (Palestina)";
"Palestine subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Palestina sujeta al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Abbasid Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Califato abasí (Palestina)";
"Palestine subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Palestina sujeta al califato musulmán abasí.";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Palestine)" = "Califato fatimida (Palestina)";
"Palestine subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Palestina sujeta al califato musulmán fatimí";

"Seljuq Empire (Palestine)" = "Imperio selyúcida (Palestina)";
"Palestine subject to the Seljuq Turks." = "Palestina sujeta a los turcos selyúcidas.";

"Fatimids reconquer Palestine from the Seljuqs, but lose it to the Crusaders." = "Los fatimíes reconquistan Palestina de los selyúcidas, pero los cruzados la pierden.";

"Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem" = "Reino cruzado de Jerusalén";
"Frankish Catholic crusaders rule Palestine from Jerusalem." = "Los cruzados católicos francos gobiernan Palestina desde Jerusalén.";

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Palestine)" = "Sultanato ayyubí (Palestina)";
"Most of Palestine under Ayyubid control." = "La mayor parte de Palestina bajo control ayyubí.";

"Crusader Kingdom of Acre" = "Cruzado Reino de Acre";
"Frankish Catholic crusaders rule a coastal kingdom from Acre." = "Los cruzados católicos francos gobiernan un reino costero desde Acre.";

"Mamluk Sultanate (Palestine)" = "Sultanato mameluco (Palestina)";

"Ottoman Empire (Palestine)" = "Imperio otomano (Palestina)";

"British Rule (Palestine)" = "Dominación británica (Palestina)";
"Israel under the control of Great Britain." = "Israel bajo el control de Gran Bretaña.";

"Israel (Nation)" = "Israel (nación)";
"Israel becomes an independent Jewish state." = "Israel se convierte en un estado judío independiente.";



/* ISRAEL/PALESTINE - Religious Leaders */

"Melchizedek" = "Melquisedec";
"King of Salem and priest of God Most High who blessed Abraham after his rescue of Lot." = "Rey de Salem y sacerdote del Dios Altísimo que bendijo a Abraham después de rescatar a Lot.";

"Aaron" = "Aarón";
"Aaron serves as Israel’s first high priest." = "Aaron sirve como el primer sumo sacerdote de Israel.";

"Eleazar" = "Eleazar";
"Son of Aaron who served as high priest during the Israelite conquest of Canaan." = "Hijo de Aarón que sirvió como sumo sacerdote durante la conquista israelita de Canaán.";

"Phinehas" = "Finees";
"Son of Eleazar who served as high priest during the early Judges period." = "Hijo de Eleazar que sirvió como sumo sacerdote durante el período temprano de los jueces.";

"Eli" = "Elí";

"Ahimelech" = "Ahimelec";
"Ahijah" = "Ahijah";
"High priest during the reign of Saul, executed for helping David." = "Sumo sacerdote durante el reinado de Saúl, ejecutado por ayudar a David.";

"Abiathar" = "Abiatar";
"Son of Ahimelech who became David’s priest in exile and at Jerusalem. Deposed for supporting Adonijah." = "Hijo de Ahimelec que se convirtió en sacerdote de David en el exilio y en Jerusalén. Depuesto por apoyar a Adonijah.";

"Zadok" = "Sadoc";
"Priest of the line of Eleazar who replaced Abiathar, a descendant of Eli." = "Sacerdote de la línea de Eleazar que reemplazó a Abiatar, un descendiente de Eli.";

"Ezra" = "Esdras";
"Priest and scribe who led a group of exiles back to Judah and led religious reforms." = "Sacerdote y escriba que dirigió un grupo de exiliados de regreso a Judá y dirigió reformas religiosas.";

"Annas" = "Anás";
"Ananus" = "Ananías";
"High priest and head of a family of subsequent high priests. Participated in the trial of Jesus." = "Sumo sacerdote y cabeza de una familia de sumos sacerdotes posteriores. Participó en el juicio de Jesús.";

"Caiaphas" = "Caifás";

"Sophronius" = "Sofronio";

"Dositheos" = "Dositeo";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ARAM (SYRIA) */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Rulers */

"Abibaal" = "Abibaal";
"Abibalus" = "Abibalus";
"King of Tyre and father of Hiram I." = "Rey de Tiro y padre de Hiram I.";

"Hiram I" = "Hiram I";
"Hirom I" = "Hirom I";
"King of Tyre who made an alliance with David and Solomon." = "Rey de Tiro que hizo una alianza con David y Salomón.";

"Rezon" = "Rezón";
"Hezion, Hadyan" = "Hezión, Hadián";
"Aramean raider who seized Damascus to found the kingdom of Aram." = "Asaltante arameo que tomó Damasco para fundar el reino de Aram.";

"Hezion" = "Hezión";
"King of Aram named as the father of Tab-Rimmon." = "Rey de Aram nombrado como el padre de Tab-Rimmon.";

"Tab-rimmon" = "Tabrimón";
"Tab-Ramman" = "Tabrimón";
"King of Aram and father of Ben-Hadad I." = "Rey de Aram y padre de Ben-Hadad I.";

"King of Aram named as the father of Ben-Hadad I." = "Rey de Aram nombrado como el padre de Ben-Hadad I.";

"Ben-Hadad I" = "Ben-adad I";
"Bir-Hadad, Hadad-Idri" = "Bir-hadad, Hadad-idri";
"King of Aram contemporary with Asa and possibly Ahab." = "Rey de Aram contemporáneo con Asa y posiblemente con Acab.";

"King of Aram contemporary with Asa." = "Rey de Aram contemporáneo con Asa.";

"Ethbaal I" = "Etbaal I";
"Ithobalus" = "Ithobalus";
"King of Tyre who married his daughter Jezebel to Ahab of Israel." = "Rey de Tiro que casó a su hija Jezabel con Acab de Israel.";

"Hadad-idri" = "Hadad-idri";
"Adad-idri, Ben-Hadad II?" = "Adad-idri, ¿Ben-hadad II?";
"King of Aram who organized the coalition that fought at Qarqar." = "Rey de Aram que organizó la coalición que luchó en Qarqar.";

"Ben-Hadad II?" = "¿Ben-adad II?";
"Possible king of Aram between Hadad-idri and Hazael." = "Posible rey de Aram entre Hadad-idri y Hazael.";

"Hazael" = "Hazael";

"King of Aram who oppressed Israel and clashed with Assyria." = "Rey de Aram que oprimió a Israel y se enfrentó con Asiria.";

"Pygmalion" = "Pigmalión";
"King of Tyre whose sister, Queen Dido, escaped to found Carthage." = "Rey de Tiro, cuya hermana, la Reina Dido, escapó para fundar Cartago.";

"Ben-Hadad II" = "Ben-adad II";
"King of Aram weakened by Assyria who lost territory in Israel." = "Rey de Aram debilitado por Asiria que perdió territorio en Israel.";

"Bir-Hadad" = "Bir-hadad";
"Ben-Hadad II?, Ben-Hadad III?" = "¿Ben-adad II ?, ¿Ben-adad III?";

"Hadianu" = "Hadianu";
"King of Aram who paid tribute to Shalmaneser IV." = "Rey de Aram que rindió homenaje a Salmanasar IV";

"Rezin" = "Rezín";
"Radyan" = "Radián";
"King of Aram allied with Israel against Judah." = "Rey de Aram aliado con Israel contra Judá";

"Seleucus I" = "Seleuco I";
"Macedonian general who gained control of the eastern empire." = "General macedonio que obtuvo el control del Imperio oriental.";

"Antiochus I" = "Antíoco I";
"Seleucid king who fought with Ptolemy II over Syria." = "Rey seléucida que luchó con Ptolomeo II sobre Siria.";

"Antiochus II" = "Antíoco II";
"Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy II." = "Rey seléucida que se casó con la hija de Ptolomeo II";

"Seleucus II" = "Seleuco II";
"Seleucid king who suffered major losses to Ptolemy III." = "Rey seléucida que sufrió grandes pérdidas ante Ptolomeo III.";

"Seleucus III" = "Seleuco III";
"Seleucid king assassinated after a brief reign." = "Rey seléucida asesinado después de un breve reinado.";

"Antiochus III" = "Antíoco III";
"Antiochus the Great" = "Antíoco el Grande";
"Seleucid king who wrested control of Judea from the Ptolemies." = "Rey seléucida que arrebató el control de Judea de los Ptolomeos.";

"Seleucus IV" = "Seleuco IV";
"Seleucid king who sent funds to the Jerusalem temple." = "Rey seléucida que envió fondos al templo de Jerusalén.";

"Antiochus IV" = "Antíoco IV";
"Antiochus Epiphanes" = "Antíoco Epífanes";
"Seleucid king who desecrated the Jerusalem temple and ignited the Maccabean revolt." = "Rey seléucida que profanó el templo de Jerusalén y encendió la revuelta macabea.";

"Antiochus V" = "Antíoco V";
"Son of Antiochus IV killed by Demetrius I." = "Hijo de Antíoco IV asesinado por Demetrio I.";

"Demetrius I" = "Demetrio I";
"Seleucid king who killed Judas Maccabeus." = "Rey seléucida que mató a Judas Macabeo.";

"Alexander Balas" = "Alejandro Balas";
"Seleucid king who married the daughter of Ptolemy VI." = "Rey seléucida que se casó con la hija de Ptolomeo VI.";

"Mu’awiya I" = "Mu'awiya I";
"Founder of the Ummayad Caliphate." = "Fundador del califato omeya.";

"Yazid I" = "Yazid I";
"Ummayad caliph who defeated Husayn ibn Ali." = "Califa omeya que derrotó a Husayn ibn Ali.";

"Mu’awiya II" = "Mu'awiya II";
"Ummayad caliph who reigned only briefly." = "Califa omeya que reinó solo brevemente.";

"Marwan I" = "Marwan I";
"Ummayad caliph who consolidated Ummayad rule." = "Califa omeya que consolidó la dominación omeya.";

"Abd al-Malik" = "Abd al-Malik";
"Ummayad caliph with a prosperous reign marked by westward expansion." = "Califa omeya con un reinado próspero marcado por la expansión hacia el oeste.";

"Al-Walid I" = "Al-Walid I";
"Ummayad caliph at the height of the Islamic empire." = "Califa omeya en el apogeo del Imperio islámico.";

"Sulayman" = "Suleimán";
"Ummayad caliph who unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople." = "Califa omeya que asedió sin éxito Constantinopla.";

"Umar II" = "Umar II";
"Ummayad caliph who abolished the jizya tax for converts to Islam." = "Califa omeya que abolió el impuesto jizya para los conversos al Islam.";

"Yazid II" = "Yazid II";
"Ummayad caliph who reversed the reforms of Umar II." = "Califa omeya que revirtió las reformas de Umar II";

"Hisham" = "Hisham";
"Ummayad caliph who encouraged the arts and sciences." = "Califa omeya que alentó las artes y las ciencias.";

"Al-Walid II" = "Al-Walid II";
"Umayyad caliph deposed after a brief rule." = "Califa omeya depuesto después de una breve regla.";

"Yazid III" = "Yazid III";
"Umayyad caliph who deposed Al-Walid II, only to fall ill and die months later." = "Califa omeya que depuso a Al-Walid II, solo para enfermarse y morir meses después.";

"Ibrahim" = "Ibrahim";
"Umayyad caliph who abdicated after two months." = "Califa omeya que abdicó después de dos meses.";

"Marwan II" = "Marwan II";
"Last Umayyad caliph overthrown by the Abbasids." = "Último califa omeya derrocado por los abasíes.";



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Individuals */

"Ignatius" = "Ignacio";
"Bishop of Antioch, apostolic father, and martyr." = "Obispo de Antioquía, padre apostólico y mártir.";

"Ephrem the Syrian" = "Efrén el sirio";
"Syriac Christian teacher who wrote numerous hymns and commentaries." = "Maestro cristiano sirio que escribió numerosos himnos y comentarios.";

"Apollinarius" = "Apolinario";
"Syrian bishop who asserted that Christ’s human and divine natures are mingled, a heresy known as Apollinarianism." = "Obispo sirio que afirmó que las naturalezas humana y divina de Cristo están mezcladas, una herejía conocida como Apolinarismo.";

"John Chrysostom" = "Juan Crisóstomo";
"Celebrated preacher at Antioch and archbishop of Constantinople." = "Celebrado predicador en Antioquía y arzobispo de Constantinopla.";

"Nestorius" = "Nestorio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla condenado por su negación de la unión hipostática, pero aceptado por la Iglesia del Este.";

"Simeon the Stylite" = "Simeón el Estilita";
"A Syrian Christian ascetic who was the first to live in a hut atop a pillar (Gk: stylos)." = "Un asceta cristiano sirio que fue el primero en vivir en una choza sobre un pilar (Gk: stylos)";

"Theodoret" = "Teodoreto";
"Bishop of Cyr who wrote against Cyril of Alexandria’s anathemas against Nestorius." = "Obispo de Ciro que escribió contra los anatemas de Cirilo de Alejandría contra Nestorio.";

"John of Damascus" = "Juan de Damasco";
"Syrian monk who defended the use of icons, wrote an Orthodox systematic theology, and critiqued Islam." = "Monje sirio que defendió el uso de iconos, escribió una teología sistemática ortodoxa y criticó el Islam.";



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Writings */

"Ebla Texts" = "Textos de Ebla";
"Administrative and literary texts written in Sumerian and Eblaite." = "Textos administrativos y literarios escritos en sumerio y eblaite.";

"Ugaritic Texts" = "Textos ugaríticos";
"Administrative and literary texts written in Ugaritic illustrate Canaanite culture and religion." = "Los textos administrativos y literarios escritos en ugarítico ilustran la cultura y la religión cananea.";



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Events */

"Battle of Kadesh" = "Batalla de Cades";
"Ramses II and Muwatallis II battle for control over Syria." = "Ramsés II y Muwatallis II luchan por el control de Siria.";

"Battle of Qarqar" = "Batalla de Qarqar";
"Aram, Israel, and other nations turn back Assyria at Qarqar." = "Aram, Israel y otras naciones hacen retroceder a Asiria en Qarqar.";

"Tyre Founds Colony at Carthage" = "Tiro funda una colonia en Cartago";
"Queen Dido of Tyre escapes Pygmalion to found Carthage in North Africa." = "La reina Dido de Tiro escapa de Pigmalión para fundar Cartago en el norte de África.";

"Fall of Damascus" = "Caída de Damasco";
"Tiglath-pileser III captures Damascus and executes the king of Aram." = "Tiglat-pileser III captura Damasco y ejecuta al rey de Aram.";

"Babylonian Siege of Tyre" = "Babilonia sitia Tiro";
"Nebuchadnezzar II brings Tyre into submission after a long siege." = "Nabucodonosor II somete a Tiro después de un largo asedio.";

"Battle of Issus" = "Batalla de Issos";
"Alexander conquers Syria" = "Alejandro conquista Siria";
"Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer Syria." = "Alejandro Magno derrota a Darío III para conquistar Siria.";

"Fall of Tyre" = "Caída de Tiro";
"Alexander Conquers Phoenicia" = "Alejandro conquista Fenicia";
"Alexander the Great crushes Tyre for its defiance." = "Alejandro Magno aplasta a Tiro por su desafío.";

"Muslim Conquest of Damascus" = "Conquista musulmana de Damasco";
"Muslims conquer Damascus from the Byzantines." = "Los musulmanes conquistan Damasco de los bizantinos.";

"Battle of Yarmuk" = "Batalla de Yarmuk";
"Muslims wrest control of Palestine from the Byzantines." = "Los musulmanes arrebatan el control de Palestina de los bizantinos.";

"Battle of Siffin" = "Batalla de Siffin";
"Battle of the First Fitna between the forces of Ali and Mu’awiya I." = "Batalla del primer Fitna entre las fuerzas de Ali y Mu'awiya I.";

"Siege of Antioch" = "Asedio de Antioquía";
"Crusaders take Antioch after a costly siege, establishing the Crusader Principality of Antioch." = "Los cruzados toman Antioquía después de un asedio costoso, estableciendo el Principado Cruzado de Antioquía.";

"County of Edessa Established" = "Fundación del condado de Edessa";
"Baldwin of Boulogne establishes the Crusader County of Edessa in Syria." = "Balduino de Bolonia establece el condado cruzado de Edesa en Siria.";

"Siege of Edessa" = "Asedio de Edesa";
"The Crusader County of Edessa falls to Zengid Muslim forces." = "El condado cruzado de Edesa cae ante las fuerzas musulmanas zengidas.";

"Fall of Antioch" = "Caída de Antioquía";
"Mamluk forces from Egypt capture Antioch, ending the Crusader Principality of Antioch." = "Las fuerzas mamelucas de Egipto capturan Antioquía, terminando con el Principado Cruzado de Antioquía.";



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Political */

"Early Syrian Civilizations" = "Antiguas civilizaciones sirias";
"Sites such as Mari and Ebla trade with other ancient civilizations." = "Sitios como Mari y Ebla comercian con otras civilizaciones antiguas.";

"Influx of Amorites" = "Influjo de los amorreos";

"Growth of Urban Centers" = "Crecimiento de los centros urbanos";
"Powerful Amorite city-states develop at Mari, Ugarit, and Aleppo." = "Se desarrollan poderosas ciudades-estado amoritas en Mari, Ugarit y Alepo.";

"Hyksos Domination" = "Dominación de los hicsos";
"Period marked by an influx of Asiatics from the north." = "Período marcado por una afluencia de asiáticos desde el norte.";

"Egyptian Domination" = "Dominación egipcia";
"New Kingdom Egypt extends its empire into Syria." = "El nuevo reino de Egipto extiende su imperio a Siria.";

"Hittite Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio hitita (Siria)";
"Northern Syria subject to the Hittite empire." = "El norte de Siria está sujeto al Imperio hitita.";

"Influx of Sea Peoples" = "Influjo de los Pueblos del Mar";
"Displaced Aegean peoples migrate to the Phoenician coast." = "Los pueblos egeos desplazados migran a la costa fenicia.";

"Struggles with the Philistines" = "Luchas contra los filisteos";
"The rising power of Philistia threatens Phoenicia." = "El creciente poder de Filistea amenaza a Fenicia.";

"Zobah" = "Soba";
"Aramean kingdom controls trade through central Syria." = "El reino arameo controla el comercio a través del centro de Siria.";

"Israelite Occupation" = "Ocupación israelita";
"Israel maintains military garrisons in southern Syria." = "Israel mantiene guarniciones militares en el sur de Siria.";

"Phoenician Mercantile Expansion" = "Expansión mercantil de Fenicia";
"Phoenicia establishes a widespread maritime trade network." = "Fenicia establece una red comercial marítima generalizada.";

"Aram" = "Aram";
"Aram-Damascus" = "Aram-Damasco";
"Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus becomes regional power." = "El reino arameo centrado en Damasco se convierte en poder regional.";

"Assyrian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Imperio asirio (Fenicia)";
"As vassals of Assyria, Phoenicians form the heart of Assyria’s navy." = "Como vasallos de Asiria, los fenicios forman el corazón de la armada de Asiria.";

"Assyrian Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio asirio (Siria)";
"Syria becomes an Assyrian province." = "Siria se convierte en una provincia asiria.";

"Babylonian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Imperio babilónico (Fenicia)";
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Phoenicia is subject to Babylon." = "Después de la conquista babilónica de Asiria, Fenicia está sujeta a Babilonia.";

"Babylonian Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio babilónico (Siria)";
"After the Babylonian conquest of Assyria, Syria is subject to Babylon." = "Después de la conquista babilónica de Asiria, Siria está sujeta a Babilonia.";

"Persian Empire (Phoenicia)" = "Imperio persa (Fenicia)";
"After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Phoenicia is subject to Persia." = "Después de la conquista persa de Babilonia, Fenicia está sujeta a Persia.";

"Persian Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio persa (Siria)";
"After the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Syria is subject to Persia." = "Después de la conquista persa de Babilonia, Siria está sujeta a Persia.";

"Greek Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio griego (Siria)";
"Syria becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Siria queda sujeta a Alejandro Magno.";

"Wars of the Diadochi (Syria)" = "Guerras de los diádocos (Siria)";
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Syria." = "Los sucesores de Alejandro luchan por el control de Siria.";

"Seleucid Period" = "Período seléucida";
"Dynasty of Seleucus I controls an empire centered in Syria." = "Dinastía de Seleuco I controla un imperio centrado en Siria.";

"Roman Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio romano (Siria)";
"Syria becomes a province of the Roman empire." = "Siria se convierte en una provincia del Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio bizantino (Siria)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Syria remains a Byzantine province." = "Después de la división del Imperio romano, Siria sigue siendo una provincia bizantina.";

"Sassanian Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio sasánida (Siria)";
"Sassanian Persians conquer Syria." = "Los persas sasánidas conquistan Siria.";

"Byzantines reconquer Syria from the Sassanian Empire." = "Los bizantinos reconquistan Siria del Imperio sasánida.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Syria)" = "Califato rashidún (Siria)";
"Rightly Guided Caliphs" = "Califas guiados correctamente.";
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Syria." = "Los musulmanes bajo los primeros califas conquistan Siria.";

"Ummayad Caliphate" = "Califato omeya";
"Ummayad caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Damascus." = "Los califas omeyas gobiernan un imperio islámico desde Damasco.";

"Abbasid Caliphate (Syria)" = "Califato abasí (Siria)";
"Syria subject to the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Siria sujeta al califato musulmán abasí.";

"Tulunid Control (Syria)" = "Control tuluní (Siria)";
"Syria under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Siria bajo el control de la dinastía tuluní, que se independizó del califato abasí.";

"The Abbasids reconquer Syria from the Tulunids." = "Los abasíes reconquistan Siria de los tuluníes.";

"Byzantine Aleppo" = "Alepo bizantino";
"Northern Syria subject to the Byzantine empire." = "El norte de Siria está sujeto al Imperio bizantino.";

"Fatimid Damascus" = "Damasco fatimí";
"Southern Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "El sur de Siria está sujeto al califato musulmán fatimí";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Syria)" = "Califato fatimí (Siria)";
"Syria subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Siria sujeta al califato musulmán fatimí";

"Crusader Kingdoms" = "Reinos cruzados";
"Frankish Catholic crusaders control parts of northwestern Syria." = "Los cruzados católicos francos controlan partes del noroeste de Siria.";

"Seljuq Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio selyúcida (Siria)";
"The Seljuq Empire controls much of Syria through the Zengid dynasty." = "El Imperio selyúcida controla gran parte de Siria a través de la dinastía zengid.";

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Syria)" = "Sultanato ayyubí (Siria)";
"Most of Syria under Ayyubid control." = "La mayor parte de Siria bajo control ayyubí.";

"Mamluk Sultanate (Syria)" = "Sultanato mameluco (Siria)";
"Palestine under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Palestina bajo el control de los sultanes mamelucos.";

"Ottoman Empire (Syria)" = "Imperio otomano (Siria)";
"Palestine under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Palestina bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"French Rule (Syria)" = "Dominación francesa (Siria)";
"Israel under the control of France." = "Israel bajo el control de Francia.";

"Syria (Nation)" = "Siria (nación)";
"Syria becomes an independent state." = "Siria se convierte en un estado independiente.";



/* ARAM (SYRIA) - Religious Leaders */

"Paul of Samosata" = "Pablo de Samosata";
"Bishop of Antioch during the Palmyrene empire who taught the heresies of adoptionism and monarchianism." = "Obispo de Antioquía durante el Imperio de Palmira que enseñó las herejías del adopcionismo y el monarquismo.";

"Ibas of Edessa" = "Ibas de Edesa";
"Bishop of Edessa deposed as Nestorian but restored by the Council of Chalcedon." = "Obispo de Edesa depuesto como nestoriano pero restaurado por el Concilio de Calcedonia.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* MESOPOTAMIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* MESOPOTAMIA - Rulers */

"Gilgamesh?" = "¿Gilgamés?";
"King of Uruk who became the subject of Sumerian legend." = "Rey de Uruk que se convirtió en el tema de la leyenda sumeria.";

"Sargon I" = "Sargón I";
"Founder of the Akkadian empire." = "Fundador del Imperio acadio.";

"Rimush" = "Rimush";
"Akkadian ruler who died by assassination." = "Gobernante acadio que murió por asesinato.";

"Manishtushu" = "Manishutusu";
"Akkadian ruler who warred with Elam." = "Gobernante acadio que peleó con Elam.";

"Naram-Sin" = "Naram-sin";
"Ruler at the height of the Akkadian empire who declared himself a god." = "Gobernante en el apogeo del Imperio acadio que se declaró dios.";

"Shar-kali-sharri" = "Shar-kali-sharri";
"Akkadian ruler at the beginning of the empire’s decline." = "Gobernante acadio al comienzo de la decadencia del imperio.";

"Dudu" = "Dudu";
"Akkadian ruler who faced increasing instability." = "Gobernante acadio que enfrentaba una inestabilidad creciente.";

"Shu-Dural" = "Shu-Dural";
"Last king of Akkad, likely defeated by the Gutians." = "Último rey de Akkad, probablemente derrotado por los gutianos.";

"Gudea" = "Gudea";
"Ruler of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash." = "Gobernante de la ciudad-estado sumeria de Lagash.";

"Ur-Nammu" = "Ur-Nammu";
"Founder of the third dynasty of Ur who defeated the Gutians and issued a law-code." = "Fundador de la tercera dinastía de Ur que derrotó a los gutianos y emitió un código de ley.";

"Shulgi" = "Shulgi";
"Powerful ruler of the third dynasty of Ur." = "Poderoso gobernante de la tercera dinastía de Ur.";

"Amar-Sin" = "Amar-Sin";
"Ruler of Ur faced with a decline in agricultural production." = "Gobernante de Ur enfrentado a una disminución en la producción agrícola.";

"Shu-Sin" = "Shu-Sin";
"Ruler of Ur who struggled against the Amorites." = "Gobernante de Ur que luchó contra los amorreos.";

"Ibbi-Sin" = "Ibbi-Sin";
"Last ruler of the third dynasty of Ur who was captured by the Elamites." = "Último gobernante de la tercera dinastía de Ur que fue capturado por los elamitas.";

"Shamshi-Adad I" = "Shamshi-Adad I";
"Assyrian king who built the first Assyrian empire." = "Rey asirio que construyó el primer Imperio asirio.";

"Hammurabi" = "Hammurabi";
"Hammurapi" = "Hammurapi";
"Amorite king and law-giver who established the Old Babylonian empire." = "Rey amorreo y legislador que estableció el antiguo Imperio babilónico.";

"Ishme-Dagan I" = "Ishme-Dagan I";
"Assyrian king who lost territory to the rising Babylonian empire." = "Rey asirio que perdió territorio debido al naciente Imperio babilónico.";

"Samsuiluna" = "Samsuiluna";
"King of Babylon who lost control of Assyria and the Sea-Land." = "Rey de Babilonia que perdió el control de Asiria y la Tierra del Mar.";

"Abieshu" = "Abi-Eshuh";
"King of Babylon who repelled the Kassites and tried to recover the Sea-Land." = "Rey de Babilonia que repelió a los casitas e intentó recuperar la Tierra del Mar.";

"Ammiditana" = "Ammiditana";
"King of Babylon who engaged in numerous building projects." = "Rey de Babilonia que participó en numerosos proyectos de construcción.";

"Ammisaduqa" = "Ammisaduqa";
"King of Babylon who enjoyed a largely peaceful reign." = "Rey de Babilonia que disfrutó de un reinado pacífico.";

"Samsuditana" = "Samsuditana";
"Last king of the Old Babylonian empire." = "Último rey del antiguo Imperio babilónico.";

"Ashur-uballit I" = "Ashur-uballit I";
"Assyrian king who founded the Middle Assyrian empire." = "Rey asirio que fundó el Imperio asirio medio.";

"Enlil-nirari" = "Enlil-nirari";
"Assyrian king who lost sway over Babylonia." = "Rey asirio que perdió el control sobre Babilonia.";

"Arik-den-ili" = "Arik-den-ili";
"Assyrian king who began the tradition of annual military campaigns." = "Rey asirio que comenzó la tradición de las campañas militares anuales.";

"Adad-nirari I" = "Adad-nirari I";
"Assyrian king who began the practice of relocating conquered populations." = "Rey asirio que comenzó la práctica de reubicar poblaciones conquistadas.";

"Shalmaneser I" = "Salmanasar I";
"Assyrian king who completed the conquest of Mitanni." = "Rey asirio que completó la conquista de Mitanni.";

"Tukulti-Ninurta I" = "Tukultininurta I";
"Assyrian king who conquered Babylon." = "Rey asirio que conquistó Babilonia.";

"Ashur-nadin-apli" = "Ashur-nadin-apli";
"Usurper who killed his father Tukulti-Ninurta I to become king of Assyria." = "Usurpador que mató a su padre Tukulti-Ninurta I para convertirse en rey de Asiria.";

"Ashur-nirari III" = "Ashur-nirari III";
"Son of Ashur-nirari III who succeeded him as king of Assyria." = "Hijo de Ashur-nirari III que lo sucedió como rey de Asiria.";

"Enlil-kudurri-usur" = "Enlil-kudurri-usur";
"Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I who succeeded his nephew Ashur-Nirari III as king of Assyria." = "Hijo de Tukulti-Ninurta I que sucedió a su sobrino Ashur-Nirari III como rey de Asiria.";

"Ninurta-apil-Ekur" = "Ninurta-apil-Ekur";
"Assyrian king who seized the throne after the fall of his predecessor." = "Rey asirio que tomó el trono después de la caída de su predecesor.";

"Ashur-dan I" = "Ashur-dan I";
"Assyrian king who expanded the Middle Assyrian empire." = "Rey asirio que expandió el Imperio asirio medio.";

"Ashur-resha-ishi I" = "Ashur-resha-ishi I";
"Assyrian king who defeated Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon." = "Rey asirio que derrotó a Nabucodonosor I de Babilonia.";

"Nebuchadnezzar I" = "Nabucodonosor I";
"King of Babylon defeated by Ashur-resha-ishi I of Assyria." = "Rey de Babilonia derrotado por Ashur-resha-ishi I de Asiria.";

"Tiglath-pileser I" = "Tiglat-pileser I";
"Last great Middle Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the west." = "El último gran rey asirio medio que expandió el imperio hacia el oeste.";

"Ashared-apil-Ekur" = "Asharid-apal-Ekur";
"Son of Tiglath-pileser I who reigned only briefly." = "Hijo de Tiglat-pileser I que reinó solo brevemente.";

"Ashur-bel-kala" = "Ashur-bel-kala";
"Assyrian king who faced the growing Aramean threat." = "Rey asirio que se enfrentó a la creciente amenaza aramea.";

"Eriba-Adad II" = "Eriba-adad II";
"Assyrian king deposed by Shamshi-Adad IV." = "Rey asirio depuesto por Shamshi-Adad IV";

"Shamshi-Adad IV" = "Shamshi-Adad IV";
"Son of Tiglath-pileser I who deposed his nephew." = "Hijo de Tiglat-pileser I que depuso a su sobrino.";

"Ashurnasirpal I" = "Asurbanipal I";
"Assyrian king who faced famine and Aramean invasion." = "Rey asirio que enfrentó la hambruna y la invasión aramea.";

"Shalmaneser II" = "Salmanasar II";
"Assyrian king who suffered losses to the Arameans." = "Rey asirio que sufrió pérdidas para los arameos.";

"Ashur-nirari IV" = "Ashur-nirari IV";
"Assyrian king with an obscure, apparently turbulent reign." = "Rey asirio con un reinado oscuro, aparentemente turbulento.";

"Ashur-rabi II" = "Ashur-rabi II";
"Assyrian king who lost territory to the Arameans." = "Rey asirio que perdió territorio a los arameos.";

"Ashur-resha-ishi II" = "Ashur-resha-ishi II";
"Assyrian king with a brief, obscure reign." = "Rey asirio con un breve y oscuro reinado.";

"Tiglath-pileser II" = "Tiglat-pileser II";
"Assyrian king with a long but obscure reign." = "Rey asirio con un reinado largo pero oscuro.";

"Ashur-dan II" = "Ashur-dan II";
"Assyrian king who inaugurated the Neo-Assyrian empire." = "Rey asirio que inauguró el Imperio neoasirio.";

"Adad-nirari II" = "Adad-nirari II";
"Assyrian king who began subduing the Arameans." = "Rey asirio que comenzó a someter a los arameos.";

"Tukulti-Ninurta II" = "Tukultininurta II";
"Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the north and east." = "Rey asirio que expandió el imperio al norte y al este.";

"Ashur-nasirpal II" = "Ashur-nasirpal II";
"Assyrian king who expanded the empire to the Mediterranean coast." = "Rey asirio que expandió el imperio a la costa mediterránea.";

"Shalmaneser III" = "Salmanasar III";
"Assyrian king who clashed with and exacted tribute from Aram and Israel." = "Rey asirio que se enfrentó y exigió tributo de Aram e Israel.";

"Shamshi-Adad V" = "Shamshi-Adad V";
"Assyrian king preoccupied with Urartu and Babylon." = "El rey asirio se preocupó por Urartu y Babilonia.";

"Adad-nirari III" = "Adad-nirari III";
"Assyrian king who captured Damascus and exacted tribute from Israel." = "Rey asirio que capturó Damasco y exigió tributo de Israel.";

"Shalmaneser IV" = "Salmanasar IV";
"Assyrian king during a period of decline." = "Rey asirio durante un período de decadencia.";

"Ashur-dan III" = "Ashur-dan III";
"Assyrian king whose troubled reign was contemporary with the ministry of Jonah." = "Rey asirio cuyo reinado problemático fue contemporáneo con el ministerio de Jonás.";

"Ashur-nirari V" = "Ashur-nirari V";
"Assyrian king overthrown by Tiglath-pileser III" = "Rey asirio derrocado por Tiglat-pileser III";

"Tiglath-pileser III" = "Tiglat-pileser III";
"Pul" = "Pul";
"Assyrian king who strengthened the empire and destroyed the Syro-Ephraimite coalition." = "Rey asirio que fortaleció el imperio y destruyó la coalición siroefraimita.";

"Shalmaneser V" = "Salmanasar V";
"Assyrian king who captured Samaria." = "Rey asirio que capturó a Samaria.";

"Sargon II" = "Sargón II";
"Assyrian king who defeated the Philistines and repopulated Samaria." = "Rey asirio que derrotó a los filisteos y repobló a Samaria.";

"Merodach-baladan II" = "Merodac-baladán II";
"Chaldean ruler who organized several coalitions against Assyria." = "Gobernante caldeo que organizó varias coaliciones contra Asiria.";

"Sennacherib" = "Senaquerib";
"Assyrian king who invaded Judah and razed Babylon." = "Rey asirio que invadió Judá y arrasó Babilonia.";

"Esarhaddon" = "Esar-hadón";
"Assyrian king who rebuilt Babylon and campaigned against Egypt." = "Rey asirio que reconstruyó Babilonia e hizo campaña contra Egipto.";

"Ashurbanipal" = "Asurbanipal";
"Assyrian king who ruled during the empire’s height and beginning decline." = "Rey asirio que gobernó durante la altura del imperio y comenzó a declinar.";

"Ashur-etil-ilani" = "Ashur-etil-ilani";
"Assyrian king deposed by his general." = "Rey asirio depuesto por su general.";

"Nabopolassar" = "Nabopolasar";
"Founder of the Neo-Babylonian empire who allied with the Medes to overthrow Assyria." = "Fundador del Imperio neobabilónico que se alió con los medos para derrocar a Asiria.";

"Sin-sar-iskun" = "Sin-sar-iskun";
"Assyrian king defeated by a coalition of Medes and Babylonians." = "Rey asirio derrotado por una coalición de medos y babilonios.";

"Sin-sum-lisir" = "Sin-sum-lisir";
"Assyrian general who usurped the throne and was soon deposed." = "General asirio que usurpó el trono y pronto fue depuesto.";

"Ashur-uballit II" = "Ashur-uballit II";
"Assyrian king after the fall of Nineveh who failed to preserve the empire." = "Rey asirio después de la caída de Nínive que no pudo preservar el imperio.";

"Nebuchadnezzar II" = "Nabucodonosor II";
"Greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian empire who destroyed Jerusalem." = "El rey más grande del Imperio neobabilónico que destruyó Jerusalén.";

"Evil-Merodach" = "Evil-merodac";
"Amel Marduk" = "Amel-Marduk";
"Babylonian king who pardoned Jehoiachin of Judah." = "Rey babilónico que perdonó a Joaquín de Judá";

"Neriglissar" = "Neriglisar";
"Nergal-sharezer" = "Neriglisar";
"Official who seized the Babylonian throne. May previously have participated in the conquest of Jerusalem." = "Funcionario que tomó el trono de Babilonia. Puede haber participado previamente en la conquista de Jerusalén.";

"Labashi-Marduk" = "Labashi-Marduk";
"Babylonian king who was quickly deposed." = "Rey babilónico que fue depuesto rápidamente.";

"Nabonidus" = "Nabonido";
"Last king of the Neo-Babylonian empire, unpopular for his religious novelty." = "Último rey del Imperio neobabilónico, impopular por su novedad religiosa.";

"Belshazzar" = "Belsasar";
"Son of Nabonidus who ruled as regent of Babylon." = "Hijo de Nabonido que gobernó como regente de Babilonia.";

"Gubaru" = "Gubaru";
"Gobryas, Darius the Mede?" = "Gobrias, ¿Darío el Medo?";
"Governor of Babylon appointed by Cyrus. Possibly Daniel’s “Darius the Mede.”" = "Gobernador de Babilonia designado por Ciro. Posiblemente “Darío el Medo” de Daniel.";

"As-Saffah" = "As-Saffah";
"Al-Saffah" = "Al-Saffah";
"Rebel who defeated Marwan II to become the first Abbasid caliph." = "Rebelde que derrotó a Marwan II para convertirse en el primer califa abasí.";

"Al-Mansur" = "Al-Mansur";
"Abbasid caliph who built his capital at Baghdad." = "Califa abasí que construyó su capital en Bagdad.";

"Al-Mahdi" = "Al-Mahdi";
"Abbasid caliph who asserted the caliph’s right to define orthodoxy." = "Califa abasí que afirmó el derecho del califa a definir la ortodoxia.";

"Al-Hadi" = "Al-Hadi";
"Abbasid caliph who put down several rebellions." = "Califa abasí que sofocó varias rebeliones.";

"Harun al-Rashid" = "Harún al-Rashid";
"Abbasid caliph at the height of the Islamic Golden Age." = "Califa abasí en el apogeo de la Edad de Oro Islámica.";

"Al-Amin" = "Al-Amín";
"Abbasid caliph deposed by his half-brother." = "Califa abasí, depuesto por su medio hermano.";

"Al-Mamun" = "Al-Mamún";
"Abbasid caliph who promoted scholarship and warred with the Byzantine empire." = "Califa abasí que promovió la erudición y luchó con el Imperio bizantino.";

"Al-Mutasim" = "Al-Mutásim";
"Abbasid caliph who made Turkish soldiers central to the Abbasid military." = "Califa abasí que convirtió a los soldados turcos en el centro del ejército abasí.";

"Al-Wathiq" = "Al-Wáthiq";
"Abbasid caliph with a relatively uneventful reign." = "Califa abasí con un reinado relativamente tranquilo.";

"Al-Mutawakkil" = "Al-Mutawákkil";
"Abbasid caliph who was deposed by his Turkish soldiers." = "Califa abasí que fue depuesto por sus soldados turcos.";

"Al-Muntasir" = "Al-Muntásir";
"Abbasid caliph installed by those who deposed his father and died within a year." = "Califa abasí instalado por quienes depusieron a su padre y murieron dentro de un año.";

"Al-Mustain" = "Al-Mustaín";
"Abbasid caliph who abdicated, only to be executed." = "Califa abasí que abdicó, solo para ser ejecutado.";

"Al-Mutazz" = "Al-Mutazz";
"Abbasid caliph who tried to reduce Turkish influence but was deposed." = "Califa abasí que intentó reducir la influencia turca pero fue depuesto.";

"Al-Mutahdi" = "Al-Mutahdi";
"Abbasid caliph who was soon deposed by a Turkish general." = "Califa abasí que pronto fue depuesto por un general turco.";

"Al-Mutamid" = "Al-Mutámid";
"Abbasid caliph largely under the control of his brother." = "Califa abasí en gran parte bajo el control de su hermano.";

"Al-Mutadid" = "Al-Mutádid";
"Abbasid caliph whose military successes helped restore Abbasid control of the provinces." = "Califa abasí cuyos éxitos militares ayudaron a restaurar el control abasí de las provincias.";

"Al-Muktafi" = "Al-Muktafi";
"Abbasid caliph who recovered Syria and Egypt from Tulunid rule." = "Califa abasí que recuperó Siria y Egipto del dominio de Tulunida.";

"Al-Muqtadir" = "Al-Muqtádir";
"Abbasid caliph whose nominal reign marked the start of the caliphate’s decline." = "Califa abasí cuyo reinado nominal marcó el inicio del declive del califato.";

"Al-Qahir" = "Al-Qáhir";
"Abbasid caliph whose ruthless behavior led to his being blinded and imprisoned." = "Califa abasí, cuyo comportamiento despiadado lo llevó a ser cegado y encarcelado.";

"Ar-Radi" = "Ar-Radi";
"Last Abbasid caliph who ceded real political power to his military commander." = "El último califa abasí que cedió el poder político real a su comandante militar.";

"Al-Muttaqi" = "Al-Muttaqui";
"Abbasid caliph caught between rival political factions." = "Califa abasí atrapado entre facciones políticas rivales.";



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Individuals */

"Tatian" = "Taciano";
"Assyrian Christian apologist and early gnostic who produced the Diatessaron." = "Apologista cristiano asirio y gnóstico temprano que produjo el Diatessaron.";

"Mani" = "Mani";
"Persian mystic who combined elements of Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism to found Manichaeism." = "Místico persa que combinó elementos del cristianismo gnóstico, el budismo y el zoroastrismo para fundar el maniqueísmo.";

"Ibn Ishaq" = "Ibn Ishaq";
"Author of the earliest biography of Muhammad, known only from edited versions by Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari." = "Autor de la biografía más antigua de Mahoma, conocida solo por las versiones editadas por Ibn Hisham y al-Tabari.";



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Writings */

"Gilgamesh Epic" = "Epopeya de Gilgamés";
"Epic poem about the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh." = "Poema épico sobre el héroe sumerio Gilgamesh.";

"Code of Hammurabi" = "Código de Hammurabi";
"Babylonian law code with parallels to Mosaic law." = "Código de la ley de Babilonia con paralelos a la ley mosaica.";

"Mari Texts" = "Textos de Mari";
"Akkadian tablets containing letters and administrative texts." = "Tabletas acadias que contienen letras y textos administrativos.";

"Atrahasis Epic" = "Epopeya de Atrahasis";
"Old Babylonian myth about creation of man and destructive flood." = "Antiguo mito babilónico sobre la creación del hombre y la inundación destructiva.";

"Nuzi Tablets" = "Tablillas de Nuzi";
"Akkadian tablets containing administrative and legal texts." = "Tabletas acadias que contienen textos administrativos y legales.";

"Enuma Elish" = "Enuma Elish";
"Babylonian myth of Marduk’s defeat of Tiamat and creation of earth." = "Mito babilónico de la derrota de Marduk de Tiamat y la creación de la tierra.";



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Events */

"Elamites Destroy Ur" = "Los elamitas destruyen Ur";

"Hittites Sack Babylon" = "Los hititas saquean Babilonia";
"Mursilis I leads a Hittite raid against Babylon." = "Mursilis I lidera una incursión hitita contra Babilonia.";

"Fall of Nineveh" = "Caída de Nínive";
"Medes and Babylonians besiege and capture Nineveh." = "Los medos y los babilonios asedian y capturan a Nínive.";

"Battle of Carchemish" = "Batalla de Carquemis";
"Medes and Babylonians defeat Egyptians and Assyrians." = "Los medos y los babilonios derrotan a egipcios y asirios.";

"Daniel’s Court Service" = "Servicio de Daniel en la corte";
"Daniel serves in the Babylonian court for his entire adult life." = "Daniel sirve en la corte de Babilonia durante toda su vida adulta.";

"Battle of the Camel" = "Batalla del Camello";
"Ali defeats the forces of Aisha during the First Fitna." = "Ali derrota a las fuerzas de Aisha durante el primer Fitna.";

"Ali Assassinated" = "Alí es asesinado";
"A Kharijite assassinates Ali while he is praying in the mosque at Kufa." = "Un Kharijite asesina a Ali mientras reza en la mezquita de Kufa.";

"Battle of Karbala" = "Batalla de Kerbala";
"Battle in which Husayn ibn Ali was killed, dividing Sunni and Shiite Muslims." = "Batalla en la que mataron a Husayn ibn Ali, dividiendo a musulmanes sunitas y chiitas.";

"Karaite Judaism Begins" = "Comienzo del judaísmo caraíta";
"Traditional date for the origin of Karaite Judaism, which rejects the oral law as authoritative." = "Fecha tradicional para el origen del judaísmo caraíta, que rechaza la ley oral como autoritaria.";

"Siege of Baghdad" = "Asedio de Bagdad";
"Baghdad is besieged during the civil war between Al-Mamun and Al-Amin." = "Bagdad es asediada durante la guerra civil entre Al-Mamun y Al-Amin.";

"Persecution of Muslim Scholars" = "Persecución de eruditos musulmanes";
"Mihna" = "Mihna";
"Official Abbasid persecution of non-Mutazilite Muslim scholars." = "Persecución oficial abasí de eruditos musulmanes no mutazilitas.";



/* MESOPOTAMIA - Political */

"Early Dynastic Period" = "Período dinástico antiguo";
"Sumerian cities become walled and ruled by powerful kings." = "Las ciudades sumerias se vuelven amuralladas y gobernadas por reyes poderosos.";

"Akkadian Period" = "Período acadio";
"Akkadian rulers build a Mesopotamian empire." = "Los gobernantes acadios construyen un Imperio mesopotámico.";

"Gutian Invasions" = "Invasiones gutis";
"Gutians from the Zagros mountains invade Mesopotamia." = "Gutians de las montañas de Zagros invaden Mesopotamia.";

"Third Dynasty of Ur" = "Tercera dinastía de Ur";
"Powerful rulers at Ur usher in a Sumerian renaissance." = "Gobernantes poderosos en Ur marcan el comienzo de un renacimiento sumerio.";

"Early Assyrian Period" = "Período asirio antiguo";
"The Assyrians build an empire in Mesopotamia and Syria." = "Los asirios construyen un imperio en Mesopotamia y Siria.";

"Isin-Larsa Period" = "Período de Isin-Larsa";
"Isin and Larsa become the dominant Sumerian city-states." = "Isin y Larsa se convierten en las ciudades-estado sumerias dominantes.";

"Amorite Period" = "Período amorreo";
"Old Babylonian Period" = "Período babilonio antiguo";
"The Amorite city-state of Babylon establish a Mesopotamian empire." = "La ciudad-estado amorita de Babilonia establece un Imperio mesopotámico.";

"Influx of Hurrians" = "Influjo de los hurritas";
"An influx of Hurrians from Anatolia destabilize Assyria." = "Una afluencia de hurritas de Anatolia desestabiliza a Asiria.";

"Kassite Period" = "Período casita";
"Kassites invade Mesopotamia after the fall of the Old Babylonian empire." = "Los casitas invaden Mesopotamia después de la caída del antiguo Imperio babilónico.";

"Kingdom of Mitanni" = "Reino de Mitanni";
"Assyrians subject to neighboring Hurrian kingdom." = "Asirios sujetos al vecino reino hurrita.";

"Middle Assyrian Period" = "Período asirio medio";
"Assyria establishes a growing Mesopotamian empire. " = "Asiria establece un creciente Imperio mesopotámico.";

"Second Dynasty of Isin" = "Segunda dinastía de Isin";
"Powerful rulers from Isin control southern Mesopotamia." = "Los poderosos gobernantes de Isin controlan el sur de Mesopotamia.";

"Assyria in Decline" = "Declive de Asiria";
"An influx of Arameans leads to a period of Assyrian decline." = "Una afluencia de arameos conduce a un período de declive asirio.";

"Neo-Assyrian Empire" = "Imperio neoasirio";
"The Assyrian empire expands to threaten western Asia." = "El Imperio asirio se expande para amenazar a Asia occidental.";

"Assyria in Turmoil" = "Asiria en la agitación";
"Political instability, plague, and natural disasters weaken the Assyrian empire." = "La inestabilidad política, la peste y los desastres naturales debilitan el Imperio asirio.";

"Chaldean Revolt" = "Rebelión caldea";
"Chaldean rulers seize control of Babylonia." = "Los gobernantes caldeos toman el control de Babilonia.";

"Late Assyrian Empire" = "Imperio asirio tardío";
"The Assyrian empire reaches its greatest extent, threatening Egypt." = "El Imperio asirio alcanza su mayor extensión, amenazando a Egipto.";

"Neo-Babylonian Empire" = "Imperio neobabilonio";
"Chaldean Empire" = "Imperio Caldeo";
"Babylonians conquer the Assyrian empire and expand further." = "Los babilonios conquistan el Imperio asirio y se expanden aún más.";

"Persian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio persa (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Persian empire." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio persa.";

"Greek Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio griego (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Mesopotamia queda sujeta a Alejandro Magno.";

"Wars of Diadochi (Mesopotamia)" = "Guerras de los diádocos (Mesopotamia)";
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Mesopotamia." = "Los sucesores de Alejandro luchan por el control de Mesopotamia.";

"Seleucid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio seléucida (Mesopotamia)";
"After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Mesopotamia." = "Después de la división del imperio de Alejandro, los seléucidas controlan Mesopotamia.";

"Parthian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio parto (Mesopotamia)";
"Parthian empire controls Mesopotamia." = "El Imperio de Partia controla Mesopotamia.";

"Sassanian Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio sasánida (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Sassanian Empire." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio sasánida.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Mesopotamia" = "Califato rashidún (Mesopotamia)";
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Mesopotamia." = "Los musulmanes bajo los primeros califas conquistan Mesopotamia.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Mesopotamia)" = "Califato omeya (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Mesopotamia sujeta al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Abbasid Caliphate" = "Califato abasí";
"Abbasid caliphs rule an Islamic empire from Baghdad." = "Los califas abásidas gobiernan un imperio islámico desde Bagdad.";

"Buyid Control" = "Control búyida";
"Buyids from Persia gain political control over Mesopotamia, reducing the Abbasid caliphs to a ceremonial role." = "Los búyidas de Persia obtienen el control político sobre Mesopotamia, reduciendo los califas abásidas a un papel ceremonial.";

"Seljuq Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio selyúcida (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Seljuq Empire, while Abbasid caliphs retain their ceremonial role." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio selyúcida, mientras que los califas abásidas conservan su papel ceremonial.";

"Abbasid caliphs once again gain political control over Mesopotamia." = "Los califas abásidas una vez más obtienen el control político sobre Mesopotamia.";

"Mongol Ilkhanate (Mesopotamia)" = "Ilkanato mongol (Mesopotamia)";
"After the Mongol conquest, Mesopotamia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire." = "Después de la conquista mongol, Mesopotamia es parte del Ilkanato, una gran división del imperio.";

"Timurid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio timúrida (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Timurid empire." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio timúrida.";

"Turkic Rule" = "Dominación turca";
"Mesopotamia under the control of various Turkic groups." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control de varios grupos turcos.";

"Saffavid Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio safávida (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Saffavid empire." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio safávida.";

"Ottoman Empire (Mesopotamia)" = "Imperio otomano (Mesopotamia)";
"Mesopotamia under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Mesopotamia bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"Iraq (Nation)" = "Irak (nación)";
"Iraq becomes a modern nation-state after a period of British control." = "Irak se convierte en un estado nación moderno después de un período de control británico.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* PERSIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* PERSIA - Rulers */

"Lukh-ishshan" = "Lukh-ishshan";
"Elamite king defeated by Sargon of Akkad." = "Rey elamita derrotado por Sargón de Akkad.";

"Puzur-Inshushinak" = "Puzur-Inshushinak";
"Kutik-Inshushinak" = "Kutik-Inshushinak";
"Elamite king who broke away from the Akkadian empire." = "Rey elamita que se separó del Imperio acadio.";

"Achaemenes" = "Aquemenes";
"Founder of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty." = "Fundador de la dinastía aqueménida persa.";

"Deioces" = "Deyoces";
"First king to unite the Medes. Captured by Sargon II of Assyria." = "Primer rey en unir a los medos. Capturado por Sargón II de Asiria.";

"Phraortes" = "Fraortes";
"Median king who subjugated the Persians. Defeated by Ashurbanipal of Assyria." = "Rey mediano que subyugó a los persas. Derrotado por Ashurbanipal de Asiria.";

"Teispes" = "Teispes";
"Son of Achaemenes who captured the Elamite city of Anshan." = "Hijo de Achaemenes que capturó la ciudad elamita de Anshan.";

"Cyrus I" = "Ciro I";
"Persian ruler of Anshan subject to the Assyrian and then Median empires." = "Gobernante persa de Anshan sujeto a los imperios asirio y luego meda.";

"Cyaxares" = "Ciáxares";
"Median king who made an alliance with Babylonia to defeat the Assyrians." = "Rey mediano que hizo una alianza con Babilonia para derrotar a los asirios.";

"Cambyses I" = "Cambises I";
"Persian king who married the daughter of Astyages and fathered Cyrus the Great." = "Rey persa que se casó con la hija de Astiages y engendró a Ciro el Grande.";

"Astyages" = "Astiajes";
"Median king deposed by his Cyrus the Great of Persia." = "Rey mediano depuesto por su Ciro el Grande de Persia.";

"Cyrus the Great" = "Ciro el Grande";
"Cyrus II" = "Ciro II";
"Persian king who overthrew Astyages of Media to establish the Persian empire." = "Rey persa que derrocó Astyages of Media para establecer el Imperio persa.";

"Cambyses II" = "Cambises II";
"Persian king who conquered Egypt and Cyrenaica." = "Rey persa que conquistó Egipto y Cirenaica.";

"Darius I" = "Darío I";
"Persian who deposed Gaumata to rule the Persian empire at its height." = "Persa que depuso a Gaumata para gobernar el Imperio persa en su apogeo.";

"Gaumata" = "Gaumata";
"Magus who briefly ruled the Persian empire by impersonating the dead brother of Cambyses II." = "Mago que gobernó brevemente el Imperio persa haciéndose pasar por el hermano muerto de Cambises II.";

"Xerxes" = "Jerjes";
"Ahasuerus" = "Asuero";
"Persian king who married Esther and unsuccessfully invaded Greece." = "Rey persa que se casó con Esther e invadió Grecia sin éxito.";

"Artaxerxes I" = "Artajerjes I";
"Persian king who permitted Nehemiah to return to Judah." = "Rey persa que permitió que Nehemías regresara a Judá";

"Darius II" = "Darío II";
"Persian who became king after a power struggle and took the name Darius II." = "Persa que se convirtió en rey después de una lucha de poder y tomó el nombre de Darío II";

"Artaxerxes II" = "Artajerjes II";
"Persian king who lost control over Egypt." = "Rey persa que perdió el control sobre Egipto.";

"Artaxerxes III" = "Artajerjes III";
"Persian king who regained control over Egypt." = "Rey persa que recuperó el control sobre Egipto.";

"Arses" = "Arsés";
"Youthful Persian king installed and later killed by the vizier Bagoas." = "Joven rey persa instalado y luego asesinado por el visir Bagoas.";

"Darius III" = "Darío III";
"Last Persian king defeated and pursued by Alexander the Great." = "Último rey persa derrotado y perseguido por Alejandro Magno.";

"Mithridates I" = "Mitrídates I";
"Parthian ruler who greatly expanded the empire." = "Gobernante parto que expandió enormemente el imperio.";

"Mithridates II" = "Mitrídates II";
"Parthian king who ruled a vast empire and had contact with Rome and China." = "Rey de Partia que gobernó un vasto imperio y tuvo contacto con Roma y China.";

"Timur" = "Timur";
"Tamerlane" = "Tamerlán";
"Ruler of Turkish and Mongol descent who built a vast Central Asian empire." = "Gobernante de ascendencia turca y mongol que construyó un vasto imperio de Asia Central.";



/* PERSIA - Individuals */

"Esther" = "Ester";
"Hadassah" = "Hadassah";
"Jewish exile who became queen of Persia and saved her people." = "El exilio judío que se convirtió en reina de Persia y salvó a su pueblo.";

"Muhammad al-Bukhari" = "Muhammad al-Bujari";
"Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded as most authentic by Sunni Muslims." = "Erudito islámico persa cuya colección de hadices es considerada la más auténtica por los musulmanes sunitas.";

"Imam Muslim" = "Imam Muslim";
"Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj" = "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj";
"Persian Islamic scholar whose collection of hadith is regarded by Sunni Muslims as second only to Sahih al-Bukhari." = "Erudito islámico persa cuya colección de hadices es considerada por los musulmanes sunitas como la segunda después de Sahih al-Bukhari.";

"al-Tabari" = "al-Tabari";
"Persian Islamic scholar who edited Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, retaining some episodes (such as the Satanic Verses) omitted by Ibn Hisham." = "Erudito islámico persa que editó la biografía de Mahoma de Ibn Ishaq, conservando algunos episodios (como los versos satánicos) omitidos por Ibn Hisham.";



/* PERSIA - Writings */

"Cyrus Cylinder" = "Cilindro de Ciro";
"Cuneiform record of Cyrus the Great’s conquest of Babylon." = "Registro cuneiforme de la conquista de Babilonia por parte de Ciro el Grande.";

"Sahih al-Bukhari" = "Sahih al-Bujari";
"A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by al-Bukhari." = "Una colección de hadices (episodios de la vida de Mahoma) de al-Bujari.";

"Sahih Muslim" = "Sahih Muslim";
"A collection of hadith (episodes from the life of Muhammad) by Imam Muslim." = "Una colección de hadices (episodios de la vida de Mahoma) del Imam Muslim.";



/* PERSIA - Events */

"Elamites sack Ur and bring an end to its third dynasty." = "Los elamitas despiden a Ur y ponen fin a su tercera dinastía.";

"Queen Vashti Deposed" = "Reina Vashti depuesta";
"Xerxes deposes and divorces Queen Vashti for disobedience." = "Jerjes deposita y se divorcia de la reina Vashti por desobediencia.";

"Esther Becomes Queen" = "Esther se convierte en reina";
"Xerxes marries the Jewish exile Esther without knowing her nationality." = "Jerjes se casa con el exilio judío Esther sin conocer su nacionalidad.";

"Deliverance of Purim" = "Liberación de Purim";
"Allowed to defend themselves, the Jews in exile defeat their enemies." = "Permitidos para defenderse, los judíos en el exilio derrotan a sus enemigos.";

"Battle of Gaugamela" = "Batalla de Gaugamela";
"Battle of Arbela" = "Batalla de Arbela.";
"Alexander the Great defeats Darius III to conquer the Persian empire." = "Alejandro Magno derrota a Darío III para conquistar el Imperio persa.";



/* PERSIA - Political */

"Proto-Elamite Period" = "Período protoelamita";
"Earliest civilization in Persia, with important centers at Susa and Anshan." = "La civilización más antigua en Persia, con importantes centros en Susa y Anshan.";

"Old Elamite Period" = "Período elamita antiguo";
"Period of the earliest known Elamite dynasties." = "Período de las primeras dinastías elamitas conocidas.";

"Middle Elamite Period" = "Período elamita medio";
"Elamite dynasties grow in power and regional influence." = "Las dinastías elamitas crecen en poder e influencia regional.";

"Late Elamite Period" = "Período elamita tardío";
"Migrating Persians and Medes gradually displace the Elamites." = "Migrantes persas y medos desplazan gradualmente a los elamitas.";

"Media" = "Media";
"Medes settle northern Iran and eventually aid in the overthrow of Assyria." = "Los medos colonizan el norte de Irán y eventualmente ayudan en el derrocamiento de Asiria.";

"Persia" = "Persia";
"Persians settle southern Iran, displacing the Elamites." = "Los persas se instalan en el sur de Irán, desplazando a los elamitas.";

"Elam subject to Assyria/Babylon" = "Elam someido a Asiria / Babilonia";
"Elam is conquered by the Assyrians and later the Babylonians." = "Elam es conquistado por los asirios y luego por los babilonios.";

"Persian Empire" = "Imperio persa";
"Achaemenid Persians control a vast empire stretching from Egypt to India." = "Los persas aqueménidas controlan un vasto imperio que se extiende desde Egipto hasta la India.";

"Greek Empire (Persia)" = "Imperio griego (Persia)";
"Persia becomes subject to Alexander the Great." = "Persia queda sujeta a Alejandro Magno.";

"Wars of the Diadochi (Persia)" = "Guerras de los diádocos (Persia)";
"Alexander’s successors fight for control of Persia." = "Los sucesores de Alejandro luchan por el control de Persia.";

"Seleucid Empire (Persia)" = "Imperio seléucida (Persia)";
"After the division of Alexander’s empire, the Seleucids control Persia." = "Después de la división del imperio de Alejandro, los seléucidas controlan Persia.";

"Parthian Empire" = "Imperio parto";
"Seleucid province of Parthia breaks away to become a powerful eastern empire." = "La provincia seléucida de Partia se separa para convertirse en un poderoso imperio oriental.";

"Sassanian Empire" = "Imperio sasánida";
"An Iranian empire which rose after the collapse of the Parthian empire." = "Un imperio iraní que surgió después del colapso del Imperio de Partia.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Persia)" = "Califato rashidún (Persia)";
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs conquer Persia." = "Los musulmanes bajo los primeros califas conquistan Persia.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Persia)" = "Califato omeya (Persia)";
"Persia subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Persia sujeta al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Abbasid Caliphate (Persia)" = "Califato abasí (Persia)";
"Persia ruled by the Abbassid caliphs, who rely heavily on Persian officials." = "Persia gobernada por los califas abásidas, que dependen en gran medida de los funcionarios persas.";

"Persian Muslim Kingdoms" = "Reinos musulmanes persas";
"Persia ruled by a series of autonomous Muslim dynasties: the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, and Ghaznavids." = "Persia gobernada por una serie de dinastías autónomas musulmanas: los Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids y Ghaznavids.";

"Seljuq Empire (Persia)" = "Imperio selyúcida (Persia)";
"Seljuk Empire" = "Imperio selyúcida";
"Persia ruled by the Seljuq Turks." = "Persia gobernada por los turcos selyúcidas.";

"Khwarezmian Empire" = "Imperio jorezmita";
"Persia ruled by the Khwarezmian dynasty." = "Persia gobernada por la dinastía Khwarezmian.";

"Mongol Ilkhanate (Persia)" = "Ilkanato mongol (Persia)";
"After the Mongol conquest, Persia is part of the Ilkhanate, a large division of the empire." = "Después de la conquista mongol, Persia es parte del Ilkanato, una gran división del imperio.";

"Timurid Empire (Persia)" = "Imperio timúrida (Persia)";
"Persia under the control of the Timurid empire." = "Persia bajo el control del Imperio timúrida.";

"Saffavid Empire" = "Imperio safávida";
"Iran ruled by the Shiite Muslim Saffavid dynasty." = "Irán gobernado por la dinastía chiíta musulmana safávida.";

"Qajar Iran" = "Qajar Irán";
"Iran under the rule of a dynasty of Qajar Turks." = "Irán bajo el gobierno de una dinastía de turcos Qajar.";

"Iran (Imperial State)" = "Irán (Estado imperial)";
"The imperial state of Iran is ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty of shahs." = "El estado imperial de Irán está gobernado por la dinastía Pahlavi de shahs.";

"Iran (Islamic Republic)" = "Irán (República Islámica)";
"Iran becomes an Islamic Republic after the overthrow of the shah." = "Irán se convierte en una República Islámica después del derrocamiento del sha.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Rulers */

"Anitta" = "Anitta";
"Early Hittite ruler who consolidated several city-states." = "Gobernante hitita temprano que consolidó varias ciudades-estado.";

"Hattusilis I" = "Hattusili I";
"Hittite king who established capital at Hattusa." = "Rey hitita que estableció capital en Hattusa.";

"Mursilis I" = "Mursili I";
"Hittite king who sacked Babylon but was assassinated upon his return." = "Rey hitita que saqueó Babilonia pero fue asesinado a su regreso.";

"Suppiluliumas I" = "Shubiluliuma I";
"Hittite king who established the Hittite Empire." = "Rey hitita que estableció el Imperio hitita.";

"Mursilis II" = "Mursili II";
"Hittite king with a long and prosperous reign." = "Rey hitita con un reinado largo y próspero.";

"Muwatallis II" = "Muwatalli II";
"Hittite king who fought Ramses II at the Battle of Kadesh." = "Rey hitita que luchó contra Ramsés II en la batalla de Cades.";

"Mursilis III" = "Mursili III";
"Hittite king who lost a civil war with Hattusilis III and fled to Egypt." = "Rey hitita que perdió una guerra civil con Hattusilis III y huyó a Egipto.";

"Hattusilis III" = "Hattusili III";
"Hittite king who signed the Kadesh Treaty with Ramses II of Egypt." = "Rey hitita que firmó el Tratado de Cades con Ramsés II de Egipto.";

"Mita" = "Mita";
"Midas" = "Midas";
"King of Phrygia legendary for his wealth." = "Rey de Frigia legendario por su riqueza.";

"Gyges" = "Giges";
"Guggu, Gog?" = "Guggu, ¿Gog?";
"Lydian king mentioned by Herodotus, possibly the Gog of the Bible." = "Rey lidio mencionado por Heródoto, posiblemente el Gog de la Biblia.";

"Ardys" = "Ardis";
"Lydian king who clashed with the Cimmerians." = "Rey de Lidia que se enfrentó con los cimerios.";

"Sodyattes" = "Sodiates";
"Lydian king who invaded Miletus." = "Rey de Lidia que invadió Mileto.";

"Alyattes" = "Aliates";
"Lydian king who made peace with Miletus and an alliance with the Medes." = "Rey de Lidia que hizo las paces con Mileto y una alianza con los medos.";

"Croesus" = "Creso";
"Lydian king of legendary wealth defeated by Cyrus the Great." = "Rey lidio de legendaria riqueza derrotado por Ciro el Grande.";

"Galerius" = "Galerio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor who failed to keep the tetrarchy together." = "Co-emperador romano oriental que no logró mantener la tetrarquía unida.";

"Licinius" = "Lucinio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor deposed by Constantine I." = "Emperador romano oriental depuesto por Constantino I.";

"Maximinus II Daia" = "Maximino II Daya";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor defeated by Licinius." = "Co-emperador romano oriental derrotado por Licinio.";

"Constantius II" = "Constancio II";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor with his brothers, then sole emperor. Promoted Arianism." = "Emperador romano oriental con sus hermanos, entonces único emperador. Arianismo promovido.";

"Valens" = "Valente";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor killed at the Battle of Adrianople." = "Co-emperador romano oriental asesinado en la batalla de Adrianople.";

"Theodosius I" = "Teodosio I";
"Last emperor to rule a united empire. Promoted Christianity against paganism." = "Último emperador en gobernar un imperio unido. Cristianismo promovido contra el paganismo.";

"Arcadius" = "Arcadio";
"Eastern Roman co-emperor with Honorius, largely controlled by his advisors." = "Co-emperador romano oriental con Honorio, en gran parte controlado por sus asesores.";

"Theodosius II" = "Teodosio II";
"Eastern emperor known for his law-code and fortification of Constantinople." = "Emperador oriental conocido por su código legal y la fortificación de Constantinopla.";

"Marcian" = "Marciano";
"Eastern emperor who helped end the threat from the Huns and called the Council of Chalcedon." = "Emperador oriental que ayudó a poner fin a la amenaza de los hunos y llamó al Concilio de Calcedonia.";

"Leo I" = "León I";
"Eastern emperor who launched a disastrous campaign to recover North Africa." = "Emperador oriental que lanzó una campaña desastrosa para recuperar el norte de África.";

"Leo II" = "León II";
"Eastern emperor who died in childhood." = "Emperador oriental que murió en la infancia.";

"Zeno" = "Zenón";
"Byzantine emperor who saw the end of the Western Roman empire." = "Emperador bizantino que vio el fin del Imperio romano de Occidente.";

"Basiliscus" = "Basilisco";
"Usurper who briefly deposed but was eventually overthrown by Zeno." = "Usurpador que depuso brevemente pero finalmente fue derrocado por Zenón.";

"Anastasius I" = "Anastasio I";
"Byzantine emperor who made administrative and economic reforms." = "Emperador bizantino que hizo reformas administrativas y económicas.";

"Justin I" = "Justino I";
"Byzantine emperor who founded the Justinian dynasty and promoted orthodox Christianity." = "Emperador bizantino que fundó la dinastía de Justiniano y promovió el cristianismo ortodoxo.";

"Justinian I" = "Justiniano I";
"Byzantine emperor who greatly expanded the empire and reformed its laws." = "Emperador bizantino que expandió enormemente el imperio y reformó sus leyes.";

"Justin II" = "Justino II";
"Byzantine emperor who lost Italy and eventually abdicated." = "Emperador bizantino que perdió Italia y finalmente abdicó.";

"Tiberius II Constantine" = "Tiberio II Constantino";
"Byzantine emperor who suffered losses to the Avars and Slavs." = "Emperador bizantino que sufrió pérdidas ante los ávaros y eslavos.";

"Maurice" = "Mauricio";
"Byzantine emperor who expanded the empire but was deposed by Phocas." = "Emperador bizantino que expandió el imperio pero fue depuesto por Focas.";

"Phocas" = "Focas";
"Usurper who deposed Maurice and was himself deposed by Heraclius." = "Usurpador que depuso a Mauricio y él mismo fue depuesto por Heraclio.";

"Heraclius" = "Heraclio";
"Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians only to lose vast territory to the Muslims." = "Emperador bizantino que derrotó a los persas solo para perder un vasto territorio a los musulmanes.";

"Constans II" = "Constante II";
"Byzantine emperor who tried to squash Christological controversies and who lost a major naval battle with the Muslims." = "Emperador bizantino que intentó aplastar las controversias cristológicas y que perdió una gran batalla naval con los musulmanes.";

"Constantine III" = "Constantino III";
"Byzantine co-emperor with Heraklonas who died after four months." = "Co-emperador bizantino con Heraklonas que murió después de cuatro meses.";

"Heraklonas" = "Heracleonas";
"Byzantine co-emperor with Constantine III deposed in favor of Constans II." = "Co-emperador bizantino con Constantino III depuesto a favor de Constante II";

"Constantine IV" = "Constantino IV";
"Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege of Constantinople." = "Emperador bizantino que derrotó un asedio musulmán de Constantinopla.";

"Mezezius" = "Mececio";
"Rival claimant to Constantine IV who was eventually defeated." = "Reclamante rival de Constantino IV que finalmente fue derrotado.";

"Justinian II" = "Justiniano II";
"Byzantine emperor deposed by a rebellion and sent into exile with his nose cut off." = "Emperador bizantino depuesto por una rebelión y enviado al exilio con la nariz cortada.";

"Leontios" = "Leoncio";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and who was deposed by Tiberius III." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a Justiniano II y que fue depuesto por Tiberio III.";

"Tiberius III" = "Tiberio III";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Leontios and who was deposed by Justinian II." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a Leontios y que depuso Justiniano II";

"Byzantine emperor who returned to power from exile and was eventually overthrown." = "Emperador bizantino que regresó al poder desde el exilio y finalmente fue derrocado.";

"Philippikos" = "Filípico";
"Bardanes" = "Bardanes";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Justinian II and removed by military revolt." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a Justiniano II y fue removido por una revuelta militar.";

"Anastasius II" = "Anastasio II";
"Byzantine emperor installed and removed by military revolt." = "Emperador bizantino instalado y eliminado por la revuelta militar.";

"Theodosius III" = "Teodosio III";
"Byzantine emperor forced to abdicate by Leo III." = "Emperador bizantino obligado a abdicar por León III.";

"Leo III" = "León III";
"Leo the Isaurian" = "León el Isauriano";
"Byzantine emperor who defeated a Muslim siege and promoted iconoclasm." = "Emperador bizantino que derrotó un asedio musulmán y promovió la iconoclasia.";

"Artabasdos" = "Artabasdo";
"Rival Byzantine emperor who led an unsuccessful revolt against Constantine V." = "Emperador bizantino rival que dirigió una revuelta infructuosa contra Constantino V.";

"Constantine V" = "Constantino V";
"Byzantine emperor who secured the frontiers and promoted iconoclasm." = "Emperador bizantino que aseguró las fronteras y promovió la iconoclasia.";

"Leo IV" = "León IV";
"Leo the Khazar" = "León el Khazar.";
"Byzantine emperor who successfully raided the Abbasid Caliphate." = "Emperador bizantino que atacó con éxito el califato abasí.";

"Constantine VI" = "Constantino VI";
"Byzantine emperor deposed and blinded by his mother." = "Emperador bizantino depuesto y cegado por su madre.";

"Irene of Athens" = "Irene de Atenas";
"Co-regent with Constantine VI who ended iconoclasm and later deposed her son to become sole empress." = "Corregente con Constantino VI que terminó con la iconoclasia y luego depuso a su hijo para convertirse en la única emperatriz.";

"Nikephoros I " = "Nicéforo I";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Irene, later captured and executed by Krum of Bulgaria." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a Irene, luego capturada y ejecutada por Krum de Bulgaria.";

"Staurakios" = "Estauracio";
"Co-regent with Nikephoros I deposed shortly after he became sole emperor." = "Corregente con Nicéforo que fue depuseto poco después de que se convirtiera en el único emperador.";

"Michael I Rangabe" = "Miguel I Rangabé";
"Byzantine emperor who abdicated before he could be overthrown." = "Emperador bizantino que abdicó antes de que pudiera ser derrocado.";

"Constantine" = "Constantino";
"Symbatios" = "Simbatio";
"Byzantine co-emperor with his father, Leo V." = "Co-emperador bizantino con su padre, León V.";

"Leo V" = "León V";
"Leo the Armenian" = "León el Armenio";
"Byzantine emperor who defeated the Bulgarians and revived iconoclasm." = "Emperador bizantino que derrotó a los búlgaros y revivió la iconoclasia.";

"Michael II" = "Miguel II";
"Michael the Amorian" = "Michael el amoriano.";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Leo V, lost Crete to the Muslims, and promoted iconoclasm." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a León V, perdió Creta ante los musulmanes y promovió la iconoclasia.";

"Theophilus" = "Teófilo";
"Byzantine emperor who personally led troops against the Abbasids, with mixed success." = "Emperador bizantino que personalmente dirigió tropas contra los abasíes, con un éxito mixto.";

"Michael III" = "Miguel III";
"Michael the Drunkard" = "Michael el borracho.";
"Son of Theophilus and Theodora largely controlled by others until deposed by Basil I." = "Hijo de Teófilo y Teodora en gran parte controlado por otros hasta que depuesto por Basilio I.";

"Theodora (regent)" = "Teodora (regente)";
"Widow of Theophilus who ruled as regent during the minority of Michael III. Abolished iconoclasm." = "Viuda de Teófilo que gobernó como regente durante la minoría de Miguel III. Iconoclasia eliminada.";

"Basil I" = "Basilio I";
"Basil the Macedonian" = "Basilio el Macedonio.";
"Macedonian wrestler who befriended and deposed his predecessor. Founder of the Macedonian dynasty." = "Luchador macedonio que se hizo amigo y depuso a su predecesor. Fundador de la dinastía macedonia.";

"Leo VI" = "León VI";
"Leo the Wise" = "León el Sabio.";
"Byzantine emperor who suffered major military defeats to the Bulgarians and Muslims." = "Emperador bizantino que sufrió grandes derrotas militares contra búlgaros y musulmanes.";

"Alexander" = "Alejandro";
"Brother of Leo VI who died shortly after his accession." = "Hermano de León VI que murió poco después de su adhesión.";

"Constantine VII" = "Constantino VII";
"Son of Leo VI whose early reign was dominated by the regencies of his mother and Romanos I." = "Hijo de León VI cuyo reinado temprado estuvo dominado las regencias de su madre y Romano I.";

"Romanos I Lekapenos" = "Romano I Lecapeno";
"Admiral who elevated himself to senior co-emperor before being deposed by his sons, who were themselves deposed." = "Almirante que se elevó a co-emperador principal antes de ser depuesto por sus hijos, que fueron depuestos ellos mismos.";

"Romanos II" = "Romano II";
"Romanos the Purple-born" = "Romano Porfirogéneta";
"Byzantine emperor whose generals achieved gains against the Muslims." = "Emperador bizantino cuyos generales lograron ganancias contra los musulmanes.";

"Nikephoros II Phokas" = "Nicéforo II Focas";
"Byzantine general who married the widow of Romanos II to become emperor. Overthrown by his nephew Tzimiskes." = "General bizantino que se casó con la viuda de Romano II para convertirse en emperador. Derrocado por su sobrino Tzimisces.";

"John I Tzimiskes" = "Juan I Tzimisces";
"Byzantine general who murdered his uncle, defeated the Rus, and died on campaign in the east." = "General bizantino que asesinó a su tío, derrotó a los Rus y murió en una campaña en el este.";

"Basil II" = "Basilio II";
"Basil the Bulgar-slayer." = "Basilio, el asesino búlgaro.";
"Byzantine emperor who made an alliance with the Kievan Rus and who finally defeated the Bulgarians." = "Emperador bizantino que hizo una alianza con los Rus de Kiev y que finalmente derrotó a los búlgaros.";

"Constantine VIII" = "Constantino VIII";
"Byzantine emperor with little interest in ruling. Married his daughter to his intended successor just before he died." = "Emperador bizantino con poco interés en gobernar. Casó a su hija con su sucesor justo antes de que él muriera.";

"Romanos III" = "Romano III";
"Romanos Arguros" = "Romano Argyros";
"Byzantine emperor through his marriage to Zoe. Deposed by her lover." = "Emperador bizantino a través de su matrimonio con Zoe. Depuesto por su amante.";

"Zoe" = "Zoe";
"Zoe the Purple-born" = "Zoe Porfirogéneta";
"Daughter of Constantine VIII who ruled as empress with three husbands: Romanos III, Michael IV, and Constantine IX." = "Hija de Constantino VIII que reinó como emperatriz con tres maridos: Romano III, Miguel IV y Constantino IX.";

"Michael IV" = "Miguel IV";
"Michael the Paphlagonian" = "Miguel el Paflagonio";
"Lover of Zoe who married her the same day Romanos III died. Crowned Byzantine emperor the next day." = "Lover of Zoe who married her the same day Romanos III died. Crowned Byzantine emperor the next day.";

"Michael V" = "Miguel V";
"Michael the Caulker" = "Miguel Calafates";
"Byzantine emperor through his adoption by Michael IV and Zoe. Overthrown for trying to banish Zoe." = "Emperador bizantino a través de su adopción por Miguel IV y Zoe. Derrocado por tratar de desterrar a Zoe.";

"Constantine IX" = "Constantino IX";
"Constantine Manomachos" = "Constantino Monómaco";
"Byzantine emperor and third husband of Zoe. His reign saw repeated rebellions, foreign invasions, and the Great Schism." = "Emperador bizantino y tercer esposo de Zoe. Su reinado vio repetidas rebeliones, invasiones extranjeras y el Gran Cisma.";

"Theodora" = "Teodora";
"Theodora the Purple-born" = "Teodora Porfirogéneta";
"Younger sister of Zoe elevated to Byzantine empress when Michael IV was deposed." = "La hermana menor de Zoe fue elevada a emperatriz bizantina cuando Miguel IV fue depuesto.";

"Michael VI Bringas" = "Miguel VI Bringas";
"Byzantine emperor appointed by Theodora who abdicated in the face of a military coup." = "Emperador bizantino designado por Teodora que abdicó ante un golpe militar.";

"Isaac I Comnenos" = "Isaac I Comneno";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed Patriarch Michael I Cerularius. Abdicated due to illness." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso al Patriarca Miguel I Cerulario. Abdicó por enfermedad.";

"Constantine X Doukas" = "Constantino X Ducas";
"Byzantine emperor who suffered territorial losses to Normans, Hungarians, and Turks." = "Emperador bizantino que sufrió pérdidas territoriales a normandos, húngaros y turcos.";

"Romanos IV Diogenes" = "Romano IV Diógenes";
"Byzantine emperor captured at the Battle of Manzikert and deposed upon his release." = "El emperador bizantino capturado en la batalla de Manzikert y depuesto tras su liberación.";

"Michael VII Doukas" = "Miguel VII Ducas";
"Byzantine emperor whose reign saw a series of military defeats and territorial losses." = "Emperador bizantino cuyo reinado vio una serie de derrotas militares y pérdidas territoriales.";

"Nikephoros III Botaneiates" = "Nicéforo III Botaniates";
"Byzantine emperor deposed by Alexius I Comnenos." = "Emperador bizantino depuesto por Alejo I Comneno.";

"Alexios I Komnenos" = "Alejo I Comneno";
"Alexius I Comnenus" = "Alejo I Comneno";
"Byzantine emperor who appealed to the Roman pope for aid against the Turks, leading to the First Crusade." = "Emperador bizantino que hizo un llamamiento al papa romano para que ayudara contra los turcos, lo que llevó a la Primera Cruzada.";

"Kilij Arslan I" = "Kilij Arslan I";
"Seljuq Sultan of Rum who fought the Crusaders." = "Sultán selyúcida de Rum que luchó contra los cruzados.";

"John II Komnenos" = "Juan II Comneno";
"John II Comnenus" = "Juan II Comneno";
"Byzantine emperor known for his piety and military success against the Turks." = "Emperador bizantino conocido por su piedad y éxito militar contra los turcos.";

"Manuel I Komnenos" = "Manuel I Comneno";
"Manuel I Comnenus" = "Manuel I Comneno";
"Byzantine emperor during the Second Crusade. He suffered a major defeat by the Turks near the end of his reign." = "Emperador bizantino durante la Segunda Cruzada. Sufrió una gran derrota de los turcos cerca del final de su reinado.";

"Alexios II Komnenos" = "Alejo II Comneno";
"Alexius II Comnenus" = "Alejo II Comneno";
"Child emperor under the regency of his mother until deposed and killed by Andronikos I Komnenus." = "Niño emperador bajo la regencia de su madre hasta que fue depuesto y asesinado por Andrónico I Comneno.";

"Andronikos I Komnenos" = "Andrónico I Comneno";
"Andronicus I Comnenus" = "Andrónico I Comneno";
"Byzantine emperor whose seizure of the throne led to waves of violence and who was violently deposed." = "Emperador bizantino cuya toma del trono provocó oleadas de violencia y fue violentamente depuesto.";

"Isaac II Angelos" = "Isaac II Ángelo";
"Byzantine emperor installed in a popular uprising, deposed and blinded by his older brother, and later restored to the throne." = "El emperador bizantino se instaló en un levantamiento popular, depuesto y cegado por su hermano mayor, y luego restaurado al trono.";

"Alexios III Angelos" = "Alejo III Ángelo";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed his brother and was deposed by the Fourth Crusade." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a su hermano y fue depuesto por la Cuarta Cruzada.";

"Alexios IV Angelos" = "Alejo IV Ángelo";
"Became Byzantine emperor alongside his father after enlisting support from the Fourth Crusade. Soon deposed for failing to meet the crusaders’ demands." = "Se convirtió en emperador bizantino junto a su padre después de obtener el apoyo de la Cuarta Cruzada. Pronto depuesto por no cumplir con las demandas de los cruzados.";

"Byzantine emperor restored to the throne by the Fourth Crusade, alongside his son Alexios IV." = "Emperador bizantino restaurado al trono por la Cuarta Cruzada, junto a su hijo Alejo IV.";

"Alexios V Doukas" = "Alejo V Ducas";
"Byzantine emperor who seized power and tried to defend against the Fourth Crusade. Forced to flee and died in exile." = "Emperador bizantino que tomó el poder y trató de defenderse de la Cuarta Cruzada. Obligado a huir y muerto en el exilio.";

"Michael VIII Palaiologos" = "Miguel VIII Paleólogo";
"Byzantine emperor of Nicea who recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine empire." = "Emperador bizantino de Nicea que recuperó Constantinopla y restauró el Imperio bizantino.";

"Andronicus II Palaiologos" = "Andrónico II Paleólogo";
"Byzantine emperor who suffered devastating military losses and was deposed after a long civil war." = "Emperador bizantino que sufrió devastadoras pérdidas militares y fue depuesto después de una larga guerra civil.";

"Micael IX Palaiologos" = "Miguel IX Paleólogo";
"Byzantine co-emperor with Andronicus II who fought unsuccessful battles against the Catalans and Ottomans." = "Co-emperador bizantino con Andrónico II que libró batallas infructuosas contra los catalanes y otomanos.";

"Osman I" = "Osmán I";
"Osman Ghazi" = "Osmán Ghazi";
"Turkish tribal leader who conquered Byzantine territory to establish the Ottoman sultanate." = "Líder tribal turco que conquistó el territorio bizantino para establecer el sultanato otomano.";

"Andronicus III Palaiologos" = "Andrónico III Paleólogo";
"Byzantine emperor who deposed his grandfather after a long civil war." = "Emperador bizantino que depuso a su abuelo después de una larga guerra civil.";

"Constantine IX Palaiologos" = "Constantino IX Paleólogo";
"Last Byzantine emperor apparently killed during the fall of Constantinople." = "El último emperador bizantino aparentemente asesinado durante la caída de Constantinopla.";

"Mehmed II" = "Mehmed II";
"Mehmed the Conqueror" = "Mehmed el Conquistador";
"Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople and expanded the empire." = "Sultán otomano que conquistó Constantinopla y expandió el imperio.";

"Bayezid II" = "Bayezid II";
"Ottoman sultan who strengthened the empire and resettled Jews expelled from Spain." = "Sultán otomano que fortaleció el imperio y reasentó a los judíos expulsados de España.";

"Suleiman I" = "Solimán I";
"Suleiman the Magnificent" = "Solimán el Magnífico.";
"Ottoman caliph who expanded into Europe and ruled the Ottoman empire at its height." = "Califa otomano que se expandió a Europa y gobernó el Imperio otomano en su apogeo.";



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Individuals */

"Papias" = "Papías";
"Bishop of Hierapolis and apostolic father whose work is quoted by Irenaeus." = "Obispo de Hierápolis y padre apostólico cuyo trabajo es citado por Ireneo.";

"Polycarp" = "Policarpo";
"Bishop of Smyrna, apostolic father, and martyr." = "Obispo de Esmirna, padre apostólico y mártir.";

"Marcion" = "Marción";
"Docetist Heretic who formed a narrow New Testament canon which spurred the development of the orthodox canon." = "Hereje docetista que formó un canon estrecho del Nuevo Testamento que estimuló el desarrollo del canon ortodoxo.";

"Gregory Thaumaturgus" = "Gregorio Taumaturgo";
"Student of Origen who became a bishop in Pontus. Ante-Nicene proponent of Trinitarianism." = "Estudiante de Orígenes que se convirtió en obispo en Ponto. Ante-Nicene, defensor del trinitarismo.";

"Basil the Great" = "Basilio el Grande";
"Cappadocian father and bishop who defended Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism and Apollinarianism." = "Padre y obispo de Capadocia que defendió la ortodoxia de Nicea contra el arrianismo y el apolinarismo.";

"Gregory the Theologian" = "Gregorio el Teólogo";
"Cappadocian father who defended Nicene orthodoxy and the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit." = "Padre de Capadocia que defendió la ortodoxia de Nicea y la consustancialidad del Espíritu Santo.";

"Gregory of Nyssa" = "Gregorio de Nisa";
"Cappadocian father and bishop who lent his philosophical theology to the defense of Nicene orthodoxy." = "Padre y obispo de Capadocia que prestaron su teología filosófica en defensa de la ortodoxia de Nicea.";

"Theodore of Mopsuestia" = "Teodoro de Mopsuestia";
"Bishop of Mopsuestia and founder of the literalistic Antiochene school of interpreters. Later condemned for his association with Nestorius." = "Obispo de Mopsuestia y fundador de la escuela literal de intérpretes antioquenos. Más tarde condenado por su asociación con Nestorio.";

"Mesrob" = "Mesrob";
"Mashtotz" = "Mashtots";
"Armenian Christian scholar who invented the Armenian alphabet in order to translate the Scriptures into Armenian." = "Erudito cristiano armenio que inventó el alfabeto armenio para traducir las Escrituras al armenio.";

"Palladius of Galatia" = "Paladio de Galacia";
"Bishop of Helenopolis, defender of Chrysostom, and author of a history of early monasticism." = "Obispo de Helenopolis, defensor de Crisóstomo y autor de una historia del monacato temprano.";

"Eutyches" = "Eutiques";
"Church official in Constantinople who taught that Christ has one nature and is not consubstantial with men (monophysitism)." = "Funcionario de la Iglesia en Constantinopla que enseñó que Cristo tiene una naturaleza y no es consustancial con los hombres (monofisismo)";

"Pulcheria" = "Pulqueria";
"Sister of Theodosius II and nominal wife of Marcian who played a major role in the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon." = "Hermana de Teodosio II y esposa nominal de Marciano que desempeñó un papel importante en los consejos de Éfeso y Calcedonia.";

"Marius Mercator" = "Mario Mercátor";
"Influential apologist who wrote against Pelagianism and Nestorianism." = "Apologista influyente que escribió contra el pelagianismo y el nestorianismo.";

"Maximus the Confessor" = "Máximo el Confesor";
"Byzantine theologian who defended Chalcedonian orthodoxy. He was maimed and exiled for his opposition to Monothelitism." = "Teólogo bizantino que defendió la ortodoxia calcedonia. Fue mutilado y exiliado por su oposición al monotelismo.";



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Writings */

"Hittite–Egyptian Peace Treaty" = "Tratado de paz hitita-egipcio";
"Peace treaty between Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and Hittite king Hattusilis III." = "Tratado de paz entre el faraón egipcio Ramsés II y el rey hitita Hattusilis III.";

"Creed of the Council of Nicea which affirmed the deity of Christ." = "Credo del Concilio de Nicea que afirmó la deidad de Cristo.";

"Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed" = "Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitano.";
"Nicene Creed" = "Credo de Nicea.";
"A longer variation of the Nicene Creed of 325 which clarified the doctrine of the Holy Spirit." = "Una variación más larga del Credo de Nicea de 325 que clarificó la doctrina del Espíritu Santo.";

"Definition of Chalcedon" = "Definición de Calcedonia";
"Chalcedonian Creed" = "Credo de Calcedonia";
"Creed of the Council of Chalcedon which affirms that Christ has two natures: human and divine. Not accepted by Oriental Orthodox churches which affirm that Christ has one nature." = "Credo del Concilio de Calcedonia que afirma que Cristo tiene dos naturalezas: humana y divina. No aceptado por las iglesias ortodoxas orientales que afirman que Cristo tiene una naturaleza .";

"Henoticon" = "Henotikon";
"A decree by the Emperor Zeno which attempted to solve the Miaphysite controversy by minimizing the Definition of Chalcedon. One of the causes of the Acacian Schism." = "Un decreto del emperador Zenón que intentó resolver la controversia miafisita minimizando la definición de Calcedonia. Una de las causas del cisma acaciano.";

"Code of Justinian" = "Código de Justiniano";
"Corpus Iuris Civilis" = "Corpus Iuris Civilis";
"Comprehensive revision of Roman law sponsored by Justinian I." = "Revisión integral de la ley romana patrocinada por Justiniano I.";

"Ecthesis" = "Ecthesis";
"Edict of the emperor Heraclius and Patriarch Sergius which gave imperial sanction to Monothelitism, the view that Christ has two natures but one will." = "Edicto del emperador Heraclio y el patriarca Sergio que dio la sanción imperial al monotelismo, la opinión de que Cristo tiene dos naturalezas pero una tendrá.";

"Type of Constans" = "Tipo de Constante";
"Edict of Constans II forbidding discussion of the Christological controversies of Monoenergism and Monothelitism." = "Edicto de Constante II que prohíbe la discusión de las controversias cristológicas del monoenergismo y el monotelitismo.";



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Events */

"Mursilis I Sacks Babylon" = "Mursil I saquea Babilonia";

"Earthquake ravages Troy" = "Terremoto devasta Troya";
"An earthquake destroys many of the palaces of the citadel of Troy." = "Un terremoto destruye muchos de los palacios de la ciudadela de Troya.";

"Fall of Troy" = "Caída de Troya";
"Trojan War" = "Guerra de Troya";
"Legendary siege of Troy ends when Greeks capture the city." = "El asedio legendario de Troya termina cuando los griegos capturan la ciudad.";

"Cimmerians Defeat Urartu" = "Los cimerios derrotan a Urartu";
"Cimmerians defeat Urartu and move further west." = "Los cimmerios derrotan a Urartu y avanzan hacia el oeste.";

"Cimmerians Defeat Phrygia" = "Los cimerios derrotan a Frigia";
"Cimmerians destroy the Phrygian capital of Gordion, prompting Mita to commit suicide." = "Los cimmerios destruyen la capital frigia de Gordion, lo que lleva a Mita a suicidarse.";

"Cimmerians Defeat Lydia" = "Los cimerios derrotan a Lidia";
"Cimmerians attack the Lydian capital of Sardis and kill Gyges." = "Los cimmerios atacan la capital lidia de Sardis y matan a Gyges.";

"Assyrians Defeat Cimmerians" = "Los asirios derrotan a los cimerios";
"Ashurbanipal of Assyria subjugates the Cimmerians." = "Ashurbanipal de Asiria subyuga a los cimerios.";

"Fall of Sardis" = "Caída de Sardis";
"Persians Conquer Lydia" = "Persia conquista Lidia";
"Persians under Cyrus the Great sack the Lydian capital of Sardis." = "Los persas bajo Ciro el Gran saqueo de la capital de Lidia de Sardis.";

"Ionian Revolt Against Persia" = "Revuelta jónica contra persia";
"Ionian Greek city-states revolt and burn the Persian provincial capital of Sardis." = "Las ciudades-estado griegas jónicas se rebelan y queman la capital de la provincia persa de Sardis.";

"Battle at the Granicus River" = "Batalla del río Gránico";
"Alexander the Great defeats Persian army to seize control of Anatolia." = "Alejandro Magno derrota al ejército persa para tomar el control de Anatolia.";

"Pergamum Bequeathed to Rome" = "Pérgamo legado a Roma";
"Attalus III of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman empire." = "Atalo III de Pérgamo lega su reino al Imperio romano.";

"Roman Conquest of Anatolia" = "Conquista romana de Anatolia";
"Pompey defeats Mithridates VI of Pontus to gain control of Anatolia." = "Pompeyo derrota a Mitrídates VI de Ponto para obtener el control de Anatolia.";

"Paul at Ephesus" = "Pablo en Éfeso";

"Paul has an extended ministry at Ephesus." = "Pablo tiene un ministerio extendido en Éfeso.";

"Montanism Begins" = "Comienzo del montanismo";
"Montanus begins prophesying in Phrygia, sparking the New Prophecy movement (Montanism), regarded by much of the church as heretical." = "Montanus comienza a profetizar en Frigia, provocando el movimiento de la Nueva Profecía (Montanismo), considerado por gran parte de la iglesia como herético.";

"Founding of Constantinople" = "Fundación de Constantinopla";
"Constantine establishes Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman empire." = "Constantino establece a Constantinopla como la nueva capital del Imperio romano.";

"Council of Nicea" = "Concilio de Nicea";
"1st Ecumenical Council" = "I Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council which clarified orthodox Christology." = "Concilio ecuménico que clarificó la cristología ortodoxa.";

"1st Council of Constantinople" = "Concilio de Constantinopla I";
"2nd Ecumenical Council" = "II Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council which produced the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed." = "Concilio ecuménico que produjo el Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitano.";

"Synod of the Oak" = "Sínodo del roble";
"Synod that deposed John Chysostom as archbishop of Constantinople." = "Sínodo que depuso a Juan Chysostom como arzobispo de Constantinopla.";

"1st Council of Ephesus" = "Concilio de Éfeso I";
"3rd Ecumenical Council" = "III Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council that confirmed the Nicene creed and condemned Pelagius and Nestorius of heresy." = "Concilio ecuménico que confirmó el credo de Nicea y condenó a Pelagio y Nestorio de herejía.";

"2nd Council of Ephesus" = "Concilio de Éfeso II";
"Robber Council of Ephesus" = "Concilio Ladrón de Éfeso";
"Council which reinstated the monophysite Eutyches and affirmed a miaphysite position. Rejected by Catholics and Orthodox, but seen as valid by the Oriental Orthodox churches." = "Concilio que restableció el monofisita Eutyches y afirmó una posición de miafisita. Rechazado por católicos y ortodoxos, pero visto como válido por las iglesias ortodoxas orientales.";

"Council of Chalcedon" = "Concilio de Calcedonia";
"4th Ecumenical Council" = "IV Concilio Ecuménico.";
"Ecumenical council which produced the definition of Chalcedon, which affirms that Christ had both a human and divine nature. Rejected by Oriental Orthodox churches." = "Concilio ecuménico que produjo la definición de Calcedonia, que afirma que Cristo tenía una naturaleza humana y divina. Rechazado por las iglesias ortodoxas orientales.";

"Acacian Schism" = "Cisma acaciano";

"Hagia Sophia Constructed" = "Hagia Sophia construida";
"Justinian I constructs enormous Byzantine cathedral." = "Justiniano construyo una enorme catedral bizantina.";

"Plague of Justinian" = "Plaga de Justiniano";
"Outbreak of bubonic plague devastates the Byzantine empire." = "El brote de peste bubónica devasta el Imperio bizantino.";

"Three Chapters Anathametized" = "Tres capítulos anatematizados";
"Justinian I anathematizes certain writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theororet, and Ibas of Edessa. It sparked controversy for undermining the Council of Chalcedon." = "Justiniano I anatematiza ciertos escritos de Teodoro de Mopsuestia, Theororet e Ibas de Edesa. Se generó controversia por socavar el Concilio de Calcedonia.";

"2nd Council of Constantinople" = "Concilio de Constantinopla II";
"5th Ecumenical Council" = "V Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council which condemned Nestorianism in an attempt to placate the Miaphysites. It also condemned Origenism." = "Concilio ecuménico que condenó el nestorianismo en un intento de aplacar a los miafitas. También condenó el origenismo.";

"Muslim Siege of Constantinople" = "Asedio musulmán de Constantinopla";
"Muslims under Mu’awiya I unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople." = "Los musulmanes bajo Mu'awiya asedian sin éxito a Constantinopla.";

"3rd Council of Constantinople" = "Concilio de Constantinopla III";
"6th Ecumenical Council" = "VI Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council which condemned Monothelitism, sealing the rift with the Miaphysite churches." = "Concilio ecuménico que condenó el monotelismo, sellando la grieta con las iglesias miafitas.";

"Quinisext Council" = "Concilio Quinisexto";
"Council of eastern bishops which introduced disciplinary canons to complete the work of the 5th and 6th Ecumenical Councils. Rejected by the Roman Catholic church." = "Concilio de obispos orientales que introdujo cánones disciplinarios para completar el trabajo de los consejos ecuménicos quinto y sexto. Rechazado por la iglesia católica romana.";

"Muslims under Sulayman unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople." = "Los musulmanes bajo Sulayman asedian sin éxito a Constantinopla.";

"2nd Council of Nicea" = "Concilio de Nicea II";
"7th Ecumenical Council" = "VII Concilio Ecuménico";
"Ecumenical council which condemned iconoclasm and advocated “veneration” but not “adoration” of saints." = "Concilio ecuménico que condenó la iconoclasia y abogó por la “veneración” pero no por la “adoración” de los santos.";

"Great Schism" = "Gran cisma";
"Eastern Schism" = "Cisma oriental";
"Official breach of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches." = "Infracción oficial de la comunión entre las iglesias católica romana y ortodoxa oriental.";

"Battle of Manzikert" = "Batalla de Manzikert";
"Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantines to gain control of eastern Anatolia." = "Los turcos selyúcidas derrotan a los bizantinos para obtener el control del este de Anatolia.";

"Siege of Xerigordos" = "Asedio de Xerigordon";
"Seljuq Turks besiege People’s crusaders at Xerigordos. After their surrender, they are forced to convert to Islam or be killed." = "Los turcos selyúcidas asedian a los cruzados del pueblo en Xerigordos. Después de su rendición, se ven obligados a convertirse al Islam o ser asesinados.";

"Battle of Civetot" = "Batalla de Civetot";
"People’s crusaders are tricked into a Seljuq ambush and slaughtered." = "Los cruzados del pueblo son engañados en una emboscada selyúcida y masacrados.";

"Siege of Nicea" = "Asedio de Nicea";
"The Crusaders, with Byzantine support, capture the city of Nicea from the Seljuq Turks." = "Los cruzados, con apoyo bizantino, capturan la ciudad de Nicea de los turcos selyúcidas.";

"Battle of Dorylaeum" = "Batalla de Dorilea";
"Seljuq Turks ambush the Normans, who resist until Frankish forces arrive." = "Los turcos selyúcidas emboscan a los normandos, que resisten hasta que llegan las fuerzas francas.";

"Battle of Myriokephalon" = "Batalla de Miriocéfalo";
"Seljuq Turks trap the Byzantines and force them to abandon strategic fortresses." = "Los turcos selyúcidas atrapan a los bizantinos y los obligan a abandonar fortalezas estratégicas.";

"Massacre of the Latins" = "Masacre de los latinos";
"Outbreak of Orthodox mob violence against the influential Latin population of Constantinople." = "Brote de violencia popular ortodoxa contra la influyente población latina de Constantinopla.";

"Crusaders Sack Constantinople" = "Los cruzados saquean Constantinopla";
"The armies of the Fourth Crusade breach Constantinople’s walls and the emperor flees." = "Los ejércitos de la Cuarta Cruzada rompen los muros de Constantinopla y el emperador huye.";

"Byzantines Take Constantinople" = "Los bizantinos toman Constantinopla";
"Byzantines from the Empire of Nicea recover the city of Constantinople and reinstate the Byzantine empire." = "Los bizantinos del Imperio de Nicea recuperan la ciudad de Constantinopla y restablecen el Imperio bizantino.";

"Battle of Bapheus" = "Batalla de Bafeo";
"Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantines to seize control of Bithynia." = "Los turcos otomanos derrotan a los bizantinos para tomar el control de Bitinia.";

"Fall of Constantinople" = "Caída de Constantinopla";
"Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks." = "Constantinopla cae ante los turcos otomanos.";

"Armenian Genocide" = "Genocidio armenio";
"Armenian Holocaust" = "Holocausto armenio";
"Ottoman Turks engage in the systematic slaughter of the Armenian population." = "Los turcos otomanos participan en la matanza sistemática de la población armenia.";



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Political */

"Early Trans-Caucasian Movement" = "Antiguo movimiento transcaucásico";
"Early culture originating around the Caucasus and spreading through Anatolia." = "Cultura temprana que se originó alrededor del Cáucaso y se extendió por Anatolia.";

"Troy I" = "Troya I";
"Troy is a small village surrounded by stone walls." = "Troya es un pequeño pueblo rodeado de muros de piedra.";

"Troy II" = "Troya II";
"Troy is a walled citadel with large buildings and monumental gates." = "Troya es una ciudadela amurallada con grandes edificios y puertas monumentales.";

"Widespread Destruction" = "Destrucción generalizada";
"Bronze Age Troy destroyed in a period of widespread upheaval." = "Troya de la Edad de Bronce destruida en un período de agitación generalizada.";

"Troy III–V" = "Troya III-V";
"Troy is repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt with larger walls." = "Troya es destruida y reconstruida repetidamente con paredes más grandes.";

"Independent City-States" = "Ciudades-estado independientes";
"Independent city-states form and begin competing with each other." = "Las ciudades-estado independientes se forman y comienzan a competir entre sí";

"Troy VI" = "Troya VI";
"New inhabitants build a major Bronze Age city." = "Nuevos habitantes construyen una gran ciudad de la Edad del Bronce.";

"Old Hittite Period" = "Período hitita antiguo";
"Hittites establish a strong kingdom in central Anatolia." = "Los hititas establecen un reino fuerte en el centro de Anatolia.";

"Middle Hittite Period" = "Período hitita medio";
"Hittites begin to push back Mitanni and expand into northern Syria." = "Los hititas comienzan a hacer retroceder a Mitanni y a expandirse hacia el norte de Siria.";

"Hittite Empire" = "Imperio hitita";
"Hittites build an empire which rivals that of Egypt." = "Los hititas construyen un imperio que rivaliza con el de Egipto.";

"Troy VIIa" = "Troya VIIa";
"The fortified city-state of the Trojan War." = "La ciudad-estado fortificada de la Guerra de Troya.";

"Troy VIIb" = "Troya VIIb";
"After the Trojan War, new inhabitants move into the city, living alongside the native population." = "Después de la Guerra de Troya, los nuevos habitantes se mudan a la ciudad, viviendo junto a la población nativa.";

"Neo-Hittite States" = "Estados neohititas";
"During the Bronze Age Collapse, the Hittite Empire fragments into splinter states." = "Durante el colapso de la Edad de Bronce, el Imperio hitita se fragmenta en estados astillados.";

"Ionian City-States" = "Ciudades-estado jónicas";
"Ionian Greeks establish city-states along the Aegean coast of Anatolia." = "Los griegos jonios establecen ciudades-estado a lo largo de la costa egea de Anatolia.";

"Assyrian Conquests" = "Conquistas asirias";
"The rising Neo-Assyrian Empire begins expanding into eastern Anatolia." = "El naciente Imperio neoasirio comienza a expandirse hacia el este de Anatolia.";

"Phrygia" = "Frigia";
"Central Anatolian kingdom whose kings became immortalized in Greek legend." = "Reino de Anatolia central cuyos reyes se inmortalizaron en la leyenda griega.";

"Urartu" = "Urartu";
"Eastern Anatolian kingdom resists Assyrian expansion." = "El reino de Anatolia oriental se resiste a la expansión asiria.";

"Cimmerians" = "Cimerios";
"Nomadic people displaced by the Scythians who invaded eastern Anatolia." = "Gente nómada desplazada por los escitas que invadieron el este de Anatolia.";

"Lydia" = "Lidia";
"Western Anatolian kingdom which produced some of the first coins." = "Reino de Anatolia occidental que produjo algunas de las primeras monedas.";

"Median Empire" = "Imperio medo";
"Eastern Anatolia under the control of the Median empire." = "Anatolia oriental bajo el control del Imperio meda.";

"Persian Empire (Anatolia)" = "Imperio persa (Anatolia)";
"Anatolia under the control of the Persian empire." = "Anatolia bajo el control del Imperio persa.";

"Greek Empire (Anatolia)" = "Imperio griego (Anatolia)";
"Alexander the Great seizes control over most of Anatolia." = "Alejandro Magno toma el control sobre la mayor parte de Anatolia.";

"Hellenistic Kingdoms" = "Reinos helenísticos";
"Anatolia comprised of various kingdoms sharing a Hellenistic culture." = "Anatolia compuesta de varios reinos que comparten una cultura helenística.";

"Roman Empire (Anatolia)" = "Imperio romano (Anatolia)";
"Anatolia under the control of the Roman empire." = "Anatolia bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Empire" = "Imperio Bizantino.";
"Eastern Roman Empire" = "Imperio romano del Este.";
"Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Anatolia bajo el control del Imperio bizantino.";

"Western Anatolia under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Anatolia occidental bajo el control del Imperio bizantino.";

"Seljuq Empire (Anatolia)" = "Imperio selyúcida (Anatolia)";
"Seljuq Turks control Central and Eastern Anatolia." = "Los turcos selyúcidas controlan Anatolia central y oriental.";

"Latin Empire & Byzantine States" = "Imperio latino y Estados bizantinos";
"Latins rule Constantinople but Byzantine rump states remain." = "Los latinos gobiernan Constantinopla pero los estados bizantinos de la grupa permanecen.";

"Ottoman Sultanate" = "Sultanato otomano";
"Ottoman Turks grow in power and put increasing pressure on the Byzantine empire." = "Los turcos otomanos crecen en poder y ejercen una presión creciente sobre el Imperio bizantino.";

"Ottoman Empire" = "Imperio otomano";
"Ottoman Turks control a vast Muslim empire and establish an Ottoman caliphate." = "Los turcos otomanos controlan un vasto imperio musulmán y establecen un califato otomano.";

"Turkey (Nation)" = "Turquía (nación)";
"Modern republic of Turkey." = "República moderna de Turquía.";



/* ASIA (ANATOLIA) - Religious Leaders */

"Stachys" = "Estacio";
"Bishop of Byzantium." = "Obispo de Bizancio";

"Onesimus" = "Onésimo";
"Bishop of Byzantium converted by Paul and written of in Philemon. Also served as bishop of Ephesus." = "Obispo de Bizancio convertido por Pablo y escrito en Filemón. También sirvió como obispo de Éfeso.";

"Polycarpus I" = "Policarpo I";

"Plutarch" = "Plutarco";

"Sedecion" = "Sedecio";

"Diogenes" = "Diógenes";

"Eleutherius" = "Eleuterio";

"Felix" = "Félix";

"Polycarpus II" = "Policarpo II";

"Athenodorus" = "Atenodoro";

"Euzois" = "Euzois";

"Alympius" = "Alipio";
"Olympius" = "Olimpio";
"Bishop of Byzantium whose dates are uncertain." = "Obispo de Bizancio cuyas fechas son inciertas.";

"Pertinax" = "Pertinax";
"Bishop of Byzantium who converted to Christianity after being healed of an illness." = "Obispo de Bizancio que se convirtió al cristianismo después de ser curado de una enfermedad.";

"Olympianus" = "Olimpio";

"Mark I" = "Marcos I";
"Marcus I" = "Marcos I";
"Bishop of Byzantium during period of persecution." = "Obispo de Bizancio durante el período de persecución.";

"Cyriakus I" = "Ciríaco I";

"Castinus" = "Castino";
"Roman senator who converted to Christianity, gave his wealth to the poor, and became Bishop of Byzantium." = "Senador romano que se convirtió al cristianismo, dio su riqueza a los pobres y se convirtió en obispo de Bizancio.";

"Eugenius I" = "Eugenio I";

"Dometius" = "Dometio";
"Bishop of Byzantium who was brother of the Roman emperor Probus." = "Obispo de Bizancio, hermano del emperador romano Probo.";

"Rufinus I" = "Rufino I";

"Probus" = "Probo";
"Bishop of Byzantium who was son of Dometius." = "Obispo de Bizancio que era hijo de Domecio.";

"Metrophanes" = "Metrófanes";
"Bishop of Byzantium who was possibly a son of Dometius." = "Obispo de Bizancio, que posiblemente era hijo de Domecio.";

"Bishop of Byzantium and first Archbishop of Constantinople who participated in the Council of Nicea." = "Obispo de Bizancio y primer arzobispo de Constantinopla que participó en el Concilio de Nicea.";

"Paul I" = "Pablo I";
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Constantius II." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla depuesto por Constancio II";

"Eusebius of Nicomedia" = "Eusebio de Nicomedia";
"Arian Bishop of Nicomedia made Archbishop of Constantinople by Constantius II." = "El obispo arriano de Nicomedia fue nombrado arzobispo de Constantinopla por Constancio II";

"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated but deposed in favor of Macedonius I." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla reinstalado pero depuesto a favor de Macedonia I.";

"Macedonius I" = "Macedonio I";
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople backed by Constantius II." = "Arzobispo arriano de Constantinopla respaldado por Constancio II";

"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated to avoid war with the Western Roman emperor Constans." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla reinstalado para evitar la guerra con el emperador romano occidental Constante.";

"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople reinstated by Constantius II. Later denied the deity of the Holy Spirit." = "Arzobispo arriano de Constantinopla reinstalado por Constancio II. Más tarde negó la deidad del Espíritu Santo.";

"Eudoxius of Antioch" = "Eudoxo de Antioquía";
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople who influenced the emperor Valens." = "Arzobispo arriano de Constantinopla que influyó en el emperador Valente.";

"Demophilus" = "Demófilo";
"Arian Archbishop of Constantinople deposed by Theodosius I for rejecting the Nicene Creed." = "Arzobispo arriano de Constantinopla depuesto por Teodosio I por rechazar el Credo de Nicea.";

"Evagrius" = "Evagrio";
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople exiled by the emperor Valens." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla exiliado por el emperador Valente.";

"Gregory of Nazianzus" = "Gregorio de Nizancio";
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople who resigned at the First Council of Constantinople." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla que renunció al Primer Concilio de Constantinopla.";

"Maximus" = "Máximo";
"Maximus the Cynic" = "Máximo el Cínico";
"Rival claimant to the Archbishopric of Constantinople against Gregory the Theologian." = "Reclamante rival del arzobispado de Constantinopla contra Gregorio el Teólogo.";

"Nectarius" = "Nectario";
"Orthodox Archbishop of Constantinople appointed by Theodosius I." = "Arzobispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla nombrado por Teodosio I.";

"John I Chrysostom" = "Juan I Crisóstomo";
"Orthodox Bishop of Constantinople and celebrated preacher who condemned the empress Eudoxia and was exiled." = "Obispo ortodoxo de Constantinopla y famoso predicador que condenó a la emperatriz Eudoxia y fue exiliado.";

"Arsacius of Tarsus" = "Arsacio de Tarso";
"Archbishop of Constantinople opposed by the populace for helping to depose Chrysostom." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla con la oposición de la población por ayudar a deponer a Crisóstomo.";

"Atticus" = "Ático";
"Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to win over the populace after the deposition of Chrysostom." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla que luchó para ganarse a la población después de la deposición de Crisóstomo.";

"Sisinnius I" = "Sisinio I";
"Archbishop of Constantinople." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla.";

"Archbishop of Constantinople condemned for his denial of the hypostatic union, but accepted by the Church of the East." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla condenado por su negación de la unión hipostática, pero aceptado por la Iglesia del Este.";

"Maximian" = "Maximiano";
"Maximianus" = "Maximiano";
"Archbishop of Constantinople who struggled to heal the divisions after the First Council of Ephesus." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla que luchó para sanar las divisiones después del Primer Concilio de Éfeso.";

"Proclus" = "Proclo";
"Archbishop of Constantinople whose moderation helped reconcile supporters of Chrystostom and some Nestorians." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla, cuya moderación ayudó a reconciliar a los partidarios de Chrystostom y algunos nestorianos.";

"Flavian" = "Flavio";
"Archbishop of Constantinople who censured Eutyches and was then beaten and exiled at the Second Council of Ephesus." = "Arzobispo de Constantinopla que censuró a Eutiques y luego fue golpeado y exiliado en el II Concilio de Éfeso.";

"Anatolius" = "Anatolio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who presided over the Council of Chalcedon and who crowned Emperor Leo I." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que presidió el Concilio de Calcedonia y que coronó al Emperador León I.";

"Gennadius I" = "Genadio I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who wrote commentaries and opposed the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que escribió comentarios y se opuso a la cristología de Cirilo de Alejandría.";

"Acacius" = "Acacio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople whose retreat from the Definition of Chalcedon led to the Acacian Schism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla cuyo retiro de la Definición de Calcedonia condujo al Cisma Acaciano.";

"Phrabitas" = "Fravitta";
"Fravitta" = "Fravitta";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que no tuvo éxito en la curación del cisma acaciano.";

"Euphemius" = "Eufemio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was unsuccessful in healing the Acacian Schism. Eventually deposed by Emperor Anastasius I." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que no tuvo éxito en la curación del cisma acaciano. Finalmente depuesto por el emperador Anastasio I.";

"Macedonius II" = "Macedonio II";
"Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Emperor Anastasius I for his adherence to Chalcedonian Christology." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla depuesto por el emperador Anastasio I por su adhesión a la cristología calcedonia.";

"Timothy I" = "Timoteo I";
"Timotheus I" = "Timoteo I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who condemned the Definition of Chalcedon and supported Miaphysitism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que condenó la Definición de Calcedonia y apoyó el Miafisitismo.";

"John II of Cappadocia" = "Juan II de Capadocia";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who affirmed the Definition of Chalcedon and ended the Acacian Schism with Rome." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que afirmó la definición de Calcedonia y puso fin al cisma acaciano con Roma.";

"Epiphanius" = "Epifanio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople during the early reign of Justinian I." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla durante el reinado temprano de Justiniano I.";

"Anthimus I" = "Antimo I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople deposed by Pope Agapetus I for his support of the Miaphysites." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla depuesto por el papa Agapetus I por su apoyo a los miafitas.";

"Menas" = "Mena";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who opposed Miaphysitism and Origenism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que se opuso al miafisitismo y al origenismo.";

"Eutychius" = "Eutiquio";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who called the 2nd Council of Constantinople. Exiled for opposing Justinian’s Aphthartodocetism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que llamó al 2º Concilio de Constantinopla. Exiliado por oponerse al Aftartocetismo de Justiniano.";

"John III Scholasticus" = "Juan III Escolástico";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who contributed to Eastern canon law and tried to reconcile the Miaphysites." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que contribuyó al derecho canónico oriental e intentó reconciliar a los miafitas.";

"Patriarch of Constantinople reinstated after having been exiled by Justinian I." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla reinstalado después de haber sido exiliado por Justiniano I.";

"John IV Nesteutes" = "Juan IV Nesteutes";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who first assumed the title of Ecumenical Patriarch." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que asumió por primera vez el título de Patriarca Ecuménico.";

"Cyriacus" = "Ciríaco";
"Kyriakos" = "Ciríaco";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who used the title of Ecumenical Patriarch in spite of objections from Pope Gregory I." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que usó el título de Patriarca Ecuménico a pesar de las objeciones del Papa Gregorio I.";

"Thomas I" = "Thomas I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who reacted to a prophecy of future disasters by praying that he would not live to see them." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que reaccionó a una profecía de futuros desastres rezando para que no viviera para verlos.";

"Sergius I" = "Sergio I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que fue anatematizado póstumamente por su apoyo al monotelismo.";

"Pyrrhus I" = "Pirro I";
"Patriarch of Constantinople who recanted Monothelitism after a dialogue with Maximus the Confessor, but later returned to it." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla que se retractó del monotelismo después de un diálogo con Maximus el Confesor, pero luego volvió a él.";

"Paul II" = "Pablo II";
"Patriarch of Constantinople believed to have written the Type of Constans." = "Se cree que el Patriarca de Constantinopla escribió el Tipo de Constanza.";

"Peter" = "Pedro";
"Patriarch of Constantinople" = "Patriarca de Constantinopla";

"Thomas II" = "Tomás II";

"John V" = "Juan V";

"Constantine I" = "Constantino I";

"Theodore I" = "Teodoro I";

"George I" = "Jorge I";

"Paul III" = "Pablo III";

"Callinicus I" = "Calínico I";

"Cyrus" = "Ciro";

"John VI" = "Juan VI";

"Germanus I" = "Germano I";

"Anastasius" = "Anastasio";

"Constantine II" = "Constantino II";

"Nicetas" = "Nicetas";

"Paul IV" = "Pablo IV";

"Tarasius" = "Tarasio";

"Nicephorus I" = "Nicéforo I";

"Theodotus I Cassiteras" = "Teódoto I de Casiteras";

"Antony I" = "Antonio I";

"John VII Grammaticus" = "Juan VII el Gramático";

"Methodius I" = "Metodio I";

"Ignatius I" = "Ignacio I";

"Photius I the Great" = "Fócio I el Grande";

"Photius I" = "Fócio I";

"Stephanus I" = "Esteban I";

"Antony II Kauleas" = "Antonio II Cauleas";

"Nicholas I Mysticus" = "Nicolás I el Místico";

"Euthymius I Syncellus" = "Eutimio I Sincelo";

"Stephanus II of Amasea" = "Esteban II de Amasia";

"Tryphon" = "Trifón";

"Theophylactus" = "Teofilacto";

"Polyeuctus" = "Poliecto";

"Basil I Skamandrenus" = "Basilio I Escamandreno";

"Antony III Studites" = "Antonio III Estudito";

"Nicholas II Chrysoberges" = "Nicolás II Crisoberges";

"Sisinnius II" = "Sisinio II";

"Sergius II" = "Sergio II";

"Eustathius" = "Eustasio";

"Alexius I Studites" = "Alejo I Estudito";

"Michael I Cerularius" = "Miguel I Cerulario";
"Patriarch of Constantinople involved in the Great Schism with the Roman Catholic Church." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla involucrado en el Gran Cisma con la Iglesia Católica Romana.";

"Constantine III Lichoudas" = "Constantino III Lichoudas";

"John VIII Xiphilinus" = "Juan VIII Xifilino";

"Cosmas I" = "Cosme I";

"Eustratius Garidas" = "Eustratio Garidas";

"Nicholas III Grammaticus" = "Nicolás III el Gramático";

"John IX Agapetus" = "Juan IX Agapito";

"Leo Styppis" = "León Styppes";

"Michael II Kurkuas" = "Miguel II Kurkuas";

"Cosmas II Atticus" = "Cosme II Ático";

"Nicholas IV Muzalon" = "Nicolás IV Muzalón";

"Theodotus II" = "Teodoto II";

"Neophytus I" = "Neófito I";

"Constantine IV Chliarenus" = "Constantino IV Cliareno";

"Luke Chrysoberges" = "Lucas Crisoberges";

"Michael III of Anchialus" = "Miguel III de Anquialo";

"Chariton" = "Caritón";

"Theodosius I Borradiotes" = "Teodosio I Borradiotes";

"Basil II Carnaterus" = "Basilio II Carnátero";

"Nicetas II Muntanes" = "Nicetas II Muntanes";

"Leon Theotokites" = "León Theotokites";

"Dositheus" = "Dositeo";

"George II Xiphilinus" = "Jorge II Xifilino";

"John X Camaterus" = "Juan X Camátero";

"Michael IV Autoreianus" = "Miquel IV Autoreiano";

"Theodore II Eirenicus" = "Teodoro II Irénico";

"Manuel I Charitopoulos" = "Manuel I Charitopoulos";

"Maximus II" = "Máximo II";

"Germanus II" = "Germano II";

"Methodius II" = "Metodio II";

"Manuel II" = "Manuel II";

"Arsenius Autoreianus" = "Arsenio Autoreiano";

"Nicephorus II" = "Nicéforo II";

"Germanus III" = "Germano III";

"Joseph I Galesiotes" = "José I Galesiotes";

"John XI Bekkos" = "Juan XI Bekkos";

"Gregory II Cyprus" = "Gregorio II Chipriota";

"Athanasius I" = "Atanasio I";

"John XII" = "Juan XII";

"Nephon I" = "Nefón I";

"John XIII Glykys" = "Juan XIII Glykys";

"Gerasimus I" = "Gerásimo I";

"Isaias I" = "Isaías I";

"John XIV Kalekas" = "Juan XIV Kalekas";

"Isidore I" = "Isidoro I";

"Callistus I" = "Calixto I";

"Philotheus Kokkinos" = "Filoteo Kokkinos";

"Callistus I " = "Calixto I";

"Macarius" = "Macario";

"Nilus Kerameus" = "Nilo Kerameo";

"Antony IV" = "Antonio IV";

"Macarius " = "Macario";

"Callistus II Xanothopoulos" = "Calixto II Xanotopoulos";

"Matthew I" = "Mateo I";

"Euthymius II" = "Eutimio II";

"Joseph II" = "José II";

"Metrophanes II" = "Metrófanes II";

"Gregory III Mammas" = "Gregorio III Mammas";

"Athanasius II" = "Atanasio II";

"Gennadius II Scholarius" = "Gennadio II Scholarius";

"Isidore II Xanthopoulos" = "Isidoro II Xanthopoulos";

"Sophronius I Syropoulos" = "Sofornio I Syropoulos";

"Joasaph I" = "Josafat I";

"Dionysius I" = "Dionisio I";

"Marcus II Xylokaraves" = "Marcos II Xylokaraves";

"Symeon I of Trebizond" = "Simeón I de Trebizonda";

"Raphael I" = "Rafael I";

"Maximus III" = "Máximo III";

"Nephon II" = "Nefón II";

"Maximus IV" = "Máximo IV";

"Joachim I" = "Joaquín I";

"Pachomius I" = "Pacomio I";

"Joachim I " = "Joaquín I";

"Theoleptus I" = "Teolepto I";

"Jeremias I" = "Jeremías I";

"Dionysius II" = "Dionisio II";

"Joannicus I" = "Juanico I";

"Joasaph II" = "Josafat II";

"Metrophanes III" = "Metrófanes III";

"Jeremias II Tranos" = "Jeremías II Tranos";

"Metrophanes III " = "Metrófanes III";

"Pachomius II" = "Pacomio II";

"Theoleptus II" = "Teolepto II";

"Gabriel I" = "Gabriel I";

"Matthew II" = "Mateo II";

"Meletius I Pegas(locum tenens)" = "Melecio I Pegas (locum tenens)";

"Theophanes I Karykes" = "Teófanes I Karykes";

"Neophytus II" = "Neófito II";

"Raphael II" = "Rafael II";

"Cyril I Lucaris (locum tenens)" = "Cirilo I Lucaris (locum tenens)";
"Patriarch of Constantinople whose Calvinist sympathies were condemned at the Synod of Jerusalem." = "Patriarca de Constantinopla cuyas simpatías calvinistas fueron condenadas en el Sínodo de Jerusalén.";

"Timothy or Timotheus (II) " = "Timoteo o Timoteo (II)";

"Cyril I Lucaris" = "Cirilo I Lucaris";

"Anthimus II" = "Antimo II";

"Gregory IV of Amasea" = "Gregorio IV de Amasia";

"Cyril II Kontares" = "Cirilo II Kontares";

"Athanasius III Patelaros " = "Atanasio III Patelaros";

"Cyril I Lucaris " = "Cirilo I Lucaris";

"Neophytus III of Nicea " = "Neófito III de Nicea";

"Parthenius I" = "Partenio I";

"Parthenius II" = "Partenio II";

"Joannicus II" = "Juanico II";

"Parthenius II " = "Partenio II";

"Cyril III" = "Cirilo III";

"Paisius I" = "Paisius I";

"Parthenius III" = "Partenio III";

"Gabriel II" = "Gabriel II";

"Parthenius IV" = "Partenio IV";

"See vacant" = "Sede vacante";

"Theophanes II" = "Teófanes II";

"Dionysius III" = "Dionisio III";

"Clement" = "Clemente";

"Methodius III" = "Metodio III";

"Dionysius IV Muselimes (the Mus" = "Dionisio IV Muselimes (el Mus)";

"Gerasimus II" = "Gerásimo II";

"Parthenius IV " = "Partenio IV";

"Dionysius IV Muselimes" = "Dionisio IV Muselimes";

"Athanasius IV" = "Atanasio IV";

"James" = "Santiago";

"Dionysius IV Muselimes " = "Dionisio IV Muselimes";

"James " = "Santiago";

"Callinicus II" = "Calínico II";

"Neophytus IV" = "Neófito IV";

"Callinicus II " = "Calínico II";

"Gabriel III" = "Gabriel III";

"Cyprianus I" = "Cipriano I";

"Neophytus V" = "Neófito V";

"Athanasius V" = "Atanasio V";

"Cyril IV" = "Cirilo IV";

"Cosmas III" = "Cosme III";

"Jeremias III" = "Jeremías III";

"Callinicus III" = "Calínico III";

"Paisius II" = "Paisio II";

"Serapheim I" = "Serafín I";

"Neophytus VI" = "Neófito VI";

"Paisius II " = "Paisio II";

"Neophytus VI " = "Neófito VI";

"Cyril V" = "Cirilo V";

"Callinicus IV" = "Calínico IV";

"Serapheim II" = "Serafín II";

"Joannicus III" = "Juanico III";

"Samuel I Chatzeres" = "Samuel I Chatzeres";

"Meletius II" = "Melecio II";

"Sophronius II" = "Sofronio II";

"Gabriel IV" = "Gabriel IV";

"Procopius I" = "Procopio I";

"Neophytus VII" = "Neófito VII";

"Gerasimus III" = "Gerásimo III";

"Gregory V" = "Gregorio V";

"Callinicus V" = "Calínico V";

"Gregory V " = "Gregorio V";

"Jeremias IV" = "Jeremías IV";

"Cyril VI" = "Cirilo VI";

"Eugenius II" = "Eugenio II";

"Anthimus III" = "Antimo III";

"Chrysanthus I" = "Crisanto I";

"Agathangelus I" = "Agatángelo I";

"Constantius I" = "Constancio I";

"Gregory VI" = "Gregorio VI";

"Anthimus IV" = "Antimo IV";

"Anthimus V" = "Antimo V";

"Germanus IV" = "Germano IV";

"Anthimus VI" = "Antimo VI";

"Meletius III" = "Melecio III";

"Anthimus IV " = "Antimo IV";

"Germanus IV " = "Germano IV";

"Cyril VII" = "Cirilo VII";

"Joachim II" = "Joaquín II";

"Sophronius III" = "Sofronio III";

"Gregory VI " = "Gregorio VI";

"Anthimus VI " = "Antimo VI";

"Joachim III" = "Joaquín III";

"Joachim IV" = "Joaquín IV";

"Dionysius V" = "Dionisio V";

"Neophytus VIII" = "Neófito VIII";

"Anthimus VII" = "Antimo VII";

"Germanus V" = "Germano V";

"Meletius IV Metaxakis" = "Melecio IV Metaxakis";

"Gregory VII" = "Gregorio VII";

"Basil III" = "Basilio III";

"Photius II" = "Fócio II";

"Benjamin I" = "Benjamín I";

"Maximus V" = "Máximo V";

"Athenagoras I" = "Atenágoras I";

"Bartholomew I" = "Bartolomé I";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* GREECE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* GREECE - Rulers */

"Peisistratus" = "Pisístrato";
"Athenian nobleman and general who became tyrant of Athens." = "Noble ateniense y general que se convirtió en tirano de Atenas.";

"Cleisthenes" = "Clístenes";
"Reformer known as the father of Athenian democracy." = "Reformador conocido como el padre de la democracia ateniense.";

"Pericles" = "Pericles";

"Philip II of Macedon" = "Felipe II de Macedonia";
"Macedonian king who conquered Greece and prepared to invade the Persian empire." = "Rey macedonio que conquistó Grecia y se preparó para invadir el Imperio persa.";

"Alexander the Great" = "Alejandro Magno";
"Macedonian king who conquered a vast empire and died young." = "Rey de Macedonia que conquistó un vasto imperio y murió joven.";

"Pyrrhus" = "Pirro";
"King of Epirus and gifted general who defeated Rome in battle but couldn’t match Rome’s resources." = "Rey de Epiro y general dotado que derrotó a Roma en la batalla pero no pudo igualar los recursos de Roma.";



/* GREECE - Individuals */

"Homer" = "Homero";
"Greek poet of the Archaic period who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey." = "Poeta griego del período arcaico que escribió La Ilíada y La Odisea.";

"Solon" = "Solón";
"Statesman whose reforms laid the foundation of Athenian democracy." = "Estadista cuyas reformas sentaron las bases de la democracia ateniense.";

"Aeschylus" = "Esquilo";
"Athenian playwright known as the father of tragedy." = "Dramaturgo ateniense conocido como el padre de la tragedia.";

"Sophocles" = "Sófocles";
"Athenian tragic playwright who added a third actor and painted scenery." = "Dramaturgo trágico ateniense que agregó un tercer actor y pintó paisajes.";

"Pericles (life)" = "Pericles (vida)";
"Athenian statesman who led Athens during its golden age of cultural achievement." = "Estadista ateniense que dirigió Atenas durante su época dorada de logros culturales.";

"Euripedes" = "Eurípides";
"Athenian tragic playwright who explored human motivations." = "Dramaturgo trágico ateniense que exploró las motivaciones humanas.";

"Herodotus" = "Heródoto";
"Greek historian regarded as the father of history." = "Historiador griego considerado como el padre de la historia.";

"Socrates" = "Sócrates";
"Athenian philosopher famous for teaching by asking probing questions." = "Filósofo ateniense famoso por enseñar haciendo preguntas de sondeo.";

"Thucydides" = "Tucídides";
"Greek historian who chronicled the Pelopponesian War." = "Historiador griego que relató la guerra del Pelopponesio.";

"Aristophanes" = "Aristófanes";
"Athenian playwright known as the father of comedy." = "Dramaturgo ateniense conocido como el padre de la comedia.";

"Athenian philosopher whose ideas have been central to Western thought." = "Filósofo ateniense cuyas ideas han sido centrales para el pensamiento occidental.";

"Aristotle" = "Aristóteles";
"Macedonian philosopher and scientist who influenced both Western and Islamic thought." = "Filósofo y científico macedonio que influyó en el pensamiento occidental e islámico.";

"Philip II of Macedon (life)" = "Felipe II de Macedonia (vida)";

"Alexander the Great (life)" = "Alejandro Magno (vida)";

"Epiphanius of Salamis" = "Epifanio de Salamina";
"Bishop of Salamis who wrote the Panarion, which addresses 80 heresies." = "Obispo de Salamina que escribió el Panarion, que aborda 80 herejías.";



/* GREECE - Writings */

"History of the Persian Wars" = "Historia de las guerras persas";
"Herodotus " = "Heródoto";
"Herodotus’s history of the conflict between Persia and Greece." = "La historia de Herodoto del conflicto entre Persia y Grecia.";

"History of the Peloponnesian Wa" = "Historia de las Guerras del Peloponeso";
"Thucydides’ history of the war between Sparta and Athens." = "La historia de Tucídides de la guerra entre Esparta y Atenas.";

"Republic" = "La República";
"Plato" = "Platón";
"Socratic dialogue of Plato exploring the most just form of society." = "Diálogo socrático de Platón explorando la forma más justa de sociedad.";



/* GREECE - Events */

"Epochal war between Mycenaean Greek kingdoms and Troy." = "Guerra de época entre los reinos griegos micénicos y Troya.";

"Dorian Invasions" = "Invasiones dóricas";
"Dorians from northwest Greece invade southern Greece." = "Los dorios del noroeste de Grecia invaden el sur de Grecia.";

"Rise of Greek City-States" = "Surgimiento de las ciudades estado griegas";
"Increasing urbanization leads to city-states which become Greek cultural centers." = "El aumento de la urbanización conduce a ciudades-estado que se convierten en centros culturales griegos.";

"Olympic Games begin" = "Inicio de los Juegos Olímpicos";
"Panhellenic athletic competition grows out of religious festival at Olympia." = "La competencia atlética panhelénica surge del festival religioso en Olympia.";

"Sparta Conquers Messenia" = "Esparta conquista Mesenia";
"Sparta conquers Messenia, reducing its population to serfdom." = "Esparta conquista Messenia, reduciendo su población a servidumbre.";

"Athens under Draconian Law-Code" = "Atenas bajo las leyes draconianas";
"Draco institutes first written law-code at Athens, with notoriously harsh punishments." = "Draco instituye el primer código legal escrito en Atenas, con castigos notoriamente severos.";

"Solon’s Reforms at Athens" = "Reformas de Solón en Atenas";
"Solon institutes sweeping political, economic, and legal reforms at Athens." = "Solon instituye reformas políticas, económicas y legales radicales en Atenas.";

"Pelopponesian League Formed" = "Formación de la liga del Peloponeso";
"Sparta establishes alliances which give it effective control over all of southern Greece." = "Sparta establece alianzas que le otorgan un control efectivo sobre todo el sur de Grecia.";

"Battle of Marathon" = "Batalla de Maratón";
"Athenian led-Greek army crushes the Persian infantry." = "El ejército ateniense dirigido por los griegos aplasta a la infantería persa.";

"Greco-Persian Wars" = "Guerras greco-persas";
"Greek city-states band together to repel a series of Persian invasions." = "Las ciudades-estado griegas se unen para repeler una serie de invasiones persas.";

"Battle of Salamis" = "Batalla de Salamina";
"Greeks crush the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis." = "Los griegos aplastan a la armada persa en el estrecho de Salamina.";

"Battle of Thermopylae" = "Batalla de las Termópilas";
"Spartans and their allies make a heroic stand in the Thermopylae pass, delaying the Persian advance." = "Los espartanos y sus aliados toman una posición heroica en el paso de las Termópilas, retrasando el avance persa.";

"Battle of Plataea" = "Batalla de Platea";
"Greek victory over the Persian army which effectively ends the second Persian invasion." = "Victoria griega sobre el ejército persa que efectivamente termina la segunda invasión persa.";

"Delian League Formed" = "Formación de la Liga de Delos";
"Athens establishes alliances which give it effective naval control of the Aegean." = "Atenas establece alianzas que le otorgan un control naval efectivo del Egeo.";

"Peloponnesian War" = "Guerra del Peloponeso";
"Protracted war between Sparta and Athens and the alliances they controlled." = "Guerra prolongada entre Esparta y Atenas y las alianzas que controlaban.";

"Plato Founds the Academy" = "Platón funda la Academia";
"Plato founds a school at Athens foundational to Western education." = "Platón funda una escuela en Atenas fundamental para la educación occidental.";

"Philip II Conquers Greece" = "Felipe II conquista Grecia";
"Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes to unite most of Greece under his rule." = "Felipe II derrota a Atenas y Tebas para unir la mayor parte de Grecia bajo su gobierno.";

"Alexander subdues Thebes" = "Alejandro somete a un Tebas";
"Alexander defeats a Theban rebellion and razes the city." = "Alejandro derrota una rebelión tebana y arrasa la ciudad.";

"Alexander crosses into Asia" = "Alejandro cruza a Asia";
"Alexander crosses the Hellespont to begin his invasion of the Persian empire." = "Alejandro cruza el Hellespont para comenzar su invasión del Imperio persa.";

"Paul at Athens" = "Pablo en Atenas";

"Paul at Corinth" = "Pablo en Corinto";

"Paul preaches in Athens, most famously at the Areopagus." = "Pablo predica en Atenas, más famoso en el Areópago.";

"Paul plants the church at Corinth." = "Pablo planta la iglesia en Corinto.";

"Edict of Thessalonica" = "Edicto de Tesalónica";
"Edict by Roman emperors making orthodox Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire." = "Edicto de emperadores romanos que hacen del cristianismo ortodoxo la religión oficial del Imperio romano.";

"Greek War of Independence" = "Guerra de Independencia griega";
"With British, French, and Russian support, Greece wins independence from the Ottoman empire." = "Con el apoyo británico, francés y ruso, Grecia se independiza del Imperio otomano.";

"Battle of Navarino" = "Batalla de Navarino";
"Decisive naval battle in the Greek War of Independence." = "Batalla naval decisiva en la Guerra de Independencia griega.";



/* GREECE - Political */

"Minoan Period" = "Período minoico";
"Early Cretan civilization which heavily influenced later Greek civilizations." = "La civilización cretense temprana que influyó fuertemente en las civilizaciones griegas posteriores.";

"Mycenaean Period" = "Período micénico";
"Militaristic Greek civilization centered at Mycenae." = "Civilización griega militarista centrada en Micenas.";

"Dark Age" = "Edad oscura";
"During the Bronze Age Collapse, Greek civilization rapidly declines." = "Durante el colapso de la Edad de Bronce, la civilización griega declina rápidamente.";

"Archaic Period" = "Período arcaico";
"Period of Greek cultural development after the Dark Age." = "Período de desarrollo cultural griego después de la Edad Oscura.";

"Classical Period" = "Período clásico";
"Peak period of Greek cultural achievement." = "Pico del logro cultural griego.";

"Macedonian Empire" = "Imperio macedonio";
"Greece subject to the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander the Great." = "Grecia sujeta a los reyes macedonios Felipe II y Alejandro Magno.";

"Hellenistic Period" = "Período helenístico";
"Greece is ruled by the Antigonids after the wars of succession." = "Grecia está gobernada por los Antígonos después de las guerras de sucesión.";

"Roman Empire (Greece)" = "Imperio romano (Grecia)";
"Greece under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Grecia bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Empire (Greece)" = "Imperio bizantino (Grecia)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Greece remains part of the Byzantine empire." = "Después de la división del Imperio romano, Grecia sigue siendo parte del Imperio bizantino.";

"Ottoman Empire (Greece)" = "Imperio otomano (Grecia)";
"Greece under the control of the Ottoman Empire." = "Grecia bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"Greece (Nation)" = "Grecia (nación)";
"The nation-state of Greece, ruled by various governments." = "El estado-nación de Grecia, gobernado por varios gobiernos.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ROME/ITALY */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ROME/ITALY - Rulers */

"Lucius Sulla" = "Lucio Sila";
"Roman general who took Rome by force and declared himself dictator." = "General romano que tomó Roma por la fuerza y se declaró dictador.";

"Julius Caesar" = "Julio Cesar";
"General and statesman who became sole ruler of the Roman empire." = "General y estadista que se convirtió en el único gobernante del Imperio romano.";

"Augustus" = "Augusto";
"Octavius" = "Octavio";
"First emperor of Rome who inaugurated the Pax Romana." = "Primer emperador de Roma que inauguró la Pax Romana.";

"Tiberius" = "Tiberio";
"Roman emperor during the ministry of Jesus." = "Emperador romano durante el ministerio de Jesús.";

"Caligula" = "Calígula";
"Notorious Roman emperor who ordered his statue placed in the Jewish Temple." = "Notorio emperador romano que ordenó colocar su estatua en el Templo judío.";

"Claudius" = "Claudio";
"Roman emperor who banished Jews from Rome." = "Emperador romano que desterró a los judíos de Roma.";

"Nero" = "Nerón";
"Notorious Roman emperor who persecuted Christians." = "Notorio emperador romano que persiguió a los cristianos.";

"Galba" = "Galba";
"Roman emperor who quickly lost support and was assassinated." = "Emperador romano que rápidamente perdió apoyo y fue asesinado.";

"Otho" = "Otón";
"Roman emperor who committed suicide after being defeated by Vitellius." = "Emperador romano que se suicidó después de ser derrotado por Vitelio.";

"Vespasian" = "Vespasiano";
"Roman emperor who subjugated Judea and built the Colosseum." = "Emperador romano que subyugó Judea y construyó el Coliseo.";

"Vitellius" = "Vitelio";
"Roman emperor defeated and killed by Vespasian." = "Emperador romano derrotado y asesinado por Vespasiano.";

"Roman emperor who succeeded his father, Vespasian." = "Emperador romano que sucedió a su padre, Vespasiano.";

"Domitian" = "Domiciano";
"Roman emperor who persecuted Christians." = "Emperador romano que persiguió a los cristianos.";

"Nerva" = "Nerva";
"Elderly Roman emperor who adopted Trajan as his heir." = "Anciano emperador romano que adoptó a Trajano como su heredero.";

"Trajan" = "Trajano";
"Emperor who ruled the Roman empire at its height." = "Emperador que gobernó el Imperio romano en su apogeo.";

"Hadrian" = "Adriano";
"Roman emperor who built a wall in Britain and sparked the Bar Kokhba Revolt." = "Emperador romano que construyó un muro en Gran Bretaña y provocó la revuelta de Bar Kokhba.";

"Antoninus Pius" = "Antonino Pío";
"Roman emperor with a long and peaceful reign." = "Emperador romano con un reinado largo y pacífico.";

"Lucius Verus" = "Lucio Vero";
"Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius." = "Co-emperador con Marco Aurelio.";

"Marcus Aurelius" = "Marco Aurelio";
"Roman emperor known for his Stoic philosophy." = "Emperador romano conocido por su filosofía estoica.";

"Commodus" = "Cómodo";
"Notorious Roman emperor who was eventually assassinated." = "Notorio emperador romano que finalmente fue asesinado.";

"Didius Julianus" = "Didio Juliano";
"Roman emperor who reigned for just two months." = "Emperador romano que reinó por solo dos meses.";

"Roman emperor installed and later assassinated by Praetorians." = "Emperador romano instalado y luego asesinado por pretorianos.";

"Septimius Severus" = "Septimio Severo";
"Roman emperor who conquered much of Mesopotamia." = "Emperador romano que conquistó gran parte de Mesopotamia.";

"Caracalla" = "Caracalla";
"Roman emperor who killed his brother and waged war with Parthia." = "Emperador romano que mató a su hermano y libró una guerra con Partia.";

"Macrinus" = "Macrino";
"Roman emperor who was deposed in favor of Elagabalus." = "Emperador romano que fue depuesto a favor de Elagabalus.";

"Elagabalus" = "Heliogábalo";
"Adolescent emperor known for immorality and promotion of a Syrian religion." = "Emperador adolescente conocido por la inmoralidad y la promoción de una religión siria.";

"Severus Alexander" = "Alejandro Severo";
"Adolescent emperor who reversed the policies of Elagabalus." = "Emperador adolescente que revirtió las políticas de Elagabalus.";

"Maximinus Thrax" = "Maximino el Tracio";
"Roman emperor who faced rival claimants and was killed by his own troops." = "Emperador romano que se enfrentó a demandantes rivales y fue asesinado por sus propias tropas.";

"Balbinus" = "Balbino";
"Co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III." = "Co-emperador con Pupienus y Gordian III.";

"Gordian I" = "Gordiano I";
"Elderly governor who led a failed rebellion against Maximinus Thrax." = "Gobernador mayor que dirigió una rebelión fallida contra Maximino Thrax.";

"Gordian II" = "Gordiano II";
"Son and co-emperor with Gordian I killed in a failed rebellion." = "Hijo y co-emperador con Gordian que maté en una rebelión fallida.";

"Gordian III" = "Gordiano III";
"Adolescent emperor who died under suspicious circumstances." = "Emperador adolescente que murió en circunstancias sospechosas.";

"Pupienus" = "Pupieno";
"Co-emperor with Balbienus and Gordian III." = "Co-emperador con Balbienus y Gordian III.";

"Philippus" = "Felipe";
"Philip the Arab" = "Felipe el árabe.";
"Roman emperor who was generally favorable to Christians." = "Emperador romano que generalmente era favorable a los cristianos.";

"Decius" = "Decio";
"Roman emperor who initiated widespread persecution of Christians." = "Emperador romano que inició la persecución generalizada de los cristianos.";

"Gallus" = "Galo";
"Roman emperor defeated by Aemilianus." = "Emperador romano derrotado por Emilio.";

"Aemilianus" = "Emiliano";
"Roman emperor who defeated Gallus only to fall to Valerian." = "Emperador romano que derrotó a Galo solo para caer ante la valeriana.";

"Gallienus" = "Galieno";
"Son of Valerian who tried to hold together the fragmenting Roman empire." = "Hijo de Valerian que trató de mantener unido el fragmentado Imperio romano.";

"Valerian" = "Valeriano";
"Roman emperor who persecuted Christians and was captured by the Parthians." = "Emperador romano que persiguió a los cristianos y fue capturado por los partos.";

"Claudius II" = "Claudio II";
"Roman emperor who won back territory from the breakaway Gallic empire." = "Emperador romano que recuperó el territorio del imperio galo separatista.";

"Aurelian" = "Aureliano";
"Roman emperor who restored the unity of the Roman empire." = "Emperador romano que restauró la unidad del Imperio romano.";

"Tacitus" = "Tácito";
"Elderly senator who became emperor after months of rule by Aurelian’s queen." = "Senador anciano que se convirtió en emperador después de meses de gobierno de la reina de Aureliano.";

"Florian" = "Floriano";
"Florianus" = "Florianus";
"Roman emperor deposed by the rival emperor Probus." = "Emperador romano depuesto por el emperador rival Probus.";

"Roman emperor assassinated by mutinous soldiers." = "Emperador romano asesinado por soldados amotinados.";

"Carus" = "Caro";
"Roman emperor who defeated the Parthians but was killed by lightning." = "Emperador romano que derrotó a los partos pero fue asesinado por un rayo.";

"Carinus" = "Carino";
"Son of Carus named co-emperor with Numerianus but deposed by Diocletian." = "Hijo de Carus nombrado co-emperador con Numerianus pero depuesto por Diocleciano.";

"Numerianus" = "Numeriano";
"Son of Carus who withdrew from Parthia and was killed by his prefect." = "Hijo de Carus que se retiró de Partia y fue asesinado por su prefecto.";

"Diocletian" = "Diocleciano";
"Diocles" = "Diocles";
"Roman emperor who established a tetrarchy of two Augusti and two Caesars." = "Emperador romano que estableció una tetrarquía de dos Augusti y dos Césares.";

"Western Roman co-emperor with Diocletian." = "Co-emperador romano occidental con Diocleciano.";

"Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius and father of Constantine I." = "Emperador romano occidental con Galerio y padre de Constantino I.";

"Constantine the Great" = "Constantino el Grande";
"Roman emperor who united the empire, built Constantinople, and converted to Christianity." = "Emperador romano que unió el imperio, construyó Constantinopla y se convirtió al cristianismo.";

"Severus" = "Severo";
"Western Roman co-emperor with Galerius who failed to suppress a revolt in Italy." = "Co-emperador romano occidental con Galerio que no pudo reprimir una revuelta en Italia.";

"Constans" = "Constante";
"Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Defeated Constantine II." = "Co-emperador romano occidental con sus hermanos. Derrotado Constantino II";

"Western Roman co-emperor with his brothers. Died in conflict with Constans." = "Co-emperador romano occidental con sus hermanos. Murió en conflicto con Constans.";

"Magnentius" = "Magnencio";
"Usurper who killed Constans and was defeated by Constantius II." = "Usurpador que mató a Constans y fue derrotado por Constancio II";

"Julian" = "Juliano";
"Julian the Apostate" = "Juliano el Apóstata";
"Sole emperor who sought to promote paganism against Christianity." = "Único emperador que buscó promover el paganismo contra el cristianismo.";

"Jovian" = "Joviano";
"Emperor who reversed the anti-Christian policies of Julian." = "Emperador que revirtió las políticas anticristianas de Julián.";

"Valentinian I" = "Valentiniano I";
"Western Roman co-emperor with his brother Valens." = "Co-emperador romano occidental con su hermano Valens.";

"Gratian" = "Graciano";
"Western Roman co-emperor who promoted Christianity and opposed paganism." = "Co-emperador romano occidental que promovió el cristianismo y se opuso al paganismo.";

"Valentinian II" = "Valentiniano II";
"Western Roman co-emperor whose childhood reign was dominated by others." = "Co-emperador romano occidental cuyo reinado de la infancia fue dominado por otros.";

"Eugenius" = "Eugenio";
"Western Roman co-emperor installed after the death of Valentinian II and defeated by Theodosius I." = "Co-emperador romano occidental instalado después de la muerte de Valentiniano II y derrotado por Teodosio I.";

"Honorius" = "Honorio";
"Western Roman co-emperor during whose reign Rome was sacked by the Visigoths." = "Co-emperador romano occidental durante cuyo reinado Roma fue saqueada por los visigodos.";

"Valentinian III" = "Valentiniano III";
"Western Roman emperor who suffered territorial losses and the threat of Attila the Hun." = "Emperador romano occidental que sufrió pérdidas territoriales y la amenaza de Atila el Huno.";

"Avitus" = "Avito";
"Western Roman emperor of Gallic descent who was soon deposed." = "Emperador romano occidental de ascendencia galo que pronto fue depuesto.";

"Petronius Maximus" = "Petronio Máximo";
"Usurper who became Western Roman emperor and enraged the Vandal king Huneric." = "Usurpador que se convirtió en emperador romano occidental y enfureció al rey vándalo Huneric.";

"Majorian" = "Mayoriano";
"Western Roman emperor who waged campaigns and instituted reforms to restore the Western empire." = "Emperador romano occidental que emprendió campañas e instituyó reformas para restaurar el Imperio occidental.";

"Libius Severus" = "Libio Severo";
"Western Roman emperor largely under the control of the general Ricimer." = "Emperador romano occidental en gran parte bajo el control del general Ricimer.";

"Anthemius" = "Antemio";
"Western Roman emperor installed by eastern emperor Leo I and deposed by the general Ricimer." = "Emperador romano occidental instalado por el emperador oriental León I y depuesto por el general Ricimer.";

"Olybrius" = "Olibrio";
"Western Roman emperor installed by Ricimer. He died of disease after a brief reign." = "Emperador romano occidental instalado por Ricimer. Murió de enfermedad después de un breve reinado.";

"Glycerius" = "Glicerio";
"Western Roman emperor forced to abdicate by Julius Nepos." = "Emperador romano occidental obligado a abdicar por Julius Nepos.";

"Julius Nepos" = "Julio Nepote";
"Western Roman emperor who deposed Glycerius and was deposed by Orestes." = "Emperador romano occidental que depuso a Glicerio y fue depuesto por Orestes.";

"Romulus Augustulus" = "Rómulo Augústulo";
"Last Western Roman emperor, a teenager installed by his father Orestes and deposed by Odoacer." = "El último emperador romano occidental, un adolescente instalado por su padre Orestes y depuesto por Odoacro.";

"Odoacer" = "Odoacro";
"Military commander who deposed the western Roman emperor to rule as king of Italy." = "Comandante militar que depuso al emperador romano occidental para gobernar como rey de Italia.";

"Theodoric" = "Teodorico";
"Ostragoth who deposed Odoacer to become king of Italy." = "Ostrogodo que depuso a Odoacro para convertirse en rey de Italia.";



/* ROME/ITALY - Individuals */

"Cicero" = "Cicerón";
"Roman orator who sought to preserve the Roman republic." = "Orador romano que buscó preservar la república romana.";

"Julius Caesar (Life)" = "Julio César (vida)";
"General who became sole ruler of Rome, assassinated after declaring himself permanent dictator." = "General que se convirtió en el único gobernante de Roma, asesinado después de declararse dictador permanente.";

"Catullus" = "Catulo";
"Roman poet regarded as among the finest Latin lyric poets." = "Poeta romano considerado como uno de los mejores poetas líricos latinos.";

"Virgil" = "Virgilio";
"Latin epic poet whose Aeneid chronicled Rome’s legendary founding." = "Poeta épico latino cuya Eneida relató la legendaria fundación de Roma.";

"Ovid" = "Ovidio";
"Roman poet whose Metamorphoses codified many Greek myths." = "Poeta romano cuyas metamorfosis codificaron muchos mitos griegos.";

"Clement of Rome" = "Clemente de Roma";
"Apostolic father, Bishop of Rome (Clement I), martyr." = "Padre apostólico, obispo de Roma (Clemente I), mártir.";

"Josephus" = "Josefo";
"Joseph ben Mattathias, Flavius " = "Joseph ben Mattathias, Flavius.";
"Jewish historian who chronicled the First Jewish Revolt and Jewish antiquity." = "Historiador judío que relató la primera revuelta judía y la antigüedad judía.";

"Roman historian who wrote the Histories and Annals." = "Historiador romano que escribió las historias y los anales.";

"Valentinus" = "Valentino";
"Influential gnostic teacher whose followers became known as Valentinians." = "Maestro gnóstico influyente cuyos seguidores se hicieron conocidos como valentinianos.";

"Justin Martyr" = "Justino Mártir";
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and martyr." = "Ante-Nicene padre, apologista y mártir.";

"Hippolytus" = "Hipólito";
"Ante-Nicene father who wrote important commentaries and theological works." = "Padre Ante-Nicene que escribió importantes comentarios y trabajos teológicos.";

"Plotinus" = "Plotino";
"Platonic philosopher regarded as the founder of Neo-Platonism." = "Filósofo platónico considerado como el fundador del neoplatonismo.";

"Constantine I (LIfe)" = "Constantino I (vida)";

"Ambrose" = "Ambrosio";
"Archbishop of Milan who opposed Arianism and influenced Augustine." = "Arzobispo de Milán que se opuso al arrianismo e influyó en Agustín.";

"Julian of Eclanum" = "Julián de Eclana";
"Pelagian bishop of Eclanum and theological opponent of Augustine." = "Obispo pelagiano de Eclana y opositor teológico de Agustín.";

"Maximus of Turin" = "Máximo de Turín";
"Bishop of Turin whose sermons on theological matters were preserved." = "Obispo de Turín cuyos sermones sobre asuntos teológicos fueron preservados.";

"Cassiodorus" = "Casiodoro";
"Roman statesman and monastic who established the Medieval monastic tradition of preserving classical learning." = "Estadista romano y monástico que estableció la tradición monástica medieval de preservar el aprendizaje clásico.";

"Benedict of Nursia" = "Benedicto de Nursia";
"Italian monastic whose Rule of St. Benedict was adopted by most Medieval monastic orders." = "Monástico italiano cuya Regla de San Benito fue adoptada por la mayoría de las órdenes monásticas medievales.";

"Boethius" = "Boecio";
"Roman senator who translated classical works into Latin and wrote The Consolation of Philosophy." = "Senador romano que tradujo obras clásicas al latín y escribió La consolación de la filosofía.";

"Peter Damian" = "Pedro Damián";
"Italian monk and reformer who wrote against clerical abuses and immorality." = "Monje y reformador italiano que escribió contra los abusos clericales y la inmoralidad.";

"Francis of Assisi" = "Francisco de Asís";
"Italian who renounced wealth to become a mendicant friar. Founder of the Franciscan monastic order." = "Italiano que renunció a la riqueza para convertirse en un fraile mendigo. Fundador de la orden monástica franciscana.";

"Peter Martyr" = "Peter Martyr.";
"Dominican priest and inquisitor who preached against the Cathar heresy and was assassinated by Cathars." = "Sacerdote dominicano e inquisidor que predicó contra la herejía cátara y fue asesinado por los cátaros.";

"Bonaventura" = "Buenaventura";
"Italian Franciscan scholastic theologian who sought to integrate faith and reason." = "Teólogo escolástico franciscano italiano que buscó integrar la fe y la razón.";

"Marco Polo" = "Marco Polo";
"Venetian merchant who travelled to East Asia along the silk road and published his adventures." = "Comerciante veneciano que viajó al este de Asia por la ruta de la seda y publicó sus aventuras.";

"Dante Alighieri" = "Dante Alighieri";
"Florentine poet who authored the Divine Comedy." = "Poeta florentino autor de la Divina Comedia.";

"Catherine of Siena" = "Catalina de Siena";
"Lay Dominican mystic who influenced Pope Gregory XI to return the papacy to Rome." = "Laico místico dominicano que influyó en el Papa Gregorio XI para devolver el papado a Roma.";

"Donatello" = "Donatello";
"Italian Renaissance sculptor." = "Escultor renacentista italiano.";

"Sandro Botticelli" = "Sandro Botticelli";
"Early Italian Renaissance painter famous for The Birth of Venus." = "Pintor renacentista italiano temprano famoso por El nacimiento de Venus.";

"Catherine of Genoa" = "Catalina de Génova";
"Italian Catholic mystic known for her ministry to the sick." = "Mística católica italiana conocida por su ministerio a los enfermos.";

"Leonardo da Vinci" = "Leonardo da Vinci";
"Italian Renaissance artist and polymath famous for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa." = "Artista renacentista italiano y polímatas famosos por La Última Cena y Mona Lisa.";

"Savonarola" = "Savonarola";
"Dominican friar and Florentine reformer excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI and executed." = "Fraile dominico y reformador florentino excomulgado por el papa Alejandro VI y ejecutado.";

"Cajetan" = "Cayetano";
"Italian cardinal who questioned Luther at Augsburg." = "Cardenal italiano que interrogó a Lutero en Augsburgo.";

"Michelangelo" = "Miguel Ángel";
"Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor famous for David, the Pieta, the Sistine Ceiling, and The Last Judgment." = "Pintor y escultor renacentista italiano famoso por David, la Piedad, el Techo Sixtino y El Juicio Final.";

"Raphael" = "Rafael";
"Italian Renaissance painter famous for The School of Athens and the Transfiguration." = "Pintor renacentista italiano famoso por la Escuela de Atenas y la Transfiguración.";

"Galileo Galilei" = "Galileo Galilei";
"Italian astronomer, mathematician, and scientist charged with heresy for his promotion of heliocentrism." = "Astrónomo, matemático y científico italiano acusado de herejía por su promoción del heliocentrismo.";

"John Bosco" = "Juan Bosco";
"Italian Catholic priest and educator who founded the Salesian order." = "Sacerdote y educador católico italiano que fundó la orden salesiana.";

"Frances-Xavier Cabrini" = "Francisca Javiera Cabrini";
"Italian Catholic nun who ministered to Italian immigrants in the US. First US citizen to be canonized." = "Monja católica italiana que ministró a inmigrantes italianos en los Estados Unidos. Primer ciudadano estadounidense en ser canonizado.";



/* ROME/ITALY - Writings */

"Gallic Wars" = "Guerras de las Galias";
"Julius Caesar’s account of his various campaigns in Gaul." = "El relato de Julio César de sus diversas campañas en la Galia.";

"Jewish War" = "Guerra de los judíos";
"Eye-witness account of the First Jewish Revolt by Josephus." = "Informe de un testigo ocular de la primera revuelta judía de Josefo.";

"Jewish Antiquities" = "Antigüedades de los judíos";
"Account of Jewish antiquity by Josephus." = "Cuenta de la antigüedad judía por Josefo.";

"Didache" = "Didajé";
"Early Christian treatise on morals and church order." = "Tratado cristiano temprano sobre la moral y el orden de la iglesia.";

"Codex Vaticanus" = "Códice Vaticano";
"B" = "B";
"Early codex containing most of the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (Vatican Museum)" = "Códice temprano que contiene la mayor parte de la Septuaginta griega y el Nuevo Testamento. (Museo del Vaticano)";

"Athanasian Creed" = "Credo de Atanasio";
"Pseudo-Athanasian Creed" = "Credo Pseudo-Atanasio.";
"Creed of unknown but probably Latin origin which affirms Nicene Trinitarianism in terms reminiscent of Augustine. Used by some eastern churches in a modified form." = "Credo de origen desconocido pero probablemente latino que afirma el trinitarismo de Nicea en términos que recuerdan a Agustín. Utilizado por algunas iglesias orientales en una forma modificada.";

"Tome of Leo" = "Tomo a Flaviano";
"Letter from Pope Leo I to Flavian of Constantinople condemning Eutyches and affirming that Christ has two natures. It was debated and accepted at the Council of Chalcedon." = "Carta del papa León I a Flavio de Constantinopla condenando a Eutiques y afirmando que Cristo tiene dos naturalezas. Fue debatido y aceptado en el Concilio de Calcedonia.";

"Travels of Marco Polo" = "Viajes de Marco Polo";
"Marco Polo’s account of his travels to East Asia, which inspired future European exploration." = "El relato de Marco Polo de sus viajes al este de Asia, que inspiró la futura exploración europea.";

"Unam Sanctam" = "Unam Sanctam";
"Bull of Boniface VIII which asserted papal supremacy over earthly kings." = "Bula de Bonifacio VIII que afirmaba la supremacía papal sobre los reyes terrenales.";

"Divine Comedy" = "La Divina Comedia";
"Italian narrative poem which explores Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Heaven (Paradisio)." = "Poema narrativo italiano que explora el infierno (infierno), el purgatorio (purgatorio) y el cielo (paradisio)";



/* ROME/ITALY - Events */

"Rome Founded?" = "¿Fundación de Roma?";
"According to legend, Romulus founds Rome after killing his brother." = "Según la leyenda, Romulus funda Roma después de matar a su hermano.";

"Gauls Sack Rome" = "Los galos saquean Roma";
"The Senones tribe of Gauls defeat the Roman army and sack Rome." = "La tribu de galos Senones derrota al ejército romano y saquea a Roma.";

"First Samnite War" = "Primera Guerra samnita";
"First war between Rome and Samnium." = "Primera guerra entre Roma y Samnium.";

"Second Samnite War" = "Segunda Guerra Samnita";
"Second war between Rome and Samnium." = "Segunda guerra entre Roma y Samnium.";

"Third Samnite War" = "Tercera guerra samnita";
"Third war between Rome and Samnium." = "Tercera guerra entre Roma y Samnium.";

"Pyrrhic War" = "Guerra pírrica";
"Rome initially defeated but eventually outlasts the armies of Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus." = "Roma inicialmente derrotó, pero finalmente sobrevivió a los ejércitos de Pirro, el rey de Epiro.";

"First Punic War" = "Primera guerra púnica";
"First war between Rome and Carthage. Rome expands its navy." = "Primera guerra entre Roma y Cartago. Roma expande su armada.";

"Second Punic War" = "Segunda guerra púnica";
"Second war between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal invades Italy but is defeated in Africa." = "Segunda guerra entre Roma y Cartago. Aníbal invade Italia pero es derrotado en África.";

"Third Punic War" = "Tercera guerra púnica";
"Third war between Rome and Carthage. Romans raze Carthage and annex northern Africa." = "Tercera guerra entre Roma y Cartago. Los romanos arrasan Cartago y anexan el norte de África.";

"Spartacus Leads Slave Revolt" = "Spartacus lidera la revuelta de esclavos";
"Third Servile War" = "Tercera guerra servil";
"The gladiator Spartacus leads a revolt against Rome." = "El gladiador Espartaco lidera una revuelta contra Roma.";

"Julius Caesar assassinated" = "Julio César es asesinado";
"Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by members of the Roman Senate." = "Julio César es apuñalado por miembros del Senado romano.";

"Paul imprisoned in Rome" = "Pablo es encarcelado en Roma";

"Awaiting trial before Caesar, Paul is under house arrest in Rome." = "En espera de juicio ante César, Paul está bajo arresto domiciliario en Roma.";

"Peter Arrives in Rome" = "Pedro llega a Roma";
"The apostle Peter takes a leading role in the church at Rome." = "El apóstol Pedro toma un papel de liderazgo en la iglesia en Roma.";

"Fire in Rome" = "Incendio de Roma";
"Fire destroys two-thirds of the city of Rome." = "El fuego destruye dos tercios de la ciudad de Roma.";

"Martyrdom of Peter" = "Martirio de Pedro";
"Peter is crucified upside-down in Rome." = "Pedro es crucificado boca abajo en Roma.";

"Neronic Persecution" = "Persecución de Nerón";
"Blaming Christians for the fire in Rome, Nero executes many, including Peter and Paul." = "Culpando a los cristianos por el incendio en Roma, Nerón ejecuta a muchos, incluidos Pedro y Pablo.";

"Martyrdom of Paul" = "Martirio de Pablo";

"Paul is beheaded in Rome." = "Pablo es decapitado en Roma.";

"Roman Colosseum constructed" = "Coliseo romano construido.";
"Flavian Amphitheater" = "Anfiteatro Flavio.";
"Roman Colosseum built with spoils from the First Jewish Revolt." = "Coliseo romano construido con botín de la primera revuelta judía.";

"Eruption of Vesuvius" = "Erupción del Vesubio";
"Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum." = "El Monte Vesubio entra en erupción, destruyendo Pompeya y Herculano.";

"Adoptionism Begins" = "Comienza el adopcionismo";
"Theodotus of Byzantium teaches the heresy of adoptionism, which denies the deity of Christ." = "Teodoto de Bizancio enseña la herejía del adopcionismo, que niega la deidad de Cristo.";

"Sabellius Teaches Modalism" = "Sabelio enseña el modalismo";
"Sabellius teaches a form of modalism, which argues that the persons of the Godhead are temporal modes of God’s self-revelation." = "Sabelio enseña una forma de modalismo, que argumenta que las personas de la Trinidad son modos temporales de la autorrevelación de Dios.";

"Decian Persecution" = "Persecución de Decio";
"Christians who refuse to sacrifice for the emperor Decius are persecuted and martyred." = "Los cristianos que se niegan a sacrificarse por el emperador Decio son perseguidos y martirizados.";

"Valerian Persecution" = "Persecución de Valeriano";
"Valerian orders the widespread persecution of Christians." = "La valeriana ordena la persecución generalizada de los cristianos.";

"Gallienus Ends Persecution" = "Galieno acaba con la persecución";
"After Valerian’s capture, Gallienus issues a decree of toleration for Christians." = "Después de la captura de Valerian, Gallienus emite un decreto de tolerancia para los cristianos.";

"Formation of Tetrarchy" = "Formación de la tetrarquía";
"Diocletian divides the empire between four emperors (two Augusti and two Caesars)." = "Diocleciano divide el imperio entre cuatro emperadores (dos Augustos y dos Césares)";

"Diocletian Persecution" = "Persecución de Diocleciano";
"Diocletian initiates the most comprehensive persecution of Christians." = "Diocleciano inicia la persecución más completa de los cristianos.";

"Galerian Persecution" = "Persecución de Galeriano";
"Galerian continues, but later abandons, the persecution of Christians." = "Galerian continúa, pero luego abandona, la persecución de los cristianos.";

"Edict of Milan" = "Edicto de Milán";
"Joint edict by Constantine I and Licinius to give Christianity legal status." = "Edicto conjunto de Constantino I y Licinio para dar al cristianismo estatus legal.";

"Final Division of Empire" = "División final del Imperio";
"Theodosius I divides the empire between his two sons, a division which remained permanent." = "Teodosio I divide el imperio entre sus dos hijos, una división que permaneció permanente.";

"Visigoths Sack Rome" = "Los visigodos saquean Roma";
"Visigoths sack Rome—the first sack of the city in 800 years." = "Los visigodos saquean Roma, el primer saqueo de la ciudad en 800 años.";

"Vandals Sack Rome" = "Los vándalos saquean Roma";
"Vandals sack Rome in response to Petronius Maximus cancelling a political marriage." = "Los vándalos despiden a Roma en respuesta a Petronio Máximo cancelando un matrimonio político.";

"Fall of Western Empire" = "Caída del Imperio occidental";
"Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus, ending the Western Roman empire." = "Odoacro deposita a Rómulo Augusto, terminando el Imperio romano de Occidente.";

"Schism between Western and Eastern churches during the Miaphysite controversy. Begun when Pope Felix III excommunicated Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople." = "Cisma entre las iglesias occidentales y orientales durante la controversia miafitas. Comenzó cuando el papa Félix III excomulgó al patriarca Acacio de Constantinopla.";

"Gothic War" = "Guerra gótica";
"Byzantines under Justinian I conquer much of Italy." = "Los bizantinos bajo Justiniano conquistan gran parte de Italia.";

"Donation of Pepin" = "Donación de Pipino";
"Pepin the Short of France donates territory in central Italy to the Roman Catholic papacy." = "Pipino el Breve de Francia dona territorio en el centro de Italia al papado católico romano.";

"Charlemagne Crowned Emperor" = "Carlomagno coronado emperador";
"Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans.”" = "El papa León III corona a Carlomagno como “Emperador de los romanos”.";

"Muslim Raid on Rome" = "Asalto musulmán contra Roma";
"Muslims raid churches on the outskirts of Rome." = "Los musulmanes asaltan iglesias en las afueras de Roma.";

"Cadaver Synod" = "Sínodo cadavérico";
"Synod in which the deceased pope Formosus was exhumed, tried, and condemned." = "Sínodo en el que el difunto papa Formoso fue exhumado, juzgado y condenado.";

"Battle of Stilo" = "Batalla de Stilo";
"Muslim forces defeat the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II." = "Las fuerzas musulmanas derrotan a las fuerzas del Sacro Emperador romano Otón II";

"First Crusade" = "Primera Cruzada";
"Princes’ Crusade" = "La Cruzada de los Príncipes";
"Organized crusade which conquered Jerusalem and established several Middle Eastern Crusader States." = "Cruzada organizada que conquistó Jerusalén y estableció varios Estados cruzados del Medio Oriente.";

"People’s Crusade" = "Cruzada del Pueblo";
"Peasants’ Crusade" = "Cruzada de los campesinos";
"An independent crusade of peasants which set out before the First Crusade and were largely slaughtered by the Seljuq Turks." = "Una cruzada independiente de campesinos que partieron antes de la Primera Cruzada y fueron en gran parte asesinados por los turcos selyúcidas.";

"Second Crusade" = "Segunda Cruzada";
"Unsuccessful crusade to restore the Crusader County of Edessa." = "Cruzada infructuosa para restaurar el condado cruzado de Edesa.";

"Third Crusade" = "Tercera Cruzada";
"Crusade which succeeded in recapturing territory in Israel, but did not recapture Jerusalem." = "Cruzada que logró recuperar el territorio en Israel, pero no recuperó Jerusalén.";

"Fourth Crusade" = "Cuarta Cruzada";
"Crusade intended to defeat the Ayyubid Sultanate but which sacked Constantinople instead." = "La Cruzada tenía la intención de derrotar al Sultanato de Ayyubid, pero en su lugar saqueó a Constantinopla.";

"Fifth Crusade" = "Quinta Cruzada";
"Crusade against the Ayyubids of Egypt which ultimately ended in defeat." = "Cruzada contra los ayubíes de Egipto que finalmente terminó en derrota.";

"Sixth Crusade" = "Sexta Cruzada";
"Crusade in which Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated with the Ayyubid sultan for control of Jerusalem." = "Cruzada en la que el Sacro Emperador romano Federico II negoció con el sultán ayubí por el control de Jerusalén.";

"Barons’ Crusade" = "Cruzada de los barones";
"Crusade with few military victories but in which the crusaders negotiated major territorial concessions." = "Cruzada con pocas victorias militares pero en la que los cruzados negociaron importantes concesiones territoriales.";

"Seventh Crusade" = "Séptima Cruzada";
"Crusade in which Louis IX of France was captured and ransomed by the Mamluks of Egypt." = "Cruzada en la cual Luis IX de Francia fue capturado y rescatado por los mamelucos de Egipto.";

"Eighth Crusade" = "Octava Cruzada";
"Crusade in which Louis IX besieged Tunis. Louis died and the crusade was abandoned due to an outbreak of dysentary." = "Cruzada en la que Luis IX asedió Túnez. Luis murió y la cruzada fue abandonada debido a un brote de disentería.";

"Ninth Crusade" = "Novena Cruzada";
"Lord Edward’s Crusade" = "Cruzada de Lord Eduardo";
"Crusade led by Edward I of England which saw some military success, but which failed to reverse Mamluk gains." = "Cruzada dirigida por Eduardo I de Inglaterra, que tuvo cierto éxito militar, pero que no logró revertir las ganancias de los mamelucos.";

"Western Schism" = "Cisma occidental";
"Papal Schism" = "Cisma papal.";
"Rival papacies at Rome, Avignon, and later Pisa are eventually settled at the Council of Constance." = "Los papados rivales en Roma, Aviñón y más tarde en Pisa finalmente se establecen en el Concilio de Constanza.";

"Council of Florence" = "Concilio de Florencia";

"Bonfire of the Vanities" = "Hoguera de las vanidades";
"Savonorola inspires Florentines to burn sinful objects, including Renaissance books and art." = "Savonorola inspira a los florentinos a quemar objetos pecaminosos, incluidos libros y arte del Renacimiento.";

"Luther Visits Rome" = "Lutero visita Roma";
"Luther visits Rome and is disillusioned with its opulence and corruption." = "Lutero visita Roma y se desilusiona con su opulencia y corrupción.";

"Council of Trent" = "Concilio de Trento";
"Roman Catholic council which reaffirmed and clarified doctrines opposed by Protestantism." = "Concilio católico romano que reafirmó y aclaró doctrinas opuestas por el protestantismo.";

"1st Vatican Council" = "Concilio Vaticano I";
"Vatican I" = "Vaticano I";
"Council of Roman Catholic bishops which defined the doctrine of papal infallibility." = "Concilio de obispos católicos romanos que definió la doctrina de la infalibilidad papal.";

"2nd Vatican Council" = "Concilio Vaticano II";
"Vatican II" = "Vaticano II";
"Council of Roman Catholic bishops which addressed the relationship between the Catholic church and the modern world." = "Concilio de obispos católicos romanos que abordó la relación entre la iglesia católica y el mundo moderno.";



/* ROME/ITALY - Political */

"Proto-Villanovan Culture" = "Cultura Proto-Villanovan.";
"A Late Bronze Age culture which may have given rise to the Etruscans." = "Una cultura de la Edad de Bronce tardía que puede haber dado origen a los etruscos.";

"Early Latin Settlement" = "Antiguo asentamiento latino";
"A settlement of Latins grows into a small independent kingdom." = "Un asentamiento de latinos se convierte en un pequeño reino independiente.";

"Etruscans" = "Etruscos";
"An Italic people of uncertain origin control much of the northern Italian peninsula." = "Un pueblo cursivo de origen incierto controla gran parte de la península del norte de Italia.";

"Etruscan Rule (Rome)" = "Dominación etrusca (Roma)";
"Rome is subject to the Etruscans." = "Roma está sujeta a los etruscos.";

"Roman Republic" = "República romana";
"Ruled by elected consuls and the Senate, Rome begins building an empire." = "Gobernado por cónsules electos y el Senado, Roma comienza a construir un imperio.";

"Magna Graecia" = "Magna Grecia";
"Greeks establish colonies on the southern coast of Italy." = "Los griegos establecen colonias en la costa sur de Italia.";

"Cisalpine Gaul" = "Galia cisalpina";
"Several Gallic tribes control northern Italy." = "Varias tribus galas controlan el norte de Italia.";

"Roman Rule (Etruria)" = "Dominación romana (Etruria)";
"After a series of wars, Rome controls the territory of the Etruscans." = "Después de una serie de guerras, Roma controla el territorio de los etruscos.";

"Roman Rule (N. Italy)" = "Dominación romana (N. Italia)";
"After a series of wars, Rome controls northern Italy." = "Después de una serie de guerras, Roma controla el norte de Italia.";

"Roman Rule (Magna Graecia)" = "Dominación romana (Magna Graecia)";
"Rome conquers the city-states of Magna Graecia." = "Roma conquista las ciudades-estado de Magna Graecia.";

"Roman Empire" = "Imperio romano";
"Ruled by emperors, Rome controls a vast empire." = "Gobernado por emperadores, Roma controla un vasto imperio.";

"Western Empire" = "Imperio occidental";
"After the permanent division of the Roman empire, the Western empire soon begins a rapid decline." = "Después de la división permanente del Imperio romano, el Imperio occidental pronto comienza un rápido declive.";

"Ostragoth Kingdom" = "Reino ostrodogo";
"Ostragoths rule Italy as an independent kingdom until defeated by Byzantines." = "Los ostrogodos gobiernan Italia como un reino independiente hasta ser derrotados por los bizantinos.";

"Byzantine Venice" = "Venecia bizantina";
"Northeastern Italy controlled by the Byzantine Empire." = "Noreste de Italia controlada por el Imperio Bizantino.";

"Lombard Kingdom" = "Reino lombardo";
"Lombards control large portions of Italy." = "Los lombardos controlan grandes porciones de Italia.";

"Byzantine Exarchate" = "Exarcado bizantino";
"Byzantines control Ravenna and Rome." = "Los bizantinos controlan Rávena y Roma.";

"Venice (Republic)" = "Venecia (República)";
"Northeastern Italy controlled by the maritime republic of Venice." = "Noreste de Italia controlada por la república marítima de Venecia.";

"Frankish Empire" = "Imperio franco";
"Northern Italy under the control of the Carolingian Franks." = "El norte de Italia bajo el control de los francos carolingios.";

"Lombard Duchies" = "Ducados lombardos";
"Southern Italy largely controlled by independent Lombard duchies." = "El sur de Italia en gran parte controlado por ducados independientes lombardos.";

"Papal States" = "Estados papales";
"Much of central Italy is under the direct political control of the Roman Catholic papacy." = "Gran parte del centro de Italia está bajo el control político directo del papado católico romano.";

"Holy Roman Empire (Italy)" = "Sacro Imperio romano (Italia)";
"Northern Italy forms a major part of the Holy Roman Empire." = "El norte de Italia forma una parte importante del Sacro Imperio romano.";

"Byzantine Province" = "Provincia bizantina";
"Much of southern Italy under the control of the Byzantine empire." = "Gran parte del sur de Italia bajo el control del Imperio bizantino.";

"Norman Rule" = "Dominación normanda";
"Normans control southern Italy." = "Los normandos controlan el sur de Italia.";

"Sicily (Kingdom)" = "Sicilia (reino)";
"Southern Italy controlled by the kingdom of Sicily, part of the Holy Roman Empire." = "El sur de Italia controlado por el reino de Sicilia, parte del Sacro Imperio romano.";

"Naples & Sicily (Kingdoms)" = "Nápoles y Sicilia (reinos)";
"Southern Italy divided between the mainland kingdom of Naples (officially still named Sicily) and the island kingdom of Sicily." = "El sur de Italia dividido entre el reino continental de Nápoles (oficialmente todavía llamado Sicilia) y el reino insular de Sicilia.";

"Foreign Rule" = "Dominación extranjera";
"Northern Italy controlled by various foreign powers (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, House of Savoy, Napoleon, etc.)" = "El norte de Italia controlado por varias potencias extranjeras (Habsburgo españoles y austríacos, la Casa de Saboya, Napoleón, etc.)";

"Northeastern Italy controlled by Napoleon of France and the Austrian empire." = "Noreste de Italia controlada por Napoleón de Francia y el Imperio austríaco.";

"Two Sicilies (Kingdom)" = "Dos Sicilias (Reino)";
"Naples and Sicily merge to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies." = "Nápoles y Sicilia se fusionan para formar el Reino de las Dos Sicilias.";

"Italy (Nation)" = "Italia (nación)";
"Italy becomes a united nation-state, ruled by a monarchy, followed by a constitutional republic." = "Italia se convierte en una nación-estado unida, gobernada por una monarquía, seguida por una república constitucional.";



/* ROME/ITALY - Religious Leaders */

"Linus" = "Lino";
"Early Bishop of Rome (Pope)." = "Primer Obispo de Roma (Papa)";

"Anacletus" = "Anacleto";
"Cletus" = "Cleto";

"Clement I" = "Clemente I";
"Apostolic father, Early Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr." = "Padre apostólico, primer obispo de Roma (papa), mártir.";

"Evaristus" = "Evaristo";
"Aristus" = "Aristo";

"Alexander I" = "Alejandro I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope)." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa)";

"Sixtus I" = "Sixto I";

"Telesphorus" = "Telesforo";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope), martyr." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa), mártir.";

"Hyginus" = "Higinio";

"Pius I" = "Pío I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Marcion." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que excomulgó a Marción.";

"Anicetus" = "Aniceto";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who debated Polycarp on the date of Easter." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que debatió sobre Policarpo en la fecha de Pascua.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Montanism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al montanismo.";

"Victor I" = "Victor I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who tried to excommunicate quartodeciman churches." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que intentó excomulgar a las iglesias cuartodecimanas.";

"Zephyrinus" = "Ceferino";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) known for defending the divinity of Christ." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) conocido por defender la divinidad de Cristo.";

"Callixtus I" = "Calixto I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) associated with a catacomb and opposed by Hippolytus." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) asociado con una catacumba y opuesto por Hipólito.";

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Callistus I and Urban I. Reconciled to Pontian." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Calixto I y Urbano I. Reconciliado con Ponciano.";

"Urban I" = "Urbano I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Hippolytus." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) con la oposición de Hipólito.";

"Pontian" = "Ponciano";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who resigned when exiled." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que renunció cuando fue exiliado.";

"Anterus" = "Antero";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected after Pontian’s resignation." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) elegido después de la renuncia de Pontian.";

"Fabian" = "Fabián";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during the Decian Persecution." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) martirizado durante la persecución deciana.";

"Cornelius" = "Cornelio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Novatian." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que excomulgó a Novaciano.";

"Novatian" = "Novaciano";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Cornelius over lapsed Christians." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) opuesto a Cornelio por los cristianos caídos.";

"Lucius I" = "Lucio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) briefly exiled." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) brevemente exiliado.";

"Stephen I" = "Esteban I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) in favor of restoring lapsed Christians." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) a favor de restaurar a los cristianos caídos.";

"Sixtus II" = "Sixto II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) martyred during Valerian persecution." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) martirizado durante la persecución de Valeriana.";

"Dionysius" = "Dionisio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who restored order after the end of persecution." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que restableció el orden después del final de la persecución.";

"Felix I" = "Félix I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the removal of Paul of Samosata." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que apoyó la remoción de Pablo de Samosata.";

"Eutychian" = "Eutiquiano";

"Caius" = "Cayo";
"Gaius" = "Gayo";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have been martyred." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que pudo haber sido martirizado.";

"Marcellinus" = "Marcelino";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who may have lapsed but repented during the DIocletian persecution." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que pudo haber caído pero se arrepintió durante la persecución de DIocletian.";

"Marcellus I" = "Marcelo I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over harsh treatment of lapsed Christians." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) desterrado por el trato duro de los cristianos caídos.";

"Eusebius" = "Eusebio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) banished over treatment of lapsed Christians." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) desterrado por el tratamiento de los cristianos caídos.";

"Miltiades" = "Melquíades";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) when Christianity was legalized." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) cuando el cristianismo fue legalizado.";

"Sylvester I" = "Silvestre I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the reign of Constantine I." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) durante el reinado de Constantino I.";

"Marcus" = "Marcos";

"Julius I" = "Julio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Athanasius against the Arians." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que apoyó a Atanasio contra los arrianos.";

"Liberius" = "Liberio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) exiled by Constantius II for opposing Arianism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) exiliado por Constancio II por oponerse al arrianismo.";

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) installed by Constantius II." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) instalado por Constancio II";

"Damasus I" = "Dámaso I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Ursinus." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) con la oposición de Ursino.";

"Ursinus" = "Ursino";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Damasus I, eventually exiled to Gaul." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) a Dámaso I, finalmente exiliado a la Galia.";

"Siricius" = "Siricio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose decretal letters strengthened papal authority." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) cuyas cartas decretales fortalecieron la autoridad papal.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Origen." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso a Orígenes.";

"Innocent I" = "Inocente I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and supported Chrysostom." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al pelagianismo y apoyó a Crisóstomo.";

"Zosimus" = "Zósimo";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al pelagianismo.";

"Boniface I " = "Bonifacio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported Augustus against the Pelagians." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que apoyó a Augusto contra los pelagianos.";

"Eulalius" = "Eulalio";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) opposed to Boniface I." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) opuesto a Bonifacio I.";

"Celestine I" = "Celestino I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Pelagianism and Nestorianism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al pelagianismo y al nestorianismo.";

"Sixtus III" = "Sixto III";

"Leo I (the Great)" = "León I (el Grande)";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que persuadió a Atila Hun para que se retirara.";

"Hilarius" = "Hilario";

"Simplicius" = "Simplicio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) durante el colapso del Imperio romano de Occidente.";

"Felix III" = "Félix III";
"Felix II" = "Félix II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who excommunicated Acacius of Constantinople to begin the Acacian Schism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que excomulgó a Acacio de Constantinopla para comenzar el cisma acaciano.";

"Gelasius I" = "Gelasio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who asserted Roman primacy during the Acacian Schism. First pope to be called “Vicar of Christ.”" = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que afirmó la primacía romana durante el cisma acaciano. Primer papa en ser llamado “Vicario de Cristo”.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose concessions to end the Acacian Schism led to a schism between rival popes after his death." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa), cuyas concesiones para poner fin al cisma acaciano llevaron a un cisma entre papas rivales después de su muerte.";

"Laurentius" = "Lorenzo";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Symmachus." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Símaco.";

"Symmachus " = "Símaco";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Symmachus, who retained his seat by the decision of King Theodoric." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) con la oposición de Símaco, quien retuvo su asiento por decisión del rey Teodorico.";

"Hormisdas" = "Hormisdas";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ended the Acacian Schism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que terminó con el cisma acaciano.";

"John I" = "Juan I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) sent by the Arian king Theodoric to Justinian I to request moderation of an anti-Arian decree." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) enviado por el rey arriano Teodorico a Justiniano I para solicitar la moderación de un decreto anti-arriano.";

"Felix IV (III)" = "Félix IV (III)";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the urging of King Theodoric." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) elegido a instancias del Rey Teodorico.";

"Boniface II" = "Bonifacio II";
"Ostragoth bishop of Rome (Pope) chosen by his predecessor. He confirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Orange." = "Ostragoth obispo de Roma (Papa) elegido por su predecesor. Confirmó las decisiones del Segundo Concilio de Orange.";

"Dioscorus" = "Dióscoro";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Boniface II, who died a month after his election." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Bonifacio II, quien murió un mes después de su elección.";

"John II" = "Juan II";
"First bishop of Rome (Pope) to assume a new name upon his election, since he deemed his birth name (Mercurius) too pagan." = "Primer obispo de Roma (Papa) en asumir un nuevo nombre tras su elección, ya que consideraba que su nombre de nacimiento (Mercurio) era demasiado pagano.";

"Agapetus I " = "Agapito I";
"Agapitus I" = "Agapito I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who deposed Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople for his support of Miaphysitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que depuso al Patriarca Antimo I de Constantinopla por su apoyo al miafisitismo.";

"Silverius" = "Silverio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elevated by the Gothic king and deposed by a Byzantine general during the Gothic War." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) elevado por el rey gótico y depuesto por un general bizantino durante la guerra gótica.";

"Vigilius" = "Vigilio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by the Byzantines whom Justinian I forcibly summoned to Constantinople." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) instalado por los bizantinos a quienes Justiniano I convocó por la fuerza a Constantinopla.";

"Pelagius I" = "Pelagio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected at the behest of Justinian I, who agreed with the emperor’s condemnation of the Three Chapters." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) elegido a instancias de Justiniano I, que estuvo de acuerdo con la condena del emperador de los Tres Capítulos.";

"John III" = "Juan III";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) during the Lombard invasion of Italy." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) durante la invasión lombarda de Italia.";

"Benedict I" = "Benedicto I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who founded several monasteries before his election." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que fundó varios monasterios antes de su elección.";

"Pelagius II" = "Pelagio II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who promoted clerical celibacy and died of plague." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que promovió el celibato clerical y murió de peste.";

"Gregory I (the Great)" = "Gregorio I (el Grande)";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who fostered missionary efforts and ecclesiastical reforms." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que fomentó los esfuerzos misioneros y las reformas eclesiásticas.";

"Sabinian" = "Sabiniano";

"Boniface III" = "Bonifacio III";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who reformed papal elections." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que reformó las elecciones papales.";

"Boniface IV" = "Bonifacio IV";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who converted the Pantheon into a church." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que convirtió el Panteón en una iglesia.";

"Deusdedit" = "Deusdedit";
"Adeodatus I" = "Adeodato I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sealed his decrees with lead “bullae,” giving rise to the term “papal bull.”" = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que selló sus decretos con “bullas” de plomo, dando lugar al término “bula papal”.";

"Boniface V" = "Bonifacio V";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported missionary efforts in England." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que apoyó los esfuerzos misioneros en Inglaterra.";

"Honorius I" = "Honorio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was posthumously anathematized for his support of Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que fue anatematizado póstumamente por su apoyo al monotelismo.";

"John IV" = "Juan IV";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism but defended the orthodoxy of Honorius I." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al monotelismo pero defendió la ortodoxia de Honorio I.";

"Severinus" = "Severino";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose imperial recognition was delayed over his refusal to accept Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) cuyo reconocimiento imperial se retrasó por su negativa a aceptar el monotelismo.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso al monotelismo.";

"Martin I" = "Martín I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who was imprisoned by Constans II for his opposition to Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que fue encarcelado por Constantes II por su oposición al monotelismo.";

"Eugene I" = "Eugenio I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who ran afoul of Constans II, but died before the emperor could depose him." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se encontró con Constans II, pero murió antes de que el emperador pudiera destituirlo.";

"Vitalian" = "Vitaliano";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who took a conciliatory stance toward the Byzantine emperors, but still opposed Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que adoptó una postura conciliadora hacia los emperadores bizantinos, pero que aún se opuso al monotelismo.";

"Adeodatus (II)" = "Adeodato (II)";

"Donus" = "Dono";

"Agatho" = "Agatón";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sent a large delegation to the 3rd Council of Constantinople." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que envió una gran delegación al 3er Concilio de Constantinopla.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who confirmed the decrees of the 3rd Council of Constantinople." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que confirmó los decretos del 3er Concilio de Constantinopla.";

"Benedict II" = "Benedicto II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who obtained a decree from the Byzantine emperor that popes could be confirmed by the Exarch of Ravenna." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que obtuvo un decreto del emperador bizantino de que los papas podían ser confirmados por el exarca de Rávena.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strengthened relations with the Byzantine empire." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que fortaleció las relaciones con el Imperio bizantino.";

"Conon" = "Conón";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who commissioned the Irish missionary Kilian." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que encargó al misionero irlandés Kilian.";

"Paschal" = "Pascual";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who refused to accept the canons of the Quinisext Council." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se negó a aceptar los cánones del Concilio Quinisexto.";

"Theodore" = "Teodoro";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius I." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Sergio I.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who bribed the Lombards into withdrawing from Rome." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que sobornó a los lombardos para que se retiraran de Roma.";

"John VII" = "Juan VII";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who had good relations with the Lombards, but strained relations with the Byzantines." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que tuvo buenas relaciones con los lombardos, pero relaciones tensas con los bizantinos.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who accepted a compromise on the canons of the Quinisext council, but opposed Monothelitism." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que aceptó un compromiso sobre los cánones del concilio Quinisexto, pero se opuso al monotelismo.";

"Sisinnius" = "Sisinio";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) whose papacy lasted just 20 days." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) cuyo papado duró solo 20 días.";

"Gregory II" = "Gregorio II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed the iconoclasm of Byzantine Emperor Leo III." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso a la iconoclasia del emperador bizantino León III";

"Gregory III" = "Gregorio III";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who opposed iconoclasm and faced the growing Lombard threat." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que se opuso a la iconoclasia y se enfrentó a la creciente amenaza lombarda.";

"Zachary" = "Zacarías";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sanctioned Pepin the Short’s usurpation of the Frankish throne." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que sancionó la usurpación de Pipino el Breve del trono franco.";

"Stephen" = "Esteban";
"Stephen II" = "Esteban II";
"Pope-elect who died before his consecration. Formerly called Stephen II." = "Papa electo que murió antes de su consagración. Anteriormente llamado Esteban II.";

"Stephen III" = "Esteban III";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who sought Frankish protection from the Lombards and received the Donation of Peppin. Formerly called Stephen III." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que buscó la protección franca de los lombardos y recibió la Donación de Peppin. Anteriormente llamado Esteban III.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) preoccupied with power struggles with the Franks, Lombards, and Byzantines." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) preocupado por las luchas de poder con los francos, lombardos y bizantinos.";

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, who was violently deposed." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Esteban III, que fue depuesto violentamente.";

"Stephen IV" = "Esteban IV";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Constantine II and Philip. Formerly called Stephen IV." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) con la oposición de Constantino II y Felipe. Anteriormente llamado Esteban IV.";

"Philip" = "Felipe";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Stephen III, installed by the Lombards but immediately removed." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) de Esteban III, instalado por los lombardos pero inmediatamente eliminado.";

"Adrian I" = "Adrián I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called on Charlemagne for protection from the Lombards." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que pidió protección a Carlomagno contra los lombardos.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, not recognizing the Byzantine empress Irene." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que coronó a Carlomagno como emperador de los romanos, sin reconocer a la emperatriz bizantina Irene.";

"Stephen V" = "Esteban V";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned Louis the Pious emperor of the Romans. Formerly called Stephen V." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que coronó a Luis el Piadoso emperador de los romanos. Anteriormente llamado Esteban V.";

"Paschal I" = "Pascual I";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who rebuilt churches and employed exiled Byzantine mosaic artists." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que reconstruyó iglesias y empleó mosaicos bizantinos exiliados.";

"Eugene II" = "Eugenio II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who called a council which promoted the education of clerics." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que convocó un consejo que promovió la educación de los clérigos.";

"Gregory IV" = "Gregorio IV";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who attempted to arbitrate the disputes among the Carolingian rulers." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que intentó arbitrar las disputas entre los gobernantes carolingios.";

"Valentine" = "Valentino";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 5 weeks after his unusual election." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que murió 5 semanas después de su elección inusual.";

"John" = "Juan";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Sergius II who was immediately deposed." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Sergio II que fue depuesto de inmediato.";

"Sergius II " = "Sergio II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who saw the outskirts of Rome sacked by Muslims." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que vio las afueras de Roma saqueadas por los musulmanes.";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who built the Leonine walls to defend Rome against Muslim attack." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que construyó los muros leoninos para defender a Roma del ataque musulmán.";

"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Benedict III." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Benedicto III";

"Benedict III" = "Benedicto III";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) opposed by Anastasius." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) con la oposición de Anastasio.";

"Nicholas I (the Great)" = "Nicolás I (el Grande)";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who strongly asserted papal supremacy over Carolingian monarchs and the Byzantine emperor." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que afirmó firmemente la supremacía papal sobre los monarcas carolingios y el emperador bizantino.";

"Adrian II" = "Adrián II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who supported the missionaries Cyril and Methodius." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que apoyó a los misioneros Cirilo y Metodio.";

"John VIII" = "Juan VIII";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who allowed Methodius to translate the Bible and liturgy into Slavonic." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que permitió a Metodio traducir la Biblia y la liturgia al eslavo.";

"Marinus I" = "Marino I";

"Adrian III" = "Adrián III";

"Stephen VI" = "Esteban VI";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VI." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) anteriormente llamado Esteban VI";

"Formosus" = "Formoso";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) posthumously tried and condemned in the Cadaver Synod." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) juzgado y condenado póstumamente en el Sínodo del cadáver.";

"Boniface VI" = "Bonifacio VI";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who died 15 days after his election." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que murió 15 días después de su elección.";

"Stephen VII" = "Esteban VII";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) deposed after holding the Cadaver Synod. Formerly called Stephen VII." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) depuesto después de celebrar el Sínodo del cadáver. Anteriormente llamado Esteban VII.";

"Romanus" = "Romano";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) " = "Obispo de Roma (Papa)";

"Theodore II" = "Teodoro II";

"John IX" = "Juan IX";

"Benedict IV" = "Benedicto IV";

"Christopher, antipope" = "Cristóbal, antipapa.";

"Sergius III" = "Sergio III";

"Anastasius III" = "Anastasio III";

"Lando" = "Landón";

"John X" = "Juan X";

"Stephen VIII" = "Esteban VIII";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen VIII." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) anteriormente llamado Esteban VIII";

"John XI" = "Juan XI";

"Leo VII" = "León VII";

"Stephen IX" = "Esteban IX";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen IX." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) anteriormente llamado Esteban IX";

"Marinus II" = "Marino II";

"Agapetus II" = "Agapito II";

"Bishop of Rome (Pope) who crowned but then conspired against Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, who then deposed him." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) que coronó pero luego conspiró contra el Sacro Emperador romano Otón I, quien luego lo depuso.";

"Leo VIII" = "León VIII";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) installed by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I after deposing John XII." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) instalado por el Sacro Emperador romano Otón I después de depositar a Juan XII.";

"Benedict V" = "Benedicto V";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Leo VIII, deposed by Otto I." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) a León VIII, depuesto por Otón I.";

"John XIII" = "Juan XIII";

"Benedict VI" = "Benedicto VI";

"John XIV" = "Juan XIV";

"Benedict VII " = "Benedicto VII";

"John XV" = "Juan XV";

"John XVI" = "Juan XVI";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) " = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa)";

"Sylvester II" = "Silvestre II";

"John XVII" = "Juan XVII";

"John XVIII" = "Juan XVIII";

"Sergius IV" = "Sergio IV";

"Benedict VIII" = "Benedicto VIII";

"Gregory" = "Gregorio";

"John XIX" = "Juan XIX";

"Benedict IX" = "Benedicto IX";

"Sylvester III" = "Silvestre III";

"Clement II" = "Clemente II";

"Damasus II" = "Dámaso II";

"Leo IX" = "León IX";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) involved in the Great Schism with the Eastern Orthodox Church." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) involucrado en el Gran Cisma con la Iglesia Ortodoxa Oriental.";

"Victor II" = "Víctor II";

"Stephen X" = "Esteban X";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) formerly called Stephen X." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) anteriormente llamado Esteban X.";

"Benedict X" = "Benedicto X";

"Nicholas II" = "Nicolás II";

"Alexander II" = "Alejandro II";
"Bishop of Rome (Pope) elected by cardinals who authorized the Norman conquest of England." = "Obispo de Roma (Papa) elegido por los cardenales que autorizaron la conquista normanda de Inglaterra.";

"Honorius II" = "Honorio II";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Alexander II." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) de Alejandro II";

"Pope who instituted clerical reforms and strengthened the papacy, forbidding use of the term “pope” to any other bishop." = "Papa que instituyó reformas clericales y fortaleció el papado, prohibiendo el uso del término “papa” a cualquier otro obispo.";

"Guibert" = "Guiberto";
"Clement III" = "Clemente III";
"Rival bishop of Rome (antipope) to Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II." = "Obispo rival de Roma (antipapa) para Gregorio VII, Víctor III, Urbano II y Pascual II";

"Victor III" = "Víctor III";
"Pope" = "Papa";

"Urban II" = "Urbano II";
"Pope who called and orchestrated the First Crusade." = "Papa que convocó y orquestó la Primera Cruzada.";

"Paschal II" = "Pascual II";

"Maginulf" = "Maginulf";
"Sylvester IV" = "Silvestre IV";

"Aleric" = "Alerico";
"Antipope " = "Antipapa";

"Burdin" = "Burdino";
"Gregory VIII" = "Gregorio VIII";

"Gelasius II" = "Gelasio II";

"Callistus II" = "Calixto II";
"Callixtus II" = "Calixto II";
"Pope who ended the Investiture Controversy." = "Papa que puso fin a la controversia de la investidura.";

"Celestine II" = "Celestino II";

"Anacletus II" = "Anacleto II";

"Innocent II" = "Inocente II";

"Gregory Conti" = "Gregorio Conti";
"Victor IV" = "Víctor IV";

"Lucius II" = "Lucio II";

"Eugene III" = "Eugenio III";
"Pope who called the Second Crusade." = "Papa que convocó la Segunda Cruzada.";

"Anastasius IV" = "Anastasio IV";

"Adrian IV" = "Adrián IV";

"Alexander III" = "Alejandro III";
"Pope who faced a series of antipopes and who was repeatedly exiled from Rome." = "Papa que se enfrentó a una serie de antipapas y que fue exiliado repetidamente de Roma.";

"Antipope to Alexander III." = "Antipapa de Alejandro III";

"Pascal III" = "Pascal III";

"Callistus III" = "Calisto III";

"Innocent III" = "Inocente III";

"Lucius III" = "Lucio III";

"Urban III" = "Urbano III";

"Pope who called the Third Crusade during a papacy which lasted just two months." = "Papa que convocó a la Tercera Cruzada durante un papado que duró solo dos meses.";

"Celestine III" = "Celestino III";

"Powerful Medieval pope who called the Albigensian and Fourth Crusades." = "Potente papa medieval que llamó a las cruzadas albigenses y la cuarta.";

"Honorius III" = "Honorio III";
"Pope who organized the Fifth Crusade but died before it began." = "Papa que organizó la Quinta Cruzada pero murió antes de que comenzara.";

"Gregory IX" = "Gregorio IX";
"Pope who clashed with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II over the Sixth Crusade and control of Sicily." = "Papa que se enfrentó con el Sacro Emperador romano Federico II por la Sexta Cruzada y el control de Sicilia.";

"Celestine IV" = "Celestina IV";

"Innocent IV" = "Inocente IV";
"Pope " = "Papa.";

"Alexander IV" = "Alejandro IV";

"Urban IV" = "Urbano IV";

"Clement IV" = "Clemente IV";

"Gregory X" = "Gregorio X";

"Adrian V" = "Adrián V";

"Innocent V" = "Inocente V";

"John XXI" = "Juan XXI";

"Nicholas III" = "Nicolás III";

"Martin IV" = "Martín IV";

"Honorius IV" = "Honorio IV";

"Nicholas IV" = "Nicolás IV";

"Boniface VIII" = "Bonifacio VIII";
"Pope who affirmed papal supremacy over temporal kings. He died after being captured and beaten by agents of Philip IV of France." = "Papa que afirmó la supremacía papal sobre los reyes temporales. Murió después de ser capturado y golpeado por agentes de Felipe IV de Francia.";

"Celestine V" = "Celestino V";

"Benedict XI" = "Benedicto XI";
"Pope who rescinded his predecessor’s excommunication of Philip IV of France." = "Papa que rescindió la excomunión de su predecesor de Felipe IV de Francia.";

"Nicholas V" = "Nicholas V";
"Pope in Avignon installed in Rome by Louis IV of Bavaria." = "Papa en Aviñón instalado en Roma por Luis IV de Baviera.";

"Urban VI" = "Urbano VI";
"Pope in Rome whose election sparked the Western Schism." = "Papa en Roma, cuya elección provocó el cisma occidental.";

"Boniface IX" = "Bonifacio IX";
"Second pope in Rome during the Western Schism." = "Segundo papa en Roma durante el cisma occidental.";

"Innocent VII " = "Inocente VII";
"Third pope in Rome during the Western Schism." = "Tercer Papa en Roma durante el cisma occidental.";

"Gregory XII " = "Gregorio XII";
"Fourth pope in Rome during the Western Schism, who resigned at the Council of Constance." = "Cuarto papa en Roma durante el cisma occidental, que renunció al Concilio de Constanza.";

"Pietro Philarghi" = "Pietro Filarghi";
"Alexander V" = "Alejandro V";
"Antipope in Pisa elected by the Council of Pisa in an attempt to end the Western Schism." = "Antipapa en Pisa elegido por el Concilio de Pisa en un intento de acabar con el cisma occidental.";

"Baldassare Cossa" = "Baldassare Cossa";
"John XXIII" = "Juan XXIII";
"Second antipope in Pisa who called the Council of Constance." = "Segundo antipapa en Pisa que llamó al Concilio de Constanza.";

"Martin V" = "Martín V";
"Pope in Rome elected at the Council of Constance to end the Western Schism." = "Papa en Roma elegido en el Concilio de Constanza para poner fin al cisma occidental.";

"Eugene IV" = "Eugenio IV";
"Pope in Rome who came into conflict with the Conciliar movement." = "Papa en Roma que entró en conflicto con el movimiento conciliar.";

"Pope who sponsored lavish building projects in Rome and saw the fall of Constantinople." = "Papa que patrocinó lujosos proyectos de construcción en Roma y vio la caída de Constantinopla.";

"Callixtus III" = "Calixto III";
"Pope who ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc, which posthumously exonerated her." = "Papa que ordenó el nuevo juicio de Juana de Arco, que la exoneró póstumamente.";

"Pius II" = "Pío II";
"Pope who wrote an autobiography." = "Papa que escribió una autobiografía.";

"Pope." = "Papa";

"Sixtus IV" = "Sixto IV";
"Pope who restored the Sistine Chapel, patronized Renaissance art." = "El Papa que restauró la Capilla Sixtina, patrocinó el arte renacentista.";

"Innocent VIII" = "Inocente VIII";
"Pope who was paid by the Ottoman sultan to imprison the sultan’s brother." = "Papa que fue pagado por el sultán otomano para encarcelar al hermano del sultán.";

"Alexander VI" = "Alejandro VI";
"Pope of the Borgia family notorious for immorality. Patron of Renaissance artists. Excommunicated Savonarola." = "Papa de la familia Borgia conocida por la inmoralidad. Patrona de los artistas del Renacimiento. Savonarola excomulgada.";

"Julius II" = "Julio II";
"Pope who expanded the Papal States, commissioned the Sistine Ceiling, and began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica." = "Papa que expandió los Estados Pontificios, encargó el Techo Sixtino y comenzó a reconstruir la Basílica de San Pedro.";

"Pius III" = "Pío III";
"Pope who died a month after his election." = "Papa que murió un mes después de su elección.";

"Leo X" = "León X";
"Pope at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation who excommunicated Luther." = "Papa al comienzo de la Reforma Protestante que excomulgó a Lutero.";

"Adrian VI" = "Adrián VI";
"Pope who conceded the need for reformation, but demanded the condemnation of Luther." = "Papa que admitió la necesidad de reforma, pero exigió la condena de Lutero.";

"Pope who faced the separation of the Church of England, the growth of Protestantism, the sack of Rome, and imprisonment." = "Papa que enfrentó la separación de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, el crecimiento del protestantismo, el saqueo de Roma y el encarcelamiento.";

"Pope who called the Council of Trent and recognized the Jesuits." = "Papa que convocó al Concilio de Trento y reconoció a los jesuitas.";

"Julius III" = "Julio III";

"Marcellus II" = "Marcelo II";

"Pius IV" = "Pío IV";

"Pius V" = "Pío V";

"Gregory XIII" = "Gregorio XIII";

"Sixtus V" = "Sixto V";

"Gregory XIV" = "Gregorio XIV";

"Urban VII" = "Urbano VII";

"Innocent IX" = "Inocente IX";

"Leo XI" = "León XI";

"Paul V" = "Pablo V";

"Gregory XV" = "Gregorio XV";

"Urban VIII" = "Urbano VIII";

"Innocent X" = "Inocente X";

"Alexander VII" = "Alejandro VII";

"Clement IX" = "Clemente IX";

"Clement X" = "Clemente X";

"Innocent XI" = "Inocente XI";

"Alexander VIII" = "Alejandro VIII";

"Innocent XII" = "Inocencio XII";

"Clement XI" = "Clemente XI";

"Innocent XIII" = "Inocente XIII";

"Clement XII" = "Clemente XII";

"Benedict XIV" = "Benedicto XIV";

"Clement XIII" = "Clemente XIII";

"Clement XIV" = "Clemente XIV";

"Pius VI" = "Pío VI";

"Pius VII" = "Pío VII";

"Leo XII" = "León XII";

"Pius VIII" = "Pío VIII";

"Gregory XVI" = "Gregorio XVI";

"Pius IX" = "Pío IX";
"Pope who defined the Immaculate Conception and called the 1st Vatican Council." = "Papa que definió la Inmaculada Concepción y convocó el Concilio Vaticano I";

"Leo XIII" = "León XIII";

"Pius X" = "Pío X";

"Benedict XV" = "Benedicto XV";

"Pius XI" = "Pío XI";

"Pius XII" = "Pío XII";

"Pope who called the 2nd Vatican Council." = "Papa que convocó el Concilio Vaticano II";

"Paul VI" = "Pablo VI";
"Pope who reconvened the 2nd Vatican Council and implemented its reforms." = "Papa que volvió a convocar el Concilio Vaticano II e implementó sus reformas.";

"John Paul I" = "Juan Pablo I";
"Pope who died 33 days after his election." = "Papa que murió 33 días después de su elección.";

"John Paul II" = "Juan Pablo II";
"Polish pope who saw the end of Communism in Europe and upheld traditional Catholic stances on social issues." = "Papa polaco que vio el fin del comunismo en Europa y defendió las posturas católicas tradicionales sobre cuestiones sociales.";

"Benedict XVI" = "Benedicto XVI";
"Joseph Ratzinger" = "Joseph Ratzinger";
"Pope who resigned to become pope emeritus." = "Papa que renunció para convertirse en papa emérito.";

"Francis" = "Francisco";
"Jorge Bergoglio" = "Jorge Bergoglio";
"First Jesuit pope." = "Primer papa jesuita.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* WORLD */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* WORLD - Rulers */

"Xia Dynasty" = "Dinastía Xia";
"First dynasty of China." = "Primera dinastía de China.";

"Shang Dynasty" = "Dinastía Shang";
"Second dynasty of China." = "Segunda dinastía de China.";

"Zhou Dynasty" = "Dinastía Zhou";
"Third Dynasty of China." = "Tercera dinastía de China.";

"Chandragupta Maurya" = "Chandragupta Maurya";
"Founder of the Maurya dynasty." = "Fundador de la dinastía Maurya.";

"Ashoka" = "Ashoka";
"Mauryan emperor who adopted Buddhism after waging a destructive war." = "Emperador de Mauryan que adoptó el budismo después de librar una guerra destructiva.";

"Qin Dynasty" = "Dinastía Qin";
"First dynasty of Imperial China." = "Primera dinastía de la China imperial.";

"Han Dynasty" = "Dinastía Han";
"Second imperial dynasty of China which ruled during China’s first golden age." = "Segunda dinastía imperial de China que gobernó durante la primera edad de oro de China.";

"Jin Dynasty" = "Dinastía Jin";
"Dynasty which briefly reunited China before northern China broke up into warring kingdoms." = "Dinastía que reunió brevemente a China antes de que el norte de China se dividiera en reinos en guerra.";

"Northern & Southern Dynasties" = "Dinastías del Norte y del Sur";
"China is dvided between northern and southern kingdoms." = "China se divide entre los reinos del norte y del sur.";

"Sui Dynasty" = "Dinastía Sui";
"Short-lived dynasty that reunited China and laid the foundation for future imperial periods." = "Dinastía de corta duración que reunió a China y sentó las bases para futuros períodos imperiales.";

"Tang Dynasty" = "Dinastía Tang";
"Imperial dynasty which ruled during China’s second golden age." = "Dinastía imperial que gobernó durante la segunda edad de oro de China.";

"Song Dynasty" = "Dinastía Song";
"Chinese imperial dynasty that saw the invention of gunpowder, paper currency, and the navigational compass." = "Dinastía imperial china que vio la invención de la pólvora, el papel moneda y la brújula de navegación.";

"Kublai Khan" = "Kublai Kan";
"Grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty." = "Nieto de Genghis Kan que conquistó China para establecer la dinastía Yuan.";

"Yuan Dynasty" = "Dinastía Yuan";
"Imperial dynasty of China established by the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan." = "Dinastía imperial de China establecida por el emperador mongol Kublai Khan.";

"Ming Dynasty" = "Dinastia Ming";
"Last Han Chinese imperial dynasty of China. This period is famous for advances in porcelain production." = "Última dinastía imperial china han de China. Este período es famoso por los avances en la producción de porcelana.";

"Qing Dynasty" = "Dinastia Qing";
"Manchurian imperial dynasty of China." = "Dinastía imperial de Manchuria de China.";

"Arthur Phillip" = "Arthur Phillip";
"British naval officer who became the first governor of the penal colony of New South Wales." = "Oficial naval británico que se convirtió en el primer gobernador de la colonia penal de Nueva Gales del Sur.";

"George Washington" = "George Washington";
"1st President of the United States. No party affiliation." = "I presidente de los Estados Unidos. Sin afiliación de partido.";

"John Adams" = "John Adams";
"2nd President of the United States. Federalist party." = "II presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido federalista.";

"Thomas Jefferson" = "Thomas Jefferson";
"3rd President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "III presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata-Republicano.";

"James Madison" = "James Madison";
"4th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "IV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata-Republicano.";

"James Monroe" = "James Monroe";
"5th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "V presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata-Republicano.";

"John Quincy Adams" = "John Quincy Adams";
"6th President of the United States. Democratic-Republican party." = "VI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata-Republicano.";

"Andrew Jackson" = "Andrew Jackson";
"7th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "VII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Martin Van Buren" = "Martin Van Buren";
"8th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "VIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"John Tyler" = "John Tyler";
"10th President of the United States. Whig party." = "X presidente de los Estados Unidos. Fiesta de Whig.";

"William Henry Harrison" = "William Henry Harrison";
"9th President of the United States. Whig party." = "IX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Fiesta de Whig.";

"James K. Polk" = "James K. Polk";
"11th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Zachary Taylor" = "Zachary Taylor";
"12th President of the United States. Whig party." = "XII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Fiesta de Whig.";

"Millard Fillmore" = "Millard Fillmore";
"13th President of the United States. Whig party." = "XIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Fiesta de Whig.";

"Franklin PIerce" = "Franklin Pierce";
"14th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XIV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"James Buchanan" = "James Buchanan";
"15th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Abraham Lincoln" = "Abraham Lincoln";
"16th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XVI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Andrew Johnson" = "Andrew Johnson";
"17th President of the United States. National Union/Democratic party." = "XVII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Unión Nacional / Partido Demócrata.";

"Ulysses S. Grant" = "Ulises S. Grant";
"18th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XVIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Rutherford B. Hayes" = "Rutherford B. Hayes";
"19th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XIX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Chester A. Arthur" = "Chester A. Arthur";
"21st President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"James A. Garfield" = "James A. Garfield";
"20th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Grover Cleveland" = "Grover Cleveland";
"22nd (and 24th) President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXII (y XXIV) Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Benjamin Harrison" = "Benjamin Harrison";
"23rd President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"24th (and 22nd) President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXIV (y XXII) presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"William McKinley" = "William McKinley";
"25th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Theodore Roosevelt" = "Theodore Roosevelt";
"26th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXVI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"William H. Taft" = "William H. Taft";
"27th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXVII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Repubic of China" = "República de China";
"Chinese republic seeks to navigate rival parties and World War II." = "La república china busca navegar partidos rivales y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.";

"Woodrow Wilson" = "Woodrow Wilson";
"28th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXVIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Warren Harding" = "Warren Harding";
"29th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXIX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Calvin Coolidge" = "Calvin Coolidge";
"30th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Herbert Hoover" = "Herbert Hoover";
"31st President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXXI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Franklin D. Roosevelt" = "Franklin D. Roosevelt";
"32nd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXXII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Harry Truman" = "Harry Truman";
"33rd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXXIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"People’s Republic of China" = "República Popular de China";
"China ruled as a single party communist state." = "China gobernó como un estado comunista de partido único.";

"Republic of China (Taiwan)" = "República de China (Taiwán)";
"The nationalist government of China relocates to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, still maintaining that it is the legitimate government of China." = "El gobierno nacionalista de China se muda a Taiwán después de la Guerra Civil China, aún manteniendo que es el gobierno legítimo de China.";

"Dwight D. Eisenhower" = "Dwight D. Eisenhower";
"34th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXXIV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"John F. Kennedy" = "John F. Kennedy";
"35th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXXV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Lyndon Johnson" = "Lyndon Johnson";
"36th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXXVI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Richard Nixon" = "Richard Nixon";
"37th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXXVII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Gerald Ford" = "Gerald Ford";
"38th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XXXVIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Jimmy Carter" = "Jimmy Carter";
"39th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XXXIX presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Ronald Reagan" = "Ronald Reagan";
"40th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XL presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"George H. W. Bush" = "George H. W. Bush";
"41st President of the United States. Republican party." = "XLI presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"William Clinton" = "William Clinton";
"42nd President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XLII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"George W. Bush" = "George W. Bush";
"43rd President of the United States. Republican party." = "XLIII presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";

"Barack Obama" = "Barack Obama";
"44th President of the United States. Democratic party." = "XLIV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Demócrata.";

"Donald Trump" = "Donald Trump";
"45th President of the United States. Republican party." = "XLV presidente de los Estados Unidos. Partido Republicano.";



/* WORLD - Individuals */

"Adam" = "Adán";
"The first man, cast out of Eden. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "El primer hombre, expulsado del Edén. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Seth" = "Set";
"Third son of Adam and Eve and progenitor of a faithful line. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Tercer hijo de Adán y Eva y progenitor de una línea fiel. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Enosh" = "Enós";
"Third generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Tercera generación de Set. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Kenan" = "Kenan";
"Fourth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Cuarta generación de Set. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Mahalalel" = "Mahalalel";
"Fifth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Quinta generación de Set. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Jared" = "Jared";
"Sixth generation by Seth. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Sexta generación de Set. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Enoch" = "Enoc";
"Seventh generation by Seth, who walked with God and was “taken” rather than dying. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Séptima generación de Set, quien caminó con Dios y fue “tomado” en lugar de morir. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Methuselah" = "Matusalén";
"Eighth generation by Seth and longest living antediluvian. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Octava generación de Set y el antediluviano de vida más larga. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Lamech" = "Lamec";
"Ninth generation by Seth, father of Noah. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Novena generación de Set, padre de Noé. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Noah" = "Noé";
"Tenth generation by Seth, who survived the Flood. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Décima generación de Set, que sobrevivió al Diluvio. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Laozi" = "Laozi";
"Lao Tzu" = "Lao Tzu";
"Chinese sage and philosopher traditionally credited with writing the Tao Te Ching." = "El sabio y filósofo chino tradicionalmente se le atribuye la escritura del Tao Te Ching.";

"Buddha" = "Buda";
"Siddhartha Gautama" = "Siddhartha Gautama";
"Founder of Buddhism." = "Fundador del budismo.";

"Confucius" = "Confucio";
"Chinese philosopher famous for his wisdom and emphasis on filial piety." = "Filósofo chino famoso por su sabiduría y énfasis en la piedad filial.";

"Genghis Khan" = "Genghis Khan";
"Founder of the Mongol empire who conquered vast territories in Asia and raided Eastern Europe." = "Fundador del Imperio mongol que conquistó vastos territorios en Asia y asaltó Europa del Este.";

"Francis Xavier" = "Francis Xavier";
"Jesuit missionary to the East Indies and Japan." = "Misionero jesuita en las Indias Orientales y Japón.";

"Cotton Mather" = "Cotton Mather";
"Puritan minister and prolific author in New England." = "Ministro puritano y prolífico autor en Nueva Inglaterra.";

"Jonathan Edwards" = "Jonathan Edwards";
"Philosophical theologian and Puritan minister who participated in the Great Awakening." = "Teólogo filosófico y ministro puritano que participó en el Gran Avivamiento.";

"David Brainerd" = "David Brainerd";
"Christian missionary to Native Americans." = "Misionero cristiano a los nativos americanos.";

"Robert Morrison" = "Robert Morrison";
"Scottish missionary to China who translated the Bible into Chinese." = "Misionero escocés en China que tradujo la Biblia al chino.";

"William Miller" = "William Miller";
"American Baptist preacher whose predictions of Christ’s second advent around 1843 launched the Millerite and Adventist movements." = "El predicador bautista estadounidense cuyas predicciones del segundo advenimiento de Cristo alrededor de 1843 lanzaron los movimientos millerita y adventista.";

"Luther Rice" = "Luther Rice";
"American Baptist who raised financial support for foreign missions and helped unify Baptist congregations." = "Bautista estadounidense que recaudó apoyo financiero para misiones extranjeras y ayudó a unificar las congregaciones bautistas.";

"Peter Cartwright" = "Peter Cartwright";
"Methodist pioneer circuit rider in Kentucky and Illinois." = "Pionero metodista en los circuitos de Kentucky e Illinois.";

"Adoniram Judson" = "Adoniram Judson";
"American Baptist missionary to Burma who translated the Bible into Burmese." = "Misionero bautista estadounidense en Birmania que tradujo la Biblia al birmano.";

"Charles Hodge" = "Charles Hodge";
"Influential Calvinist theologian and professor at Princeton Seminary." = "Influyente teólogo calvinista y profesor en el Seminario de Princeton.";

"Brigham Young" = "Brigham Young";
"Successor to Joseph Smith who established Mormonism in Utah." = "Sucesor de José Smith, quien estableció el mormonismo en Utah.";

"Joseph Smith" = "José Smith";
"Founder of Mormonism." = "Fundador del mormonismo.";

"Philip Schaff" = "Philip Schaff";
"Swiss-American professor of church history and prolific author and editor." = "Profesor suizo-estadounidense de historia de la iglesia y prolífico autor y editor.";

"Ellen White" = "Elena White";
"Millerite who became one of the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church." = "Millerita que se convirtió en uno de los fundadores de la Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día.";

"Hudson Taylor" = "Hudson Taylor";
"British missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission." = "Misionero británico en China y fundador de la Misión Interior de China.";

"E.M. Bounds" = "E. M. Bounds";
"Methodist Episcopal minister who wrote extensively on prayer." = "Ministro episcopal metodista que escribió extensamente sobre la oración.";

"Dwight L. Moody" = "Dwight L. Moody";
"American evangelist who founded Moody Church and Moody Bible Institute in Chicago." = "Evangelista estadounidense que fundó la Iglesia Moody y el Instituto Bíblico Moody en Chicago.";

"C.I. Scofield" = "C. I. Scofield";
"American theologian whose Scofield Reference Bible popularized dispensational premillennialism." = "Teólogo estadounidense cuya Biblia de referencia Scofield popularizó el premilenialismo dispensacional:";

"A.B. Simpson" = "A. B. Simpson";
"Canadian preacher and founder of the Christian & Missionary Alliance." = "Predicador canadiense y fundador de la Alianza Cristiana y Misionera.";

"John Alexander Dowie" = "John Alexander Dowie";
"Scottish-Australian minister who became a faith healer in Australia and America." = "Ministro escocés-australiano que se convirtió en un sanador de fe en Australia y América.";

"B.B. Warfield" = "B. B. Warfield";
"“Old Princeton” theologian who opposed modernism and defended biblical inerrancy." = "Teólogo del “viejo Princeton” que se opuso al modernismo y defendió la inerrancia bíblica.";

"Charles Taze Russell" = "Charles Taze Russell";
"Founder of the Jehovah’s Witnesses who published his teachings through his Zion’s Watchtower Tract Society." = "Fundador de los testigos de Jehová que publicaron sus enseñanzas a través de su Watchtower Tract Society de Sión.";

"R.A. Torrey" = "R. A. Torrey";
"American evangelist, prolific author, educator, and editor of The Fundamentals." = "Evangelista estadounidense, autor prolífico, educador y editor de The Fundamentals.";

"Billy Sunday" = "Billy Sunday";
"American baseball player who became a popular evangelist and supporter of Prohibition." = "Jugador de béisbol estadounidense que se convirtió en un evangelista popular y partidario de la prohibición.";

"Amy Charmichael" = "Amy Charmichael";
"Irish Evangelical missionary to India." = "Misionero evangélico irlandés en la India.";

"J. Gresham Machen" = "J. Gresham Machen";
"Conservative theologian who opposed theological liberalism at Princeton and founded Westminster Theological Seminary." = "Teólogo conservador que se opuso al liberalismo teológico en Princeton y fundó el Seminario Teológico de Westminster.";

"E. Stanley Jones" = "E. Stanley Jones";
"American Methodist missionary to India." = "Misionero metodista estadounidense en la India.";

"Paul Tillich" = "Paul Tillich";
"German-American philosophical theologian who wrote an influential Systematic Theology." = "Teólogo filosófico germano-estadounidense que escribió una influyente teología sistemática.";

"Aimee Semple McPherson" = "Aimee Semple McPherson";
"Pentecostal evangelist and megachurch pastor who founded the Foursquare Church." = "Evangelista pentecostal y pastor de megaiglesia que fundó la Iglesia Cuadrangular.";

"Reinhold Niebuhr" = "Reinhold Niebuhr";
"Neo-orthodox theologian who commented on politics and public policy." = "Teólogo neo-ortodoxo que comentó sobre política y políticas públicas.";

"H. Richard Niebuhr" = "H. Richard Niebuhr";
"Neo-orthodox theologian who explored the relationship between church and culture." = "Teólogo neo-ortodoxo que exploró la relación entre iglesia y cultura.";

"Gladys Aylward" = "Gladys Aylward";
"British missionary to China who ministered to orphans and rescued many during the Japanese invasion." = "Misionero británico en China que ministró a huérfanos y rescató a muchos durante la invasión japonesa.";

"Billy Graham" = "Billy Graham";
"American evangelical minister who conducted large evangelistic crusades." = "Ministro evangélico estadounidense que realizó grandes cruzadas evangelísticas.";



/* WORLD - Writings */

"Tao Te Ching Canonized" = "Tao Te Ching canonizado";
"Dao De Ching, Laozi" = "Dao De Ching, Laozi";
"Classic text of Taoism receives official sanction during the Han dynasty. It was originally composed centuries earlier, and is traditionally attributed to Laozi." = "El texto clásico del taoísmo recibe la sanción oficial durante la dinastía Han. Originalmente fue compuesta siglos antes, y se atribuye tradicionalmente a Laozi.";

"Nestorian Documents" = "Documentos nestorianos";
"Jingjiao Documents" = "Documentos Jingjiao";
"Collection of Chinese Nestorian Christian texts which use taoist and Buddhist terminology." = "Colección de textos cristianos nestorianos chinos que utilizan terminología taoísta y budista.";

"Nestorian Stele" = "Estela Nestoriana";
"Xi’an Stele" = "Estela de Xi’an";
"Limestone stele with Chinese and Syriac inscriptions describing Nestorian Christian missionary efforts in China." = "Estela de piedra caliza con inscripciones chinas y siríacas que describen los esfuerzos misioneros cristianos nestorianos en China.";

"Mayflower Compact" = "Pacto del Mayflower";
"Legal document establishing the basis for government of the Plymouth colony." = "Documento legal que establece las bases para el gobierno de la colonia de Plymouth.";

"Declaration of Independence" = "Declaración de la independencia.";
"Founding document of the United States justifying independence from Britain." = "Documento fundacional de Estados Unidos que justifica la independencia de Gran Bretaña.";

"US Constitution" = "Constitución de los EEUU";
"Constitution designed to establish and constrain the federal government of the United States." = "Constitución diseñada para establecer y restringir el gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos.";

"Book of Mormon" = "Libro de Mormón";
"Sacred text of Mormonism." = "Texto sagrado del mormonismo.";

"Emancipation Proclamation" = "Proclamación de Emancipación";
"Executive order by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in the Confederate States." = "Orden ejecutiva de Abraham Lincoln que libera esclavos en los Estados Confederados.";

"ASV" = "ASV";
"American Standard Version" = "American Standard Version";
"American revision of the Revised Version." = "Revisión estadounidense de la versión revisada.";

"Fundamentals" = "The Fundamentals";
"A series of essays defending “fundamental” orthodox Protestant beliefs against theological liberalism." = "Una serie de ensayos que defienden las creencias protestantes ortodoxas “fundamentales” contra el liberalismo teológico.";

"JPS Tanakh" = "JPS Tanakh";
"Jewish Publication Society Tana" = "Tanakh de la Jewish Publication Soiciety.";
"English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America." = "Traducción al inglés de la Biblia hebrea por la Jewish Publication Society of America.";

"Moffatt Bible" = "Biblia de Moffatt";
"English Bible translation by James Moffatt." = "Traducción de la Biblia al inglés por James Moffatt.";

"RSV" = "RSV";
"Revised Standard Version" = "Revised Standard Version";
"Revision of the Revised Version and the ASV by the National Council of Churches." = "Revisión de la versión revisada y el ASV por el Consejo Nacional de Iglesias.";

"NJPS Tanakh" = "NJPS Tanakh";
"New Jewish Publication Society " = "New Jewish Publication Society ";
"New English translation of the Hebrew Bible by the Jewish Publication Society of America." = "Nueva traducción al inglés de la Biblia hebrea por la Jewish Publication Society of America.";

"Good News Translation" = "Good News Translation";
"Today's English Version (TEV)" = "Today's English Version (TEV)";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew published by the American Bible Society." = "Biblia en inglés traducida del griego y el hebreo publicada por la American Bible Society.";

"NAB" = "NAB";
"New American Bible" = "New American Bible";
"A Catholic translation of the English Bible from the Greek and Hebrew." = "Una traducción católica de la Biblia inglesa del griego y el hebreo.";

"Living Bible" = "Living Bible";
"English Bible paraphrase based on the ASV by American publisher Kenneth Taylor." = "Paráfrasis bíblica en inglés basada en el ASV del editor estadounidense Kenneth Taylor.";

"NASB" = "NASB";
"New American Standard Bible" = "New American Standard Bible";
"English Bible revision of the ASV." = "Revisión de la Biblia en inglés del ASV";

"NIV" = "NIV";
"New International Version" = "New International Version";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Updated in 1984 and 2011." = "Biblia en inglés traducida del griego y el hebreo por la International Bible Society (Biblica). Actualizado en 1984 y 2011.";

"NKJV" = "NKJV";
"New King James Version" = "New King James version";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at literary continuity with the King James Bible." = "Biblia inglesa traducida del griego y el hebreo dirigida a la continuidad literaria con la Biblia King James.";

"NRSV" = "NRSV";
"New Revised Standard Version" = "New Revised Standard Version";
"Revision of the RSV by the National Council of Churches." = "Revisión del RSV por el Consejo Nacional de Iglesias.";

"We Didn’t Start the Fire" = "We Didn't Start the Fire";
"History of the Cold War period by American chronicler Billy Joel." = "Historia del período de la Guerra Fría por el cronista estadounidense Billy Joel.";

"Message" = "Message";
"An idiomatic paraphrase from the original languages by Eugene Peterson." = "Una paráfrasis idiomática de los idiomas originales de Eugene Peterson.";

"NAS95" = "NAS95";
"New American Standard Updated" = "New American Standard Updated";
"Revision of the NASB aimed at improved readability." = "Revisión de la NASB dirigida a mejorar la legibilidad.";

"HCSB" = "HCSB";
"Holman Christian Standard Bible" = "Holman Christian Standard Bible";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which aims at “optimal equivalence.”" = "Biblia inglesa traducida del griego y el hebreo que apunta a “equivalencia óptima”.";

"ESV" = "ESV";
"English Standard Version" = "English Standard Version";
"Revision of the 1971 RSV driven by an “essentially literal” translation philosophy." = "Revisión del RSV de 1971 impulsado por una filosofía de traducción “esencialmente literal”.";

"TNIV" = "TNIV";
"Today's New International Version" = "Today's New International Version";
"Revision of the NIV by the International Bible Society (Biblica). Discontinued after the 2011 update to the NIV." = "Revisión de la NVI por la International Bible Society (Biblica). Suspendido después de la actualización de 2011 a la NIV.";

"NET" = "NET";
"New English Translation" = "New English Translation";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew designed for internet distribution and featuring copious translator’s notes." = "Biblia en inglés traducida del griego y el hebreo diseñada para distribución en Internet y con abundantes notas de traductor.";

"NLT" = "NLT";
"New Living Translation" = "New Living Translation";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew which grew out of an effort to revise the Living Bible." = "Biblia en inglés traducida del griego y el hebreo que surgió de un esfuerzo por revisar la Biblia viva.";

"CEB" = "CEB";
"Common English Bible" = "Common English Bible";
"English Bible translated from Greek and Hebrew aimed at readability." = "Biblia inglesa traducida del griego y el hebreo destinada a la legibilidad.";

"CSB" = "CSB";
"Christian Standard Bible" = "Christian Standard Bible";
"A revision of the HCSB which, among other changes, returns to the traditional rendering of the tetragrammaton." = "Una revisión de la HCSB que, entre otros cambios, vuelve a la representación tradicional del tetragrámaton.";



/* WORLD - Events */

"Flood" = "Diluvio";
"Deluge" = "Diluvio";
"Worldwide flood to punish humanity for violence. (Ussher’s chronology)" = "Diluvio universal para castigar a la humanidad por su violencia. (Cronología de Ussher)";

"Warring States of China" = "Estados beligerantes de China";
"Period of political fragmentation and warfare in ancient China." = "Período de fragmentación política y guerra en la antigua China.";

"Alexander the Great in India" = "Alejandro Magno en la India";
"Alexander the Great achieves a costly victory in the Punjab, but his troops refuse to continue east." = "Alejandro Magno logra una victoria costosa en el Punjab, pero sus tropas se niegan a continuar hacia el este.";

"Seleucid–Mauryan War" = "Guerra seléucida-mauryana";
"The Seleucid and Mauryan empires war over territories conquered by Alexander. The resulting treaty gives the Mauryans land and political brides, while giving war elephants to Seleucus I." = "Los imperios seléucida y mauryano guerrean por los territorios conquistados por Alejandro. El tratado resultante les da a los maurianos tierras y novias políticas, mientras les da elefantes de guerra a Seleuco I.";

"Three Kingdoms of China" = "Tres reinos de China";
"Period in which China was divided among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu." = "Período en el que China se dividió entre los reinos de Wei, Shu y Wu.";

"Leif Erikson Discovers America" = "Leif Erikson descubre América";
"Viking explorer explores the coast of Canada." = "El explorador vikingo explora la costa de Canadá";

"Marco Polo in East Asia" = "Marco Polo en Asia Oriental";
"Venetian merchant Marco Polo travels in East Asia and visits the court of Kublai Khan." = "El comerciante veneciano Marco Polo viaja al este de Asia y visita la corte de Kublai Khan.";

"Columbus Discovers America" = "Colón descubre América";
"Genoese explorer seeking a western route to the East Indies discovers the Americas." = "El explorador genovés que busca una ruta occidental hacia las Indias Orientales descubre las Américas.";

"Magellan in Philippines" = "Magallanes en Filipinas";
"Spanish explorer Magellan crosses the Pacific and lands in the Philippines, dying in battle with the natives." = "El explorador español Magallanes cruza el Pacífico y desembarca en Filipinas, muriendo en la batalla con los nativos.";

"St. Augustine Established" = "Fundación de San Agustín";
"Spanish establish first permanent European settlement in North America at St. Augustine, Florida." = "Los españoles fundan el primer asentamiento europeo permanente en América del Norte en St. Augustine, Florida.";

"Europeans Land on Australia" = "Los europeos desembarcan en Australia";
"Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon makes the first known European landfall on Australia." = "El explorador holandés Willem Janszoon hace el primer desembarco europeo conocido en Australia.";

"Jamestown Established" = "Fundación de Jamestow";
"First permanent English settlement in North America established at Jamestown, Virginia." = "Primer asentamiento inglés permanente en América del Norte establecido en Jamestown, Virginia.";

"Slavery at Jamestown" = "La esclavitud en Jamestown";
"A Dutch ship delivers African slaves to Jamestown." = "Un barco holandés entrega esclavos africanos a Jamestown.";

"Plymouth Colony Established" = "Fundación de la colonia de Plymouth";
"English Puritan Separitists establish a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts." = "Los puritanos ingleses separatistas establecen una colonia en Plymouth, Massachusetts.";

"English Land on Australia" = "Los ingleses desembarcan en Australia";
"British explorer William Dampier lands on the northwest coast of Australia." = "El explorador británico William Dampier desembarca en la costa noroeste de Australia.";

"Salem Witch Trials" = "Juicios de brujas de Salem";
"Mass hysteria leads to numerous executions for witchcraft in Massachusetts." = "La histeria colectiva lleva a numerosas ejecuciones por brujería en Massachusetts.";

"Great Awakening" = "Gran Avivamiento";
"A series of spiritual revivals sweep the American colonies." = "Una serie de avivamientos espirituales barren las colonias americanas.";

"French and Indian War" = "Guerra francesa e india";
"War between the North American colonies of Britain and France and their Native American allies." = "Guerra entre las colonias norteamericanas de Gran Bretaña y Francia y sus aliados nativos americanos.";

"Cook’s First Voyage" = "Primer viaje de Cook";
"British explorer James Cook explores the eastern coast of Australia." = "El explorador británico James Cook explora la costa este de Australia.";

"English Claim Australia" = "Los ingleses reclaman Australia";
"British explorer James Cook claims Australia for England on the basis of terra nullius, that it is “no one’s land.”" = "El explorador británico James Cook reclama Australia para Inglaterra sobre la base de terra nullius, que es “tierra de nadie”.";

"Cook’s Second Voyage" = "Segundo viaje de Cook";
"British explorer James Cook explores the South Pacific and Antarctic Circle." = "El explorador británico James Cook explora el Pacífico Sur y el Círculo Antártico.";

"American Revolution" = "Revolución Americana";
"A series of clashes build to the American Revolutionary War." = "Una serie de enfrentamientos construyen la Guerra Revolucionaria Americana.";

"Cook’s Third Voyage" = "Tercer viaje de Cook";
"British explorer James Cook makes contact with, and is killed by, the people of Hawaii." = "El explorador británico James Cook hace contacto y es asesinado por la gente de Hawai.";

"New South Wales Established" = "Nueva Gales del Sur establecida";
"British establish the penal colony of New South Wales in Australia." = "Los británicos establecen la colonia penal de Nueva Gales del Sur en Australia.";

"Bounty Mutineers on Pitcairn" = "Bounty Mutineers en Pitcairn";
"Mutineers from the HMS Bounty settle Pitcairn Island." = "Los amotinados del HMS Bounty colonizan la isla Pitcairn.";

"Rum Rebellion" = "Rebelión del ron";
"Great Rebellion" = "Gran rebelión";
"Military coup which deposed New South Wales governor William Bligh." = "Golpe militar que depuso al gobernador de Nueva Gales del Sur William Bligh.";

"Blue Mountains Crossed" = "Se cruzan las Montañas azules";
"Australian settlers cross the Blue Mountains, opening the way for European expansion inland." = "Los colonos australianos cruzan las montañas azules, abriendo el camino para la expansión europea hacia el interior.";

"Voyage of HMS Beagle" = "Viaje del HMS Beagle";
"British survey expedition on which Darwin began to formulate his theory of natural selection." = "Expedición de estudio británica en la que Darwin comenzó a formular su teoría de la selección natural.";

"Battle of Eureka Stockade" = "Batalla de Eureka Stockade";
"Australian gold miners revolt against colonial government and are crushed. In the aftermath, male colonists receive the right to vote." = "Los mineros de oro australianos se rebelan contra el gobierno colonial y son aplastados. Como consecuencia, los colonos varones reciben el derecho al voto.";

"American Civil War" = "Guerra civil americana";
"Civil war fought between the Union and Confederate states over the issue of slavery." = "Guerra civil luchada entre la Unión y los estados confederados por el tema de la esclavitud.";

"End of Convict Transportation" = "Fin del transporte de convictos";
"The Hougoumont becomes the final ship to transport convicts to Australia." = "El Hougoumont se convierte en el barco final para transportar convictos a Australia.";

"Hawaii Becomes US Territory" = "Hawái se convierte en territorio de los Estados Unidos";
"Hawaii cedes its sovereignty to the United States, becoming a US territory." = "Hawái cede su soberanía a los Estados Unidos, convirtiéndose en un territorio estadounidense.";

"Boxer Rebellion" = "Rebelión de los bóxers";
"Boxer Uprising" = "Levantamiento de los bóxers";
"Peasant revolt against foreign influence in China." = "Revuelta campesina contra la influencia extranjera en China.";

"Federation of Australia" = "Federación de Australia";
"Australia adopts a Federal Constitution to become an independent commonwealth." = "Australia adopta una Constitución Federal para convertirse en una comunidad independiente.";

"Women’s Suffrage in Australia" = "Sufragio de las mujeres en Australia";
"Australian women are granted the right to vote and stand for Parliament." = "A las mujeres australianas se les concede el derecho a votar y postularse para el Parlamento.";

"Hawaii Becomes US State" = "Hawái se convierte en estado de los EE. UU.";
"Hawaii becomes the 50th US state." = "Hawái se convierte en el 50º estado de los Estados Unidos.";

"Aboriginal Suffrage" = "Sufragio aborigen";
"Indigenous Australians are granted the right to vote." = "A los aborígenes australianos se les concede el derecho a votar.";

"Accordance 1" = "Accordance 1";
"Mac-using scholars and pastors rejoice." = "Los eruditos y pastores que usan Mac se alegran.";

"Accordance 2" = "Accordance 2";
"Accordance adds tools, notes, and parallels." = "Accordance agrega herramientas, notas y paralelos.";

"Accordance 3" = "Accordance 3";
"Accordance adds Search all and diagramming." = "Accordance agrega Buscar todo y diagramación.";

"Accordance Bible Atlas" = "Accordance Bible Atlas";
"Accordance offers a Bible Atlas years ahead of its time." = "Accordance ofrece un Atlas de la Biblia adelantado a su tiempo.";

"Accordance 4" = "Accordance 4";
"Accordance adds Strong’s Bibles and exact searching." = "Accordance agrega Biblias de Strong y búsqueda exacta.";

"Accordance 5" = "Accordance 5";
"Accordance transitions to OS X and adds the Timeline you’re using now." = "Accordance migra a OS X y agrega la cronología que está usando ahora.";

"Accordance 6" = "Accordance 6";
"Accordance interface redesigned for OS X, plus workspaces." = "Interfaz de Accordance rediseñada para OS X, más áreas de trabajo.";

"Accordance 7" = "Accordance 7";
"Accordance improves the Library, adds new analytics, and contextual menus." = "Accordance mejora la Biblioteca, agrega nuevos análisis y menús contextuales.";

"Accordance 8" = "Accordance 8";
"Accordance adds INFER and FUZZY searching, plus support for Intel Macs." = "Accordance agrega las búsquedas INFER y FUZZY, más el soporte para Macs con procesadores Intel.";

"Accordance 9" = "Accordance 9";
"Accordance adds Easy Install, Syntax, Dynamic Interlinear, and Unicode Bibles." = "Accordance agrega la instalación rápida, sintaxis, interlineal dinámico y Biblias Unicode.";

"Accordance for iOS" = "Accordance para iOS";
"Accordance for iOS released." = "Lanzamiento de Accordance para iOS";

"Accordance 10" = "Accordance 10";
"Accordance overhauls the interface, adds Flex searching, and supports Windows!" = "Accordance revisa la interfaz, agrega la búsqueda Flex y soporte para Windows.";

"Accordance 11" = "Accordance 11";
"Accordance adds Info Pane, Research tab, and goes fully Cocoa." = "Accordance agrega el Panel de información, la pestaña de Investigación, y se transforma en una aplicación 100% Cocoa.";

"Accordance 12" = "Accordance 12";
"Accordance adds Stacks, Papers, and new Analytics." = "Accordance agrega pilas, documentos y nuevos análisis.";

"Accordance for Android" = "Accordance para Android";
"Accordance for Android released." = "Lanzamiento de Accordance para Android.";

"Accordance 14" = "Accordance 14";
"Accordance adds tutorials, improved highlighting, PDF import, and TEXT command." = "Accordance agrega tutoriales, resaltado mejorado, importación de PDF y el comando TEXT";



/* WORLD - Political */

"Ussher’s Antediluvian Period" = "Período antediluviano de Ussher";
"James Ussher’s chronology of the period before the Noahic Flood." = "La cronología de James Ussher del período anterior al Diluvio de Noé.";

"Indus Valley Civilization" = "Civilización del valle del Indo";
"Mature Harappan Civilization" = "Civilización madura de Harappan";
"Early Indian civilization characterized by large, well-planned cities." = "Civilización india temprana caracterizada por ciudades grandes y bien planificadas.";

"Pre-Colonial Oceania" = "Oceanía precolonial";
"Aboriginal and tribal cultures in Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "Culturas aborígenes y tribales en Australia y las islas del Pacífico.";

"Ancient East Asia" = "Asia oriental antigua";
"Ancient period of East Asia." = "Antiguo período de Asia oriental";

"Pre-Columbian Americas" = "América precolombina";

"Vedic Period" = "Período védico";
"Indo-Aryan tribes of pastoralists spread across northern India. Period in which the Vedas were composed." = "Las tribus de pastores indo-arios se extendieron por el norte de la India. Período en el que se compusieron los Vedas.";

"Mahajanapada Period" = "Período Mahajanapada";
"16 Kingdoms Period" = "Período de 16 Reinos";
"Northern Italy dominated by sixteen oligarchic republics or kingdoms." = "El norte de Italia dominado por dieciséis repúblicas o reinos oligárquicos.";

"Nanda Empire" = "Imperio nanda";
"The Nanda dynasty, famous for its massive army, carves out an empire in northern India." = "La dinastía Nanda, famosa por su enorme ejército, forja un imperio en el norte de la India.";

"Maurya Empire" = "Imperio maurya";
"The Maurya empire controls most of India, clashing with Alexander and making a treaty with Seleucus I." = "El Imperio maurya controla la mayor parte de la India, chocando con Alejandro y haciendo un tratado con Seleuco I.";

"Classical India" = "India clásica";
"Period from the decline of the Maurya empire to the fall of the Gupta empire." = "Período desde la decadencia del Imperio maurya hasta la caída del imperio gupta.";

"Medieval India" = "India medieval";

"Medieval East Asia" = "Asia oriental medieval";
"Medieval period of East Asia." = "Período medieval de Asia oriental.";

"Colonial Americas" = "América colonial";
"European powers establish colonies in North and South America." = "Las potencias europeas establecen colonias en América del Norte y del Sur.";

"European Exploration" = "Exploración europea";
"European explorers discover and establish trading outposts in the various islands of Oceania." = "Los exploradores europeos descubren y establecen puestos de avanzada comerciales en las diversas islas de Oceanía.";

"Mughal Empire" = "Imperio mogol";

"Modern Americas" = "América moderna";

"Colonial Oceania" = "Oceanía colonial";
"European powers establish colonies in Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "Las potencias europeas establecen colonias en Australia y las islas del Pacífico.";

"Modern East Asia" = "Asia oriental moderna";
"Modern period of East Asia." = "Período moderno de Asia oriental.";

"British Raj" = "Raj británico";

"Modern Oceania" = "Oceanía moderna";
"Decolonization leads to the modern nations and territories of Australia and the Pacific Islands." = "La descolonización conduce a las naciones y territorios modernos de Australia y las islas del Pacífico.";

"Modern India" = "India moderna";



/* WORLD - Religious Leaders */

"Alopen" = "Alopen";
"First recorded Christian missionary to China, known from the Nestorian Stele." = "Primer misionero cristiano registrado en China, conocido por la Estela Nestoriana.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* WESTERN EUROPE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* WESTERN EUROPE - Rulers */

"Clovis I" = "Clovis I";
"Founder of the Merovingian dynasty who united all of the Frankish tribes and converted to Christianity." = "Fundador de la dinastía merovingia que unió a todas las tribus francas y se convirtió al cristianismo.";

"Childeric I" = "Childerico I";
"Frankish king of Paris who annexed Orleans and fought other wars of expansion." = "Rey franco de París que anexó Orleans y luchó en otras guerras de expansión.";

"Clothar I" = "Clotario I";
"Frankish king of Soissons who gradually acquired the kingdoms of his brothers." = "Rey franco de Soissons que gradualmente adquirió los reinos de sus hermanos.";

"Dagobert I" = "Dagoberto I";
"King of Austrasia who eventually became sole king of the Franks. Last active ruler of the Merovingian dynasty." = "Rey de Austrasia que con el tiempo se convirtió en el único rey de los francos. Último gobernante activo de la dinastía merovingia.";

"Do-nothing Kings" = "Reyes que no hacen nada";
"The Merovingian kings become little more than figure-heads. The majordomos become the real Frankish rulers." = "Los reyes merovingios se convierten en poco más que figuras decorativas. Los mayordomos se convierten en los verdaderos gobernantes francos.";

"Charles Martel" = "Carlos Martel";
"Charles the Hammer" = "Carlos el Martillo";
"Prince of the Franks who effectively reigned as king and defended France from Muslim invasion." = "Príncipe de los francos que efectivamente reinó como rey y defendió a Francia de la invasión musulmana.";

"Pelagius the Visigoth" = "Pelagio el Visigodo";
"Pelayo" = "Pelayo";
"First king of Asturias in northern Spain who successfully resisted Muslim rule." = "Primer rey de Asturias en el norte de España que resistió con éxito el dominio musulmán.";

"Pepin the Short" = "Pipino el Breve";
"First Carolingian king of the Franks who defended the papacy against the Lombards." = "Primer rey carolingio de los francos que defendió al papado contra los lombardos.";

"Abd al-Rahman I" = "Abderramán I";
"Umayyad prince who became the first Emir of Cordoba." = "Príncipe omeya que se convirtió en el primer emir de Córdoba.";

"Charlemagne" = "Carlomagno";
"Charles the Great, Charles I" = "Carlos el Grande, Carlos I";
"Carolingian king who conquered much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman emperor." = "Rey carolingio que conquistó gran parte de Europa y fue coronado emperador del Sacro Imperio romano.";

"Louis the Pious" = "Luis el Piadoso";
"Louis I" = "Luis I";
"Carolingian king who encouraged missions and monastic reform. His succession plan led to a series of civil wars." = "Rey carolingio que alentó las misiones y la reforma monástica. Su plan de sucesión condujo a una serie de guerras civiles.";

"Egbert" = "Egberto";
"Ecgherht" = "Egbert";
"King of Wessex who conquered other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to rule most of England." = "Rey de Wessex que conquistó otros reinos anglosajones para gobernar la mayor parte de Inglaterra.";

"Charles the Bald" = "Carlos el Calvo";
"Charles II" = "Carlos II";
"First Carolingian king of West Francia." = "Primer rey carolingio del oeste de Francia.";

"Lothair I" = "Lotario I";
"Carolingian king who failed to seize the whole Frankish empire. He became king of Italy and Middle Francia." = "Rey carolingio que no logró apoderarse de todo el Imperio franco. Se convirtió en rey de Italia y Francia media.";

"Louis the German" = "Luis el Alemán";
"Carolingian ruler of Bavaria under Louis the Pious, then king of East Francia." = "Gobernante carolingio de Baviera bajo Luis el Piadoso, entonces rey del este de Francia.";

"Alfred the Great" = "Alfredo el Grande";
"Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated the Danes after early losses." = "Rey anglosajón de Inglaterra que derrotó a los daneses después de las primeras pérdidas.";

"Charles the Fat" = "Carlos el Gordo";

"Louis the Stammerer" = "Luis el Tartamudo";
"Louis II" = "Luis II";
"Carolingian king of West Francia. He died while marching against the Vikings." = "Rey carolingio del oeste de Francia. Murió mientras marchaba contra los vikingos.";

"Carloman II" = "Carloman II";
"Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Louis III." = "Co-rey carolingio de Francia occidental con su hermano Luis III.";

"Louis III" = "Luis III";
"Carolingian co-king of West Francia with his brother Carloman II." = "Co-rey carolingio de Francia occidental con su hermano Carloman II";

"Charles III" = "Carlos III";
"Carolingian king of East Francia who briefly controlled the whole Carolingian empire." = "Rey carolingio del este de Francia que controló brevemente todo el Imperio carolingio.";

"Odo of France" = "Odón de Francia";
"First non-Carolingian king of West Francia, elected after the overthrow of Charles the Fat." = "Primer rey no carolingio del oeste de Francia, elegido después del derrocamiento de Carlos el Gordo.";

"Charles the Simple" = "Carlos el Simple";
"Carolingian king of West Francia deposed by his nobles in favor of Robert I." = "Rey carolingio de Francia occidental depuesto por sus nobles a favor de Roberto I.";

"Robert I" = "Roberto I";
"Brother of Odo elected king in place of Charles the Simple. Died in battle with the Normans." = "Hermano de Odón eligió rey en lugar de Carlos el Simple. Murió en la batalla con los normandos.";

"Rudolph" = "Raúl";
"Son of Robert I elected king of West Francia." = "Hijo de Roberto I, elegido rey del oeste de Francia.";

"Abd al-Rahman III" = "Abderramán III";
"Umayyad Emir of Cordoba who declared himself Caliph." = "Umayyad Emir de Córdoba que se declaró a sí mismo Califa.";

"Otto I" = "Otón I";
"Otto the Great" = "Otón el Ilustre";
"King of Germany who defeated the Magyars, conquered northern Italy, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor." = "Rey de Alemania que derrotó a los magiares, conquistó el norte de Italia y fue coronado emperador del Sacro Imperio romano.";

"Otto II" = "Otón II";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who suffered a major defeat by Muslims in Italy." = "Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano que sufrió una gran derrota por parte de los musulmanes en Italia.";

"Almanzor" = "Almanzor";
"Chamberlain and power behind the throne of the Cordoba Caliphate who won numerous victories against the Christian kingdoms to the north." = "Chambelán y poder detrás del trono del califato de Córdoba que obtuvo numerosas victorias contra los reinos cristianos del norte.";

"Hugh Capet" = "Hugo Capeto";
"King of the Franks and founder of the Capetian dynasty." = "Rey de los francos y fundador de la dinastía de los capetos.";

"Otto III" = "Otón III";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor whose early death led to a succession crisis." = "Rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio romano, cuya muerte prematura condujo a una crisis de sucesión.";

"Robert II" = "Roberto II";
"Capetian king of France whose succession was secured by his lengthy co-regency with his father." = "Rey de los capetos de Francia, cuya sucesión fue asegurada por su larga corregencia con su padre.";

"Henry II" = "Enrique II";
"Pious King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who died without an heir." = "Piadoso rey de Alemania y sacro emperador romano que murió sin heredero.";

"Canute the Great" = "Canuto el Grande";
"Cnut" = "Cnut";
"Danish king who ruled England and much of Scandinavia." = "Rey danés que gobernó Inglaterra y gran parte de Escandinavia.";

"Conrad II" = "Conrado II";
"First King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty." = "Primer Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano de la dinastía Salian.";

"Henry I" = "Enrique I";
"Capetian king of France whose power was severely limited by feudal lords." = "Rey capeto de Francia cuyo poder estaba severamente limitado por los señores feudales.";

"Henry III" = "Enrique III";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who promoted ecclesiastical reform." = "Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano que promovió la reforma eclesiástica.";

"Philip I" = "Felipe I";
"Capetian king of France who clashed with the church over his affairs and practice of simony." = "Rey capeto de Francia que se enfrentó con la iglesia por sus asuntos y su práctica de simonía.";

"Harold II" = "Harold II";
"Harold Godwinson" = "Harold Godwinson.";
"Last Anglo-Saxon king of England who defeated a Norwegian invasion but died in battle with William the Conqueror." = "El último rey anglosajón de Inglaterra que derrotó a una invasión noruega pero murió en la batalla con Guillermo el Conquistador.";

"William the Conqueror" = "William el conquistador";
"Norman who became king of England by defeating Harold II at the Battle of Hastings." = "Norman, que se convirtió en rey de Inglaterra al derrotar a Harold II en la batalla de Hastings.";

"Alfonso VI" = "Alfonso VI";
"King of Leon and Castile who conquered Toledo and proclaimed himself emperor of Spain." = "Rey de León y Castilla que conquistó Toledo y se proclamó emperador de España.";

"Henry IV" = "Enrique IV";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor involved in the Investiture Controversy." = "Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano involucrado en la controversia de la investidura.";

"Louis VI" = "Luis VI";
"Louis the Fat" = "Luis el gordo.";
"Capetian king of France who strengthened the French monarchy." = "Rey capeto de Francia que fortaleció la monarquía francesa.";

"Henry V" = "Enrique V";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who settled the Investiture Controversy." = "Rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que resolvió la controversia de la investidura.";

"Lothair III" = "Lotario III";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor elected to succeed Henry V." = "Rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio romano elegido para suceder a Henry V.";

"Louis VII" = "Luis VII";
"Capetian king of France who struggled to check the growing power of the Angevins." = "Rey de los capetos de Francia que luchó para controlar el creciente poder de los angevinos.";

"Conrad III" = "Conrado III";
"First king of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He participated in the Second Crusade." = "Primer rey de Alemania de la dinastía Hohenstaufen. Participó en la Segunda Cruzada.";

"First Angevin king of England whose men assassinated Thomas Becket." = "El primer rey angevino de Inglaterra cuyos hombres asesinaron a Thomas Becket.";

"Frederick Barbarossa" = "Federico Barbarroja";
"Frederick I" = "Federico I";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who clashed with the papacy and died on the Third Crusade." = "Rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que se enfrentó al papado y murió en la Tercera Cruzada.";

"Philip II" = "Felipe II";
"Philip Augustus" = "Felipe Augusto";
"Capetian king of France who fought on the 3rd Crusade, broke up the Angevin empire, and made territorial gains." = "El rey capeto de Francia que luchó en la 3ª Cruzada, rompió el Imperio angevino e hizo ganancias territoriales.";

"Richard I" = "Ricardo I";
"Richard the Lionheart" = "Ricardo Corazón de León";
"Angevin king of England who led the Third Crusade and was held for ransom by the Holy Roman Emperor." = "Rey angevino de Inglaterra que dirigió la Tercera Cruzada y fue retenido por el Sacro Emperador romano, quien pidió un rescate por él.";

"Henry VI" = "Enrique VI";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded the empire and held Richard I of England for ransom." = "Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano que expandió el imperio y retuvo a Ricardo I de Inglaterra por rescate.";

"John Lackland" = "John Lackland";
"Angevin king of England forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta." = "Rey angevino de Inglaterra obligado por sus barones a firmar la Carta Magna.";

"Henry VII" = "Enrique VII";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who strengthened imperial control in northern Italy." = "Rey de Alemania y Sacro Emperador romano que fortaleció el control imperial en el norte de Italia.";

"James I of Aragon" = "Jaime I de Aragón";
"King of Aragon who conquered the Balearic Islands and Valencia from the Muslims." = "Rey de Aragón que conquistó las Islas Baleares y Valencia de los musulmanes.";

"King of England forced to set up a Parliament, the beginning of the House of Commons." = "Rey de Inglaterra obligado a establecer un Parlamento, el comienzo de la Cámara de los Comunes.";

"Frederick II" = "Federico II";
"King of Germany, Italy, and other lands as well as Holy Roman Emperor. He failed to join the Fifth Crusade and conducted the Sixth Crusade while excommunicated." = "Rey de Alemania, Italia y otras tierras, así como el Sacro Emperador romano. No pudo unirse a la Quinta Cruzada y dirigió la Sexta Cruzada mientras estaba excomulgado.";

"Louis VIII" = "Luis VIII";
"Louis the Lion" = "Luis el león.";
"Capetian king of France who renewed the Albigensian Crusade." = "Rey de los capetos de Francia que renovó la Cruzada albigense.";

"Louis IX" = "Luis IX";
"St. Louis" = "San Luis";
"Capetian king of France who expanded royal domains, instituted legal reforms, and went on two crusades." = "Rey capeto de Francia que expandió los dominios reales, instituyó reformas legales y emprendió dos cruzadas.";

"Ferdinand III" = "Fernando III";
"Spanish king who permanently united Leon and Castile and conquered much of al-Andalus." = "Rey español que unió permanentemente a León y Castilla y conquistó gran parte de al-Andalus.";

"Muhammad I of Granada" = "Muhammad I de Granada";
"Ibn al-Ahmar" = "Ibn al-Ahmar";
"Muslim ruler of the Emirate of Granada and founder of the Nasrid dynasty." = "Gobernante musulmán del Emirato de Granada y fundador de la dinastía nazarí.";

"Alfonso X" = "Alfonso X";
"King of Castile who encouraged translation, scholarship, and the development of Castilian Spanish." = "Rey de Castilla que alentó la traducción, la erudición y el desarrollo del castellano español.";

"Philip III" = "Felipe III";
"Philip the Bold" = "Felipe el Atrevido";
"Capetian king of France who went to war against the kingdom of Aragon." = "Rey de los capetos de Francia que fue a la guerra contra el reino de Aragón.";

"Edward I" = "Eduardo I";
"Edward Longshanks" = "Eduardo Longshanks";
"King of England who warred with Scotland and Wales." = "Rey de Inglaterra que luchó con Escocia y Gales.";

"Rudolf I" = "Rodolfo I";
"Rudolf of Habsburg" = "Rodolfo de Habsburgo";
"First Habsburg king of Germany." = "Primer rey de los habsburgo de Alemania.";

"Philip IV" = "Felipe IV";
"Philip the Fair, Iron King" = "Felipe el Justo, rey de hierro.";
"Capetian king who strengthened royal power, clashed with the papacy, and persecuted Jews and Templars." = "Rey de los capetos que fortaleció el poder real, se enfrentó al papado y persiguió a judíos y templarios.";

"Robert I of Scotland" = "Roberto I de Escocia";
"Robert the Bruce" = "Roberto the Bruce.";
"King of Scotland who achieved Scottish independence from England." = "Rey de Escocia que logró la independencia escocesa de Inglaterra.";

"Edward II" = "Eduardo II";
"King of England who lost Scotland and was deposed by his queen." = "Rey de Inglaterra que perdió Escocia y fue depuesto por su reina.";

"Louis X" = "Luis X";
"Capetian king who clashed with nobles and allowed serfs to buy their freedom." = "Rey de los capetos que se enfrentó con los nobles y permitió que los siervos compraran su libertad.";

"Philip V" = "Felipe V";
"Philip the Tall" = "Felipe el Alto.";
"Brother of Louis X who became king after the death of Louis’ infant son." = "Hermano de Luis X que se convirtió en rey después de la muerte del hijo de Luis.";

"Charles IV" = "Carlos IV";
"Youngest son of Philip IV who succeeded his brothers and died without an heir." = "Hijo menor de Felipe IV que sucedió a sus hermanos y murió sin heredero.";

"Edward III" = "Eduardo III";
"King of England who made early gains in the Hundred Years’ War." = "Rey de Inglaterra que logró avances tempranos en la Guerra de los Cien Años.";

"Philip VI" = "Felipe VI";
"Philip the Fortunate" = "Felipe el Afortunado";
"Cousin of Charles IV whose election as king of France led to the Hundred Years’ War with England." = "Primo de Carlos IV, cuya elección como rey de Francia condujo a la Guerra de los Cien Años con Inglaterra.";

"John the Good" = "Juan el Bueno";
"Valois king of France captured and held prisoner in England." = "Valois rey de Francia capturado y prisionero en Inglaterra.";

"Charles V" = "Carlos V";
"Charles the Wise" = "Carlos el Sabio";
"Valois king of France who created a standing army and reversed the previous losses to England in the Hundred Years’ War." = "Valois, rey de Francia, que creó un ejército permanente y revirtió las pérdidas anteriores a Inglaterra en la Guerra de los Cien Años.";

"Richard II" = "Ricardo II";
"King of England who became increasingly tyrannical and was deposed." = "Rey de Inglaterra que se volvió cada vez más tiránico y fue depuesto.";

"Charles VI" = "Carlos VI";
"Charles the Mad" = "Carlos el Loco";
"Valois king of France who suffered mental illness and English invasion." = "Rey valón de Francia que sufrió una enfermedad mental y la invasión inglesa.";

"King of England who deposed Richard II and faced a series of rebellions." = "Rey de Inglaterra que depuso a Ricardo II y se enfrentó a una serie de rebeliones.";

"Sigismund" = "Segismundo";
"King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor who sponsored the Council of Constance and failed to protect Jan Hus." = "Rey de Alemania y emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que patrocinó el Concilio de Constanza y no protegió a Jan Hus.";

"King of England who defeated France at the Battle of Agincourt." = "Rey de Inglaterra que derrotó a Francia en la batalla de Agincourt.";

"Charles VII" = "Carlos VII";
"Charles the Victorious" = "Carlos el Victorioso.";
"Disinherited dauphin who refused to accept English rule and eventually drove them from France." = "Delfín desheredado que se negó a aceptar el dominio inglés y finalmente los expulsó de Francia.";

"King of England whose reign saw the end of the Hundred Years’s War and the beginning of the Wars of the Roses." = "Rey de Inglaterra cuyo reinado vio el final de la Guerra de los Cien Años y el comienzo de las Guerras de las Rosas.";

"Frederick III" = "Federico III";
"First Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor." = "Primer Sacro Emperador romano de los Habsburgo";

"Louis XI" = "Luis XI";
"Louis the Prudent" = "Luis el Prudente";
"King of France known for political intrigue who ended the Hundred Years’ War." = "Rey de Francia conocido por la intriga política que puso fin a la Guerra de los Cien Años.";

"Edward IV" = "Eduardo IV";
"King of England who deposed Edward IV. He named his brother, Richard, regent during the minority of his sons." = "Rey de Inglaterra que depuso a Eduardo IV. Llamó a su hermano, Richard, regente durante la minoría de sus hijos.";

"Isabella II of Castile" = "Isabel II de Castilla";
"Queen of Castile and de facto queen of Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon." = "Reina de Castilla y reina de facto de España a través de su matrimonio con Fernando II de Aragón.";

"Ferdinand II of Aragon" = "Fernando II de Aragón";
"King of Aragon and de facto king of Spain through his marriage to Isabella II of Castille." = "Rey de Aragón y rey de facto de España a través de su matrimonio con Isabel II de Castilla.";

"Charles VIII" = "Carlos VIII";
"Charles the Affable" = "Carlos el Afable";
"King of France who invaded Italy, but was eventually driven back." = "Rey de Francia que invadió Italia, pero finalmente fue expulsado.";

"Edward V" = "Eduardo V";
"Child king of England imprisoned with his brother, declared illegitimate, and killed." = "Niño rey de Inglaterra encarcelado con su hermano, declarado ilegítimo y asesinado.";

"Richard III" = "Ricardo III";
"Brother of Edward IV defeated and deposed by Henry VII." = "Hermano de Eduardo IV derrotado y depuesto por Enrique VII";

"First Tudor king of England who stabilized the country in the aftermath of the Wars of the Roses." = "Primer rey Tudor de Inglaterra que estabilizó el país tras las Guerras de las Rosas.";

"Frederick the Wise" = "Federico el Sabio";
"Frederick III of Saxony" = "Federico III de Sajonia";
"Prince-elector of Saxony who protected Martin Luther from papal and imperial authorities." = "Príncipe elector de Sajonia que protegió a Martín Lutero de las autoridades papales e imperiales.";

"Maximilian I" = "Maximiliano I";
"Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor who expanded Habsburg influence in Europe." = "Archiduque de Austria y Sacro Emperador romano que expandió la influencia de los Habsburgo en Europa.";

"Louis XII" = "Luis XII";
"King of France who launched two wars of expansion in Italy." = "Rey de Francia que lanzó dos guerras de expansión en Italia.";

"Henry VIII" = "Enrique VIII";
"King of England who broke with the Roman Catholic church over the issue of divorce." = "Rey de Inglaterra que rompió con la iglesia católica romana sobre el tema del divorcio.";

"Francis I" = "Francisco I";
"King of France who encouraged the French Renaissance, resisted Protestantism, and sponsored North American exploration." = "Rey de Francia que alentó el Renacimiento francés, resistió el protestantismo y patrocinó la exploración norteamericana.";

"Charles I" = "Carlos I";
"Habsburg king of Spain also crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V." = "El rey de España de los Habsburgo también coronó al Sacro Emperador romano Carlos V.";

"Charles I of Spain" = "Carlos I de España";
"Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who opposed Protestantism, checked Ottoman expansion in Europe, and eventually divided his domains." = "El Sacro Emperador romano de los Habsburgo que se opuso al protestantismo, frenó la expansión otomana en Europa y finalmente dividió sus dominios.";

"Mary, Queen of Scots" = "María, reina de los escoceses";
"Mary Stuart" = "María Estuardo";
"Scottish queen forced to abdicate, then imprisoned and eventually executed by Elizabeth I." = "Reina escocesa obligada a abdicar, luego encarcelada y finalmente ejecutada por Elizabeth I.";

"Edward VI" = "Eduardo VI";
"Boy king during whose reign the Church of England became increasingly Protestant." = "Niño rey durante cuyo reinado la Iglesia de Inglaterra se hizo cada vez más protestante.";

"King of France who opposed Protestantism. Died from a jousting injury." = "Rey de Francia que se opuso al protestantismo. Murió a causa de una lesión justa.";

"Mary I" = "María I";
"Mary Tudor, Bloody Mary" = "María Tudor, María la sanguinaria";
"Catholic queen of England who led a bloody purge of Protestantism." = "Reina católica de Inglaterra que dirigió una sangrienta purga del protestantismo.";

"Ferdinand I" = "Fernando I";
"Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who fought the Ottomans and promoted the Catholic Counter-Reformation." = "Habsburgo, emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que luchó contra los otomanos y promovió la Contrarreforma católica.";

"Habsburg king of Spain during the Spanish Golden Age." = "Habsburgo, rey de España durante la Edad de Oro española.";

"Elizabeth I" = "Isabel I";
"Queen of England whose reign saw the establishment of Protestantism and the flourishing of English literature." = "Reina de Inglaterra cuyo reinado vio el establecimiento del protestantismo y el florecimiento de la literatura inglesa.";

"Francis II" = "Francisco II";
"Teenage king of France and first husband of Mary Queen of Scots." = "Rey adolescente de Francia y primer esposo de María, Reina de Escocia.";

"Charles IX" = "Carlos IX";
"King of France heavily influenced by his mother. His reign was dominated by religious warfare." = "Rey de Francia fuertemente influenciado por su madre. Su reinado estuvo dominado por la guerra religiosa.";

"Maximilian II" = "Maximiliano II";
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was less repressive toward Protestantism than his predecessors." = "Habsburgo austríaco, emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que fue menos represivo hacia el protestantismo que sus predecesores.";

"King of France whose reign was dominated by religious wars and wars of succession. He was assassinated by a Dominican friar." = "Rey de Francia cuyo reinado estuvo dominado por guerras religiosas y guerras de sucesión. Fue asesinado por un fraile dominico.";

"Rudolf II" = "Rodolfo II";
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who was forced to abdicate by his brother." = "Habsburgo austríaco Sacro Emperador romano que fue obligado a abdicar por su hermano.";

"Henry of Navarre" = "Enrique de Navarra";
"Protestant king of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his reign. First Bourbon king." = "Rey protestante de Francia que se convirtió al catolicismo para asegurar su reinado. Primer rey borbón.";

"James I" = "Jaime I";
"James VI of Scotland" = "Jaime VI de Escocia.";
"King of England and Scotland who commissioned the King James Bible." = "Rey de Inglaterra y Escocia que encargó la Biblia King James.";

"Louis XIII" = "Luis XIII";
"King of France whose ministers helped him consolidate royal power." = "Rey de Francia, cuyos ministros lo ayudaron a consolidar el poder real.";

"Matthias" = "Matías";
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who overthrew his brother and saw the start of the Thirty Years’ War." = "Habsburgo austríaco, Sacro Emperador romano que derrocó a su hermano y vio el comienzo de la Guerra de los Treinta Años.";

"Ferdinand II" = "Fernando II";
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor whose efforts to suppress Protestantism resulted in the devastation of the Thirty Years’ War." = "Habsburgo austríaco, emperador del Sacro Imperio romano, cuyos esfuerzos por reprimir el protestantismo provocaron la devastación de la Guerra de los Treinta Años.";

"Authoritarian king of England overthrown in the English Civil War." = "Rey autoritario de Inglaterra derrocado en la Guerra Civil inglesa.";

"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who worked for a peaceful end to the Thirty Years’ War." = "Habsburgo austríaco, emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que trabajó por el fin pacífico de la Guerra de los Treinta Años.";

"Louis XIV" = "Luis XIV";
"Louis the Great, Sun King" = "Luis el Grande, Rey Sol.";
"Powerful king of France who forged an absolute monarchy and lavish court." = "Poderoso rey de Francia que forjó una monarquía absoluta y una lujosa corte.";

"Oliver Cromwell" = "Oliver Cromwell";
"Puritan statesman and general who led the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civll War and ruled England as Lord Protector." = "Estadista y general puritano que dirigió las fuerzas parlamentarias durante la Guerra de Civll en inglés y gobernó Inglaterra como Lord Protector.";

"Leopold I" = "Leopoldo I";
"Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor who recovered Hungary from the Ottomans and fought several wars with France." = "Habsburgo austríaco, emperador del Sacro Imperio romano que recuperó Hungría de los otomanos y libró varias guerras con Francia.";

"King of England after the restoration of the monarchy." = "Rey de Inglaterra después de la restauración de la monarquía.";

"Last Habsburg king of Spain whose death without an heir resulted in the War of Spanish Succession." = "El último rey de España de los Habsburgo, cuya muerte sin heredero resultó en la Guerra de Sucesión española.";

"William & Mary" = "Guillermo y María";
"William of Orange & Mary II" = "Guillermo de Orange y María II";
"Dutch prince and Protestant daughter of James II overthrow the Catholic monarch and rule jointly." = "El príncipe holandés y la hija protestante de James II derrocan al monarca católico y gobiernan conjuntamente.";

"First Bourbon king of Spain whose accession was disputed during the War of Spanish Succession." = "Primer rey borbón de España cuya adhesión fue disputada durante la Guerra de Sucesión española.";

"Son of the German Elector of Hanover and great-grandson of James I who founded the Hanover dynasty." = "Hijo del elector alemán de Hannover y bisnieto de James I que fundó la dinastía Hannover.";

"Louis XV" = "Luis XV";
"Louis the Beloved" = "Luis el Amado";
"King of France whose costly wars led to a period of decline." = "Rey de Francia cuyas guerras costosas llevaron a un período de declive.";

"Robert Walpole" = "Robert Walpole";
"First prime minister of England." = "Primer primer ministro de Inglaterra.";

"George II" = "Jorge II";
"King of England who defeated a Jacobite revolt." = "Rey de Inglaterra que derrotó a una revuelta jacobita.";

"George III" = "Jorge III";
"King of England who lost the American Colonies and later suffered from mental illness." = "Rey de Inglaterra que perdió las colonias americanas y luego sufrió una enfermedad mental.";

"Louis XVI" = "Luis XVI";
"King of France who was overthrown and executed in the French Revolution." = "Rey de Francia que fue derrocado y ejecutado en la Revolución Francesa.";

"Napoleon Bonaparte" = "Napoleón Bonaparte";
"Napoleon I" = "Napoleón I";
"French military commander who became Emperor of France and conquered much of Europe." = "Comandante militar francés que se convirtió en Emperador de Francia y conquistó gran parte de Europa.";



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Individuals */

"Irenaeus" = "Ireneo";
"Bishop of Lyon and ante-Nicene father who wrote Against Heresies." = "Obispo de Lyon y padre ante Nicea que escribió Contra las Herejías.";

"Hilary of Poitiers" = "Hilario de Poitiers";
"Bishop of Poitiers known for opposing Arianism in western Europe." = "Obispo de Poitiers conocido por oponerse al arrianismo en Europa occidental.";

"Martin of Tours" = "Martín de Tours";
"Founder of a monastery in Gaul, later made Bishop of Tours." = "Fundador de un monasterio en la Galia, luego nombrado Obispo de Tours.";

"Pelagius" = "Pelagio";
"British monk who campaigned against moral laxity by elevating free will and minimizing the need for grace. Pelagianism was declared a heresy at the 1st Council of Ephesus." = "Monje británico que hizo campaña contra la laxitud moral elevando el libre albedrío y minimizando la necesidad de gracia. El pelagianismo fue declarado herejía en el 1er Concilio de Éfeso.";

"Ninian" = "Niniano";
"Ringan, Trynnian" = "Ringan, Trynnian";
"Missionary to the southern Picts of Scotland." = "Misionero entre los pictos de Escocia.";

"Patrick of Ireland" = "Patricio de Irlanda";
"British Christian missionary to Ireland." = "Misionero cristiano británico en Irlanda.";

"Palladius of Ireland" = "Paladio de Irlanda";
"Early missionary to Ireland and Scotland whom later tradition may have confused with Patrick." = "Primer misionero en Irlanda y Escocia, cuya tradición posterior pudo haber confundido con Patrick.";

"Caesaria of Arles" = "Cesárea de Arlés";
"Bishop of Arles who encouraged monasticism and opposed Semi-Pelagianism." = "Obispo de Arlés que alentó el monacato y se opuso al semipelagianismo.";

"Clotilde" = "Clotilde";
"Clothilde, Clotilda" = "Clotilde, Clotilda";
"Burgundian princess and wife of Clovis I who led him to convert to Christianity." = "Princesa borgoña y esposa de Clodoveo I que lo llevó a convertirse al cristianismo.";

"Cyprian of Toulon" = "Cipriano de Toulon";
"Bishop of Toulon who opposed Semi-Palegianism and wrote a biography of Caesarius of Arles." = "Obispo de Toulon que se opuso al semipalegianismo y escribió una biografía de Césarius de Arlés.";

"Germain" = "Germano";
"Germanus" = "Germano";
"Bishop of Paris influential during the reign of Childeric I. Celebrated for his generosity to the poor." = "Obispo de París influyente durante el reinado de Childerico I. Celebrado por su generosidad hacia los pobres.";

"Comgall" = "Comgall";
"Irish monastic who founded the monastery at Bangor." = "Monástico irlandés que fundó el monasterio en Bangor.";

"Columba" = "Columba";
"Columkille" = "Columkille";
"Irish missionary to the Picts of Scotland." = "Misionero irlandés entre los pictos de Escocia.";

"Gregory of Tours" = "Gregorio de Tours";
"Bishop of Tours who wrote a history of the Franks and a hagiography of Martin of Tours." = "Obispo de Tours, quien escribió una historia de los francos y una hagiografía de Martín de Tours.";

"Columbanus" = "Columbanus";
"Irish missionary to continental Europe who founded missionaries among the Franks and Lombards." = "Misionero irlandés en Europa continental que fundó misioneros entre francos y lombardos.";

"Isidore of Seville" = "Isidoro de Sevilla";
"Bishop of Seville whose Etymologies preserved classical learning that otherwise might have been lost." = "Obispo de Sevilla, cuyas Etimologías preservaron el aprendizaje clásico que de otro modo se habría perdido.";

"Aidan of Lindisfarne" = "Aidan de Lindisfarne";
"Bishop of Lindisfarne known as the apostle of Northumbria for his missionary efforts." = "Obispo de Lindisfarne conocido como el apóstol de Northumbria por sus esfuerzos misioneros.";

"Oswald of Northumbria" = "Osvaldo de Northumbria";
"King of Northumbria who worked with Aidan to spread Christianity in his kingdom." = "Rey de Northumbria que trabajó con Aidan para difundir el cristianismo en su reino.";

"Hilda" = "Hilda";
"Hild" = "Hild";
"Anglo-Saxon abbess who founded the monastery at Whitby. Encouraged the poet Caedmon." = "Abadesa anglosajona que fundó el monasterio en Whitby. Animó al poeta Caedmon.";

"Colman" = "Colman";
"Irish bishop of Lindisfarne who defended Celtic practice at the Synod of Whitby and resigned his see afterward." = "Obispo irlandés de Lindisfarne que defendió la práctica celta en el Sínodo de Whitby y renunció a su sede después.";

"Cuthbert" = "Cuthbert";
"Bishop of Lindisfarne who engaged in missionary work throughout Northumbria." = "Obispo de Lindisfarne que se dedicó a la obra misional en Northumbria.";

"Wilfrid" = "Wilfredo";
"Bishop of York who was a strong proponent of Roman church traditions at the Synod of Whitby." = "Obispo de York que fue un firme defensor de las tradiciones de la iglesia romana en el Sínodo de Whitby.";

"Kilian" = "Kilian";
"Irish missionary to the Germanic Franks." = "Misionero irlandés a los francos germánicos.";

"Caedmon" = "Caedmon";
"Earliest Anglo-Saxon poet who wrote Scripture songs and hymns." = "El primer poeta anglosajón que escribió canciones e himnos de las Escrituras.";

"Willibrord" = "Willibrord";
"Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic Frisians" = "Misionero anglosajón a los frisones germánicos.";

"Venerable Bede" = "Beda el Venerable";
"English Benedictine monk and historian who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People." = "Monje e historiador benedictino inglés que escribió la Historia eclesiástica del pueblo inglés.";

"Boniface" = "Bonifacio";
"Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Germanic peoples of East Francia and archbishop of Mainz." = "Misionero anglosajón a los pueblos germánicos del este de Francia y arzobispo de Maguncia.";

"Elipandus" = "Elipandus";
"Bishop of Toledo who revived the heresy of Adoptionism in Spain." = "Obispo de Toledo que revivió la herejía del adopcionismo en España.";

"Alcuin of York" = "Alcuino de York";
"Anglo-Saxon scholar invited to the court of Charlemagne. A leading figure in the Carolingian Renaissance." = "Erudito anglosajón invitado a la corte de Carlomagno. Una figura destacada en el Renacimiento carolingio.";

"Charlemagne (Life)" = "Carlomagno (vida)";

"Gottschalk" = "Gottschalk";
"German monk and theologian condemned for teaching double predestination." = "Monje y teólogo alemán condenados por enseñar doble predestinación.";

"Walafrid Strabo" = "Walafrid Strabo";
"German monk and scholar of East Francia." = "Monje y erudito alemán del este de Francia.";

"Edmund the Martyr" = "Edmundo el Mártir";
"King of East Anglia martyred by the Danes for refusing to renounce Christianity." = "Rey de East Anglia martirizado por los daneses por negarse a renunciar al cristianismo.";

"Abbo of Fleury" = "Abbo de Fleury";
"French Benedictine abbot of Fleury." = "Abad benedictino francés de Fleury.";

"Lanfranc" = "Lanfranc";
"Italian monk and scholar in Normandy and England who defended and further developed the doctrine of transubstantiation." = "Monje y erudito italiano en Normandía e Inglaterra que defendió y desarrolló aún más la doctrina de la transubstanciación.";

"Hugh of Cluny" = "Hugo de Cluny";
"Highly influential French abbot of Cluny." = "Muy influyente abad francés de Cluny.";

"Bruno the Carthusian" = "Bruno el Cartujo";
"Founder of the Carthusian monastic order." = "Fundador de la orden monástica cartuja.";

"Anselm (Life)" = "Anselmo (vida)";
"Theologian and philosopher who developed the ontological argument and the satisfaction theory of the atonement. Became Archbishop of Canterbury late in life." = "Teólogo y filósofo que desarrolló el argumento ontológico y la teoría de la satisfacción de la expiación. Se convirtió en Arzobispo de Canterbury a una edad avanzada.";

"Ivo of Chartres" = "Ivo de Chartres";
"Bishop of Chartres who wrote extensively on canon law." = "Obispo de Chartres que escribió extensamente sobre derecho canónico.";

"Rashi" = "Rashi";
"French rabbi known for his commentaries on the Tanakh and Babylonian Talmud." = "Rabino francés conocido por sus comentarios sobre el Tanakh y el Talmud de Babilonia.";

"El Cid" = "El Cid";
"Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" = "Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar.";
"Castilian knight legendary for his defeat of the Almoravid Muslims in defense of Valencia. He occasionally served as a mercenary to Muslim rulers." = "Caballero castellano legendario por su derrota de los musulmanes almorávides en defensa de Valencia. Ocasionalmente sirvió como mercenario para los gobernantes musulmanes.";

"Peter the Hermit" = "Pedro el Ermitaño";
"A priest of Amiens who led the ill-fated People’s Crusade" = "Un sacerdote de Amiens que dirigió la cruzada del pueblo.";

"Peter Abelard" = "Pedro Abelardo";
"French scholastic theologian who attracted controversy by his teaching and his affair with a young woman." = "Teólogo escolástico francés que atrajo controversia por su enseñanza y su aventura con una joven.";

"Norbert of Xanten" = "Norberto de Xanten";
"Founder of the Premonstratensian order and archbishop of Magdeburg." = "Fundador de la orden premonstratense y arzobispo de Magdeburgo.";

"Bernard of Clairvaux" = "Bernardo de Claraval";
"French theologian, preacher, hymn writer, and Cistercian monk." = "Teólogo francés, predicador, escritor de himnos y monje cisterciense.";

"Peter Lombard" = "Pedro Lombardo";
"Bishop of Paris and theologian whose Sentences became the standard theology text of Medieval Scholasticism." = "Obispo de París y teólogo cuyas oraciones se convirtieron en el texto teológico estándar de la escolástica medieval.";

"Hildegard" = "Hildegardo";
"German abbess, mystic, and scholar who wrote hymns, a morality play, accounts of her visions, and scientific texts." = "Abadesa alemana, mística y erudita que escribió himnos, una obra de moral, relatos de sus visiones y textos científicos.";

"Ailred" = "Ailred";
"Aelred" = "Aelred";
"Cistercian abbot in Yorkshire who wrote works of history and spirituality." = "Abad cisterciense en Yorkshire que escribió obras de historia y espiritualidad.";

"Eleanor of Aquitaine" = "Leonor de Aquitania";
"Duchess of Aquitaine whose marriages to the kings of France and England had a major impact on European history." = "Duquesa de Aquitania cuyos matrimonios con los reyes de Francia e Inglaterra tuvieron un gran impacto en la historia europea.";

"Nahmanides" = "Nahmanides";
"Moses ben Nahman, Ramban" = "Moisés ben Nahman, Ramban";
"Medieval Jewish rabbi and commentator. Late in life he was exiled from Spain and became influential in Israel." = "Rabino y comentarista judío medieval. Más tarde fue exiliado de España y se convirtió en un personaje influyente en Israel.";

"Thomas Aquinas" = "Tomás de Aquino";
"Medieval scholastic theologian whose Summa Theologica was profoundly influential on later theologians and philosophers." = "Teólogo escolástico medieval cuya Summa Theologica fue profundamente influyente en teólogos y filósofos posteriores.";

"Raymond Lull" = "Raimundo Lull";
"Pioneering Spanish missionary and apologist to Muslims." = "Pionero español misionero y apologista de los musulmanes.";

"Moses de Leon" = "Moisés de León";
"Moses ben Shem-Tov" = "Moisés ben Shem-Tov";
"Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (mystic) who published (and possibly wrote or edited) the Zohar." = "Rabino judío y cabalista (místico) que publicó (y posiblemente escribió o editó) el Zohar.";

"Meister Eckhart" = "Meister Eckhart";
"Influential German mystic and theologian tried for heresy." = "Influyente místico y teólogo alemán juzgado por herejía.";

"John Duns Scotus" = "John Duns Scotus";
"Scottish Franciscan scholastic theologian who introduced a separation of faith and reason." = "Teólogo escolástico franciscano escocés que introdujo una separación de fe y razón.";

"William of Ockham" = "Guillermo de Ockham";
"English Franciscan scholastic theologian famous for his “razor,” a preference for simplicity in argumentation." = "Teólogo escolástico franciscano inglés famoso por su “navaja”, una preferencia por la simplicidad en la argumentación.";

"John Tauler" = "John Tauler";
"German mystic and disciple of Eckhart." = "Místico alemán y discípulo de Eckhart.";

"John Wycliffe" = "John Wycliffe";
"Oxford scholar and priest whose reforms foreshadowed the Reformation. Produced the first English translation of the Bible." = "Oxford erudito y sacerdote cuyas reformas presagiaron la Reforma. Produjo la primera traducción al inglés de la Biblia.";

"Chaucer" = "Chocer";
"English poet regarded as the father of English literature. Author of Canterbury Tales." = "Poeta inglés considerado como el padre de la literatura inglesa. Autor de Canterbury Tales.";

"John Purvey" = "John Purvey";
"English reformer who assisted Wycliffe and was a leader of the Lollards." = "Reformador inglés que ayudó a Wycliffe y fue un líder de los lolardos.";

"Matthew of Janov" = "Mateo de Janov";
"Bohemian reformer who emphasized study of the Scriptures and challenged ecclesiastical excess." = "Reformador bohemio que enfatizó el estudio de las Escrituras y desafió el exceso eclesiástico.";

"Jan Hus" = "Jan Hus";
"Bohemian Reformer influenced by Wycliffe who was executed for heresy at the Council of Constance." = "Reformador bohemio influenciado por Wycliffe que fue ejecutado por herejía en el Concilio de Constanza.";

"Thomas à Kempis" = "Thomas à Kempis";
"German monk and mystic who wrote The Imitation of Christ." = "Monje y místico alemán que escribió La imitación de Cristo.";

"Johannes Gutenberg" = "Johannes Gutenberg";
"German inventor who introduced a printing press using movable type. Published the first printed Bible." = "Inventor alemán que introdujo una imprenta con tipos móviles. Publicó la primera Biblia impresa.";

"Joan of Arc" = "Juana de arco";
"French woman who, claiming divine inspiration, led French resistance to English rule." = "Mujer francesa que, reclamando inspiración divina, dirigió la resistencia francesa al dominio inglés.";

"Tomás de Torquemada" = "Tomás de Torquemada";
"First Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition." = "Primer Gran Inquisidor de la Inquisición española.";

"William Caxton" = "William Caxton";
"English merchant who introduced the printing press to England." = "Comerciante inglés que introdujo la imprenta en Inglaterra.";

"Erasmus" = "Erasmo";
"Dutch humanist, Catholic priest, and textual critic whose work was foundational to the Protestant Reformation he opposed." = "Humanista holandés, sacerdote católico y crítico textual cuyo trabajo fue fundamental para la Reforma protestante a la que se opuso.";

"John Colet" = "John Colet";
"English scholar whose Renaissance humanism influenced Erasmus and Thomas More." = "Académico inglés cuyo humanismo renacentista influyó en Erasmo y Tomás Moro.";

"Albrecht Dürer" = "Albrecht Dürer";
"German Renaissance painter and engraver." = "Pintor y grabador renacentista alemán.";

"Thomas More" = "Tomás Moro";
"English Catholic humanist and statesman executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the church." = "Humanista católico y estadista inglés ejecutado por negarse a reconocer a Enrique VIII como cabeza de la iglesia.";

"Johannes Oecolampadius" = "Johannes Oecolampadius";
"German Protestant reformer who established the Reformed church in Basle." = "Reformador protestante alemán que estableció la iglesia reformada en Basilea.";

"Martin Luther" = "Martín Lutero";
"German minister, theologian, and translator whose writings sparked the Protestant Reformation." = "Ministro alemán, teólogo y traductor cuyos escritos provocaron la Reforma Protestante.";

"Ulrich Zwingli" = "Ulrich Zwinglio";
"Swiss Protestant who laid the foundations of the Reformed branch of Protestantism." = "Protestante suizo que sentó las bases de la rama reformada del protestantismo.";

"Hugh Latimer" = "Hugh Latimer";
"Cambridge professor and Protestant reformer burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I." = "Profesor de Cambridge y reformador protestante quemado en la hoguera durante el reinado de María I.";

"Johann Eck" = "Johann Eck";
"German Catholic scholar who opposed Martin Luther and Protestantism." = "Erudito católico alemán que se opuso a Martín Lutero y al protestantismo.";

"Miles Coverdale" = "Miles Coverdale";
"English reformer and translator who produced the first complete printed English Bible." = "Reformador y traductor inglés que produjo la primera Biblia completa en inglés impresa.";

"Thomas Cranmer (Life)" = "Thomas Cranmer (vida)";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who led the English Reformation and produced the Book of Common Prayer." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que dirigió la Reforma inglesa y produjo el Libro de Oración Común.";

"William Farel" = "William Farel";
"Guillaume Farel" = "Guillaume Farel";
"French Protestant preacher who helped lead the Swiss Reformation." = "Predicador protestante francés que ayudó a liderar la Reforma suiza.";

"Ignatius of Loyola" = "Ignacio de Loyola";
"Founder of the Jesuit order, an important development of the Catholic Reformation." = "Fundador de la orden jesuita, un desarrollo importante de la Reforma católica.";

"Martin Bucer" = "Martín Bucero";
"German Protestant who led the Reformed church in Strasbourg and influenced the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican reformations." = "Protestante alemán que dirigió la iglesia reformada en Estrasburgo e influyó en las reformas luterana, reformada y anglicana.";

"William Tyndale" = "William Tyndale";
"Protestant scholar executed for translating the Bible into English." = "Erudito protestante ejecutado por traducir la Biblia al inglés.";

"Thomas Bilney" = "Thomas Bilney";
"Early English Protestant preacher who was burned at the stake for heresy." = "Predicador protestante inglés temprano que fue quemado en la hoguera por herejía.";

"Menno Simons" = "Menno Simons";
"Anabaptist leader in the Netherlands whose followers became known as Mennonites." = "Líder anabautista en los Países Bajos cuyos seguidores se hicieron conocidos como menonitas.";

"Philip Melanchthon" = "Felipe Melanchthon";
"German Lutheran reformer and theologian who authored the Loci Communes and Augsburg Confession." = "Reformador y teólogo luterano alemán que fue autor de las comunas de Loci y la confesión de Augsburgo.";

"Andreas Osiander" = "Andreas Osiander";
"German Lutheran who attended the Marburg Colloquy. His view of the atonement was rejected in the Formula of Concord." = "Luterano alemán que asistió al coloquio de Marburg. Su punto de vista de la expiación fue rechazado en la Fórmula de la Concordia.";

"Felix Manz" = "Félix Manz";
"Swiss Anabaptist leader who debated Zwingli over baptism. He was eventually executed by drowning." = "Líder anabautista suizo que debatió sobre Zwinglio sobre el bautismo. Finalmente fue ejecutado por ahogamiento.";

"John Frith" = "John Frith";
"English Protestant who wrote against Catholic teachings. Burned at the stake for heresy." = "Protestante inglés que escribió en contra de las enseñanzas católicas. Quemado en la hoguera por herejía.";

"Olivetan" = "Olivétan";
"Pierre Robert" = "Pierre Robert";
"French Waldensian and cousin of John Calvin who produced a French translation of the Bible." = "Valdense francés y primo de Juan Calvino, quien produjo una traducción francesa de la Biblia.";

"John Calvin" = "Juan Calvino";
"French Protestant theologian and reformer in Geneva, Switzerland." = "Teólogo y reformador protestante francés en Ginebra, Suiza.";

"John Bradford" = "John Bradford";
"English Protestant burned at the stake during the reign of Mary I." = "Protestante inglés quemado en la hoguera durante el reinado de María I.";

"Michael Servetus" = "Miguel Servet";
"Spanish physician and unitarian theologian condemned as a heretic by both Catholics and Protestants. Executed in Calvin’s Geneva." = "Médico español y teólogo unitario condenado como hereje por católicos y protestantes. Ejecutado en la Ginebra de Calvino.";

"John Knox" = "John Knox";
"Scottish reformer who returned from exile to lead the Protestant Reformation of Scotland." = "Reformador escocés que regresó del exilio para dirigir la Reforma protestante de Escocia.";

"Teresa of Avila" = "Teresa de Ávila";
"Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and author during the Catholic Reformation." = "Monja carmelita española, mística y autora durante la Reforma católica.";

"John Foxe" = "John Foxe";
"English Protestant historian who wrote Foxe’s Book of Martyrs" = "Historiador protestante inglés que escribió el Libro de los Mártires de Foxe.";

"John Philpot" = "John Philpot";

"Catherine de Medici" = "Catherine de Medici";
"Queen of Henry II and mother to three kings of France, whom she strongly influenced." = "Reina de Enrique II y madre de tres reyes de Francia, en quienes influyó fuertemente.";

"Theodore Beza" = "Teodoro Beza";
"French Protestant scholar who became Calvin’s successor at Geneva." = "Erudito protestante francés que se convirtió en el sucesor de Calvino en Ginebra.";

"John Jewel" = "John Jewel";
"Anglican bishop who wrote a defense of the Anglican church’s reforms." = "Obispo anglicano que escribió una defensa de las reformas de la iglesia anglicana.";

"Martin Chemnitz" = "Martin Chemnitz";
"Second generation Lutheran theologian who helped develop the Formula of Concord." = "Teólogo luterano de segunda generación que ayudó a desarrollar la Fórmula de la Concordia.";

"Zacharius Ursinus" = "Zacharius Ursinus";
"German Reformer and professor of theology at Heidelberg who wrote the Heidelberg Catechism." = "Reformador alemán y profesor de teología en Heidelberg que escribió el Catecismo de Heidelberg.";

"Philip Marnix" = "Philip Marnix";
"Dutch Calvinist statesman active in the Dutch War of Independence who wrote a popular satire of Catholicism." = "Estadista calvinista holandés activo en la Guerra de Independencia holandesa que escribió una sátira popular del catolicismo.";

"John of the Cross" = "Juan de la Cruz";
"Spanish Carmelite friar and mystic who wrote Dark Night of the Soul." = "Fraile carmelita español y místico que escribió La noche oscura del alma.";

"Miguel de Cervantes" = "Miguel de Cervantes";
"Spanish novelist who wrote Don Quixote." = "Novelista español que escribió Don Quijote.";

"Jacobus Arminius" = "Jacobo Arminio";
"Dutch theologian whose views on predestination led to the Arminian Remonstrance." = "Teólogo holandés cuyos puntos de vista sobre la predestinación condujeron a la Manifestación Arminiana.";

"Christopher Marlowe" = "Christopher Marlowe";
"Kit Marlowe" = "Kit Marlowe";
"Elizabethan poet and playwright admired by Shakespeare. Author of Doctor Faustus." = "Poeta y dramaturgo isabelino admirado por Shakespeare. Autor del Doctor Fausto.";

"William Shakespeare" = "William Shakespeare";
"Bard of Avon" = "Bardo de Avon";
"Celebrated Elizabethan poet and playwright who produced some of the most enduring literature in the English language." = "Célebre poeta y dramaturgo isabelino que escribió la literatura más imperecedera del idioma inglés.";

"Francis of Sales" = "Francisco de Sales";
"French Catholic bishop of Geneva and Counter-Reformation leader." = "Obispo católico francés de Ginebra y líder de la Contrarreforma.";

"John Donne" = "John Donne";
"English metaphysical poet who became a celebrated preacher and divine." = "Poeta metafísico inglés que se convirtió en un predicador célebre y divino.";

"James Ussher" = "James Ussher";
"Irish archbishop and prolific scholar whose biblical chronology became the de facto standard for many Young Earth creationists and opponents of modernism." = "Arzobispo irlandés y prolífico erudito cuya cronología bíblica se convirtió en el estándar de facto para muchos creacionistas de la Tierra Joven y opositores del modernismo.";

"Cardinal Richelieu" = "Cardenal Richelieu";
"French cardinal and government minister who strengthened the monarchy." = "Cardenal francés y ministro de gobierno que fortaleció la monarquía.";

"René Descartes" = "René Descartes";
"French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher regarded as the father of modern philosophy." = "Matemático, científico y filósofo francés considerado como el padre de la filosofía moderna.";

"Oliver Cromwell (Life)" = "Oliver Cromwell (vida)";

"John Milton" = "John Milton";
"English Puritan poet who wrote Paradise Lost." = "Poeta puritano inglés que escribió Paradise Lost.";

"Brother Lawrence" = "Hermano Lawrence";
"French lay Carmelite known for his book on experiencing the presence of God." = "Carmelita laico francés conocido por su libro sobre la experiencia de la presencia de Dios.";

"Blaise Pascal" = "Blaise Pascal";
"French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and Christian apologist who developed Pascal’s wager." = "Matemático francés, físico, inventor y apologista cristiano que desarrolló la apuesta de Pascal.";

"John Bunyan" = "John Bunyan";
"Puritan minister who wrote Pilgrim’s Progress from prison." = "Ministro puritano que escribió Progreso del peregrino desde la prisión.";

"Benedict Spinoza" = "Benedicto Spinoza";
"Baruch Spinoza" = "Baruch Spinoza.";
"Dutch Jewish Enlightenment philosopher and biblical critic." = "Filósofo holandés de la Ilustración judía y crítico bíblico.";

"Isaac Newton" = "Isaac Newton";
"Profoundly influential English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer." = "Profundamente influyente matemático, físico y astrónomo inglés.";

"Madame Guyon" = "Madame Guyon";
"French mystic imprisoned for promoting Quietism." = "Mística francesa encarcelada por promover el quietismo.";

"Matthew Henry" = "Matthew Henry";
"Nonconformist minister who wrote a highly influential biblical commentary." = "Ministro no conformista que escribió un comentario bíblico muy influyente.";

"Isaac Watts" = "Isaac Watts";
"Nonconformist minister and prolific hymn writer." = "Ministro no conformista y prolífico escritor de himnos.";

"Johann Sebastian Bach" = "Johann Sebastian Bach";
"Lutheran German composer and organist of the Baroque period." = "Compositor y organista luterano alemán del período barroco.";

"Voltaire" = "Voltaire";
"François-Marie Arouet" = "François-Marie Arouet";
"French Enlightenment philosopher and writer who satirized political and religious authorities." = "Filósofo y escritor de la Ilustración francesa que satirizó a las autoridades políticas y religiosas.";

"John Gill" = "John Gill";
"Baptist minister, biblical scholar, and Calvinist theologian." = "Ministro bautista, erudito bíblico y teólogo calvinista.";

"Count Von Zinzendorf" = "Conde Von Zinzendorf";
"Austrian nobleman who founded the Moravian Church." = "Noble austríaco que fundó la Iglesia de Moravia.";

"John Wesley" = "John Wesley";
"English minister and theologian who founded Methodism with his brother Charles. Friend and theological opponent of Whitefield." = "Ministro y teólogo inglés que fundó el metodismo con su hermano Charles. Amigo y oponente teológico de Whitefield.";

"Charles Wesley" = "Charles Wesley";
"English minister and prolific hymn writer who founded Methodism with his brother John." = "Ministro inglés y prolífico escritor de himnos que fundó el metodismo con su hermano John.";

"George Whitefield" = "George Whitefield";
"English preacher who participated in the Great Awakening in America; friend and theological opponent of the Wesleys." = "Predicador inglés que participó en el Gran Avivamiento en América; amigo y oponente teológico de los Wesley.";

"Moses Mendelssohn" = "Moses Mendelssohn";
"German Jewish philosopher whose ideas influenced the Central European Jewish Enlightenment." = "Filósofo judío alemán cuyas ideas influyeron en la Ilustración judía centroeuropea.";

"Augustus Montague Toplady" = "Augustus Montague Toplady";
"Anglican minister, hymn writer, and Calvinist opponent of John Wesley." = "Ministro anglicano, escritor de himnos y oponente calvinista de John Wesley.";

"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" = "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart";
"Child prodigy who became one of the most celebrated composers of the Classical period." = "Niño prodigio que se convirtió en uno de los compositores más célebres del período clásico.";

"Charles Simeon" = "Charles Simeon";
"Anglican minister and leader of the Evangelical movement. Author of Horae Homileticae." = "Ministro anglicano y líder del movimiento evangélico. Autor de Horae Homileticae.";

"William Wilberforce" = "William Wilberforce";
"Evangelical Member of Parliament who fought for the British abolition of slavery." = "Miembro evangélico del Parlamento que luchó por la abolición británica de la esclavitud.";

"William Carey" = "William Carey";
"British Baptist missionary to India regarded as the father of modern missions." = "Misionero bautista británico en la India considerado como el padre de las misiones modernas.";

"Adam Clarke" = "Adam Clarke";
"British Methodist preacher, theologian, and biblical commentator." = "Predicador metodista británico, teólogo y comentarista bíblico.";

"Friedrich Schleiermacher" = "Friedrich Schleiermacher";
"German theologian and pioneer of liberal Protestant hermeneutics and theology." = "Teólogo alemán y pionero de la hermenéutica y la teología protestantes liberales.";

"Ludwig van Beethoven" = "Ludwig van Beethoven";
"German composer who bridged the Classical and Romantic periods." = "Compositor alemán que unió los períodos clásico y romántico.";

"Thomas Chalmers" = "Thomas Chalmers";
"Scottish evangelical minister and theologian. A leader of the Free Church of Scotland." = "Ministro evangélico escocés y teólogo. Un líder de la Iglesia Libre de Escocia.";

"William Clowes" = "William Clowes";
"Primitive Methodist preacher in northern England." = "Predicador metodista primitivo en el norte de Inglaterra.";

"Billy Bray" = "Billy Bray";
"William Bray" = "William Bray";
"Cornish Methodist preacher known for his colorful preaching style." = "Predicador metodista de Cornualles conocido por su colorido estilo de predicación.";

"John Nelson Darby" = "John Nelson Darby";
"Anglo-Irish minister and Plymouth Brethren leader regarded as the father of dispensationalism." = "Ministro angloirlandés y líder de los Hermanos de Plymouth considerado como el padre del dispensacionalismo.";

"George Müller" = "George Müller";
"Plymouth Brethren leader who opened numerous orphanages and wrote of the power of prayer." = "Líder de los Hermanos de Plymouth que abrió numerosos orfanatos y escribió sobre el poder de la oración.";

"Horatius Bonar" = "Horacio Bonar";
"Scottish minister and author who wrote numerous hymns." = "Ministro y autor escocés que escribió numerosos himnos.";

"Charles Darwin" = "Charles Darwin";
"English naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection." = "Naturalista inglés que formuló la teoría de la evolución mediante la selección natural.";

"Felix Mendelssohn" = "Félix Mendelssohn";
"German Jewish Christian composer of the early Romantic period. Grandson of Moses Mendelssohn." = "Compositor cristiano judío alemán de principios del período romántico. Nieto de Moisés Mendelssohn.";

"Abraham Geiger" = "Abraham Geiger";
"German Jewish rabbi and scholar who founded Reform Judaism." = "Rabino y erudito judío alemán que fundó el judaísmo reformista.";

"Franz Delitzsch" = "Franz Delitzsch";
"German Lutheran biblical scholar who translated the New Testament into Hebrew and co-authored an Old Testament commentary." = "Erudito bíblico luterano alemán que tradujo el Nuevo Testamento al hebreo y fue coautor de un comentario del Antiguo Testamento.";

"Robert Murray McCheyne" = "Robert Murray McCheyne";
"Short-lived Scottish minister known for his program of daily Bible reading." = "Ministro escocés de corta duración conocido por su programa de lectura diaria de la Biblia.";

"Alfred Edersheim" = "Alfred Edersheim";
"Jewish Christian minister and scholar in Britain who wrote on the historical context of the New Testament." = "Ministro judío cristiano y erudito en Gran Bretaña que escribió sobre el contexto histórico del Nuevo Testamento.";

"William Booth" = "William Booth";
"English Methodist minister and founder of the Salvation Army." = "Ministro metodista inglés y fundador del Ejército de Salvación.";

"A.B. Bruce" = "A. B. Bruce";
"Scottish minister, theologian, and biblical scholar." = "Ministro escocés, teólogo y erudito bíblico.";

"Johannes Brahms" = "Johannes Brahms";
"German composer of the Romantic period." = "Compositor alemán de la época romántica.";

"Charles Haddon Spurgeon" = "Charles Haddon Spurgeon";
"British Reformed Baptist minister and prolific writer known as the “Prince of Preachers.”" = "Ministro bautista reformado británico y prolífico escritor conocido como el “Príncipe de los Predicadores”.";

"Abraham Kuyper" = "Abraham Kuyper";
"Dutch Calvinist theologian and statesman." = "Teólogo y estadista calvinista holandés.";

"Friedrich Nietzsche" = "Friedrich Nietzsche";
"Prussian philosopher who critiqued Christianity and wrestled with the implications of atheism and nihilism." = "Filósofo prusiano que criticó al cristianismo y luchó con las implicaciones del ateísmo y el nihilismo.";

"Julius Wellhausen" = "Julius Wellhausen";
"German higher critical scholar who contributed to the Documentary Hypothesis." = "Erudito alemán crítico superior que contribuyó a la hipótesis documental.";

"Adolf Harnack" = "Adolf Harnack";
"German liberal theologian and church historian." = "Teólogo liberal alemán e historiador de la iglesia.";

"C.T. Studd" = "C. T. Studd";
"British cricket player who became an evangelical missionary in China, India, and Africa." = "Jugador de cricket británico que se convirtió en misionero evangélico en China, India y África.";

"Adolf Deissmann" = "Adolf Deissmann";
"German New Testament scholar who demonstrated that New Testament Greek was the koine Greek of Hellenism." = "Erudito alemán del Nuevo Testamento que demostró que el griego del Nuevo Testamento era el griego koine del helenismo.";

"James Moffatt" = "James Moffatt";
"Scottish theologian and scholar who produced a new English translation of the Bible." = "Teólogo y erudito escocés que produjo una nueva traducción al inglés de la Biblia.";

"Oswald Chambers" = "Oswald Chambers";
"Scottish baptist minister of the Holiness movement famous for his devotional My Utmost for His Highest." = "Ministro bautista escocés del movimiento de Santidad famoso por su devocional My Utmost for His Highest.";

"Albert Schweitzer" = "Albert Schweitzer";
"Alsatian theologian who critiqued Historical Jesus studies before becoming a medical missionary to Africa." = "Teólogo alsaciano que criticó los estudios de Jesús histórico antes de convertirse en médico misionero en África.";

"Rudolf Bultmann" = "Rudolf Bultmann";
"German existential theologian and New Testament scholar who emphasized the need to demythologize the text." = "Teólogo existencial alemán y erudito del Nuevo Testamento que enfatizó la necesidad de desmitificar el texto.";

"Karl Barth" = "Karl Barth";
"Swiss Reformed theologian who became a major figure of the neo-orthodox movement." = "Teólogo reformado suizo que se convirtió en una figura importante del movimiento neo-ortodoxo.";

"Emil Brunner" = "Emil Brunner";
"Swiss Reformed theologian influential in the neo-orthodox movement." = "Teólogo reformado suizo influyente en el movimiento neo-ortodoxo.";

"C.S. Lewis" = "C. S. Lewis";
"British scholar and Christian apologist who authored Mere Christianity and the Chronicles of Narnia." = "Erudito británico y apologista cristiano que fue autor de ¡Cristianismo y nada más! y las Crónicas de Narnia.";

"Dietrich Bonhoeffer" = "Dietrich Bonhoeffer";
"German Lutheran pastor who was executed for his resistance to the Nazi party." = "Pastor luterano alemán que fue ejecutado por su resistencia al partido nazi.";



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Writings */

"Codex Sinaiticus" = "Códice Sinaítico";
"Aleph" = "Alef";
"Early codex containing the Greek Septuagint and New Testament. (British Museum)" = "Códice temprano que contiene la Septuaginta griega y el Nuevo Testamento. (Museo Británico)";

"Codex Alexandrinus" = "Códice Alejandrino";
"A" = "A";
"Early codex of mixed text-type containing the Greek Septuagint, Apocrypha, and most of the New Testament. (British Museum)" = "Códice temprano de texto mixto que contiene la Septuaginta griega, Apócrifos y la mayor parte del Nuevo Testamento. (Museo Británico)";

"Codex Bezae" = "Códice de Beza";
"D" = "D";
"Greek and Latin codex of Gospels, Acts, and 3 John. Representative of the Western text-type. (Cambridge University)" = "Códice griego y latino de Evangelios, Hechos y 3 Juan. Representante del tipo de texto occidental. (Universidad de Cambridge)";

"Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus" = "Códice Ephraemi Rescriptus";
"C" = "C";
"Early codex of mixed text-type overwritten in the 12th century. (Paris National Library)" = "Códice temprano de texto mixto sobreescrito en el siglo XII. (Biblioteca Nacional de París)";

"Codex Claromontanus" = "Códice Claromontano";
"D, Dp" = "D, Dp.";
"Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles. Representative of the Western text-type. (Paris National Library)" = "Códice griego y latino de epístolas paulinas. Representante del tipo de texto occidental. (Biblioteca Nacional de París)";

"Codex Laudianus" = "Códice Laudianus";
"E" = "E";
"Greek and Latin codex of Acts. Features Western and Byzantine readings. Oldest manuscript with Acts 8:37. (Oxford Bodleian Library)" = "Códice griego y latino de Hechos. Presenta lecturas occidentales y bizantinas. El manuscrito más antiguo con Hechos 8:37. (Biblioteca Oxford Bodleian)";

"Beowulf" = "Beowulf";
"Epic poem written in Old English about the legendary Viking hero Beowulf." = "Poema épico escrito en inglés antiguo sobre el legendario héroe vikingo Beowulf.";

"Bede’s History" = "La historia de Beda";
"Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People recounts church history during the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods." = "La historia eclesiástica del pueblo inglés de Bede narra la historia de la iglesia durante los períodos romano y anglosajón.";

"Book of Kells" = "Libro de Kells";
"Book of Columba" = "Libro de Columba";
"Illuminated manuscript of the Gospels created in a Columban monastery." = "Manuscrito iluminado de los Evangelios creados en un monasterio colombiano.";

"Codex Augiensis" = "Códice Augiensis";
"F" = "F";
"Greek and Latin codex of Pauline epistles plus Hebrews in Latin. (Cambridge Trinity College)" = "Códice griego y latino de epístolas paulinas más hebreos en latín. (Cambridge Trinity College)";

"Sentences" = "Frases";
"Peter Lombard’s compilation of biblical and patristic texts which became the standard theological text of Medieval Scholasticism." = "La compilación de Pedro Lombard de textos bíblicos y patrísticos que se convirtió en el texto teológico estándar de la escolástica medieval.";

"Song of the Nibelungs" = "Canción de los Nibelungos";
"Nibelungenlied" = "Nibelungenlied";
"Epic poem written in Middle High German." = "Poema épico escrito en alemán medio alto.";

"Magna Carta" = "Carta Magna";
"Great Charter" = "Gran carta";
"Charter limiting the power of the English monarchy to infringe the rights of its subjects." = "Carta que limita el poder de la monarquía inglesa para infringir los derechos de sus súbditos.";

"Summa Theologica" = "Summa Theologica";
"Profoundly influential systematic theology of Thomas Aquinas. He died before he could finish it." = "Profundamente influyente teología sistemática de Tomás de Aquino. Murió antes de poder terminarlo.";

"Wycliffe Bible" = "Biblia de Wycliffe";
"Translation of the Latin Vulgate into Middle English made under the direction of John Wycliffe." = "Traducción de la Vulgata latina al inglés medio bajo la dirección de John Wycliffe.";

"12 Conclusions of the Lollards" = "12 Conclusiones de los lolardos";
"Summary of Lollard beliefs believed to have been written by John Purvey." = "Resumen de las creencias de Lolardo que se cree que fueron escritas por John Purvey.";

"Canterbury Tales" = "Cuentos de Canterbury";
"A collection of stories written in Middle English verse by Chaucer." = "Una colección de historias escritas en verso en inglés medio por Chaucer.";

"Imitation of Christ" = "Imitación de Cristo";
"Influential Christian devotional work by Thomas à Kempis." = "Influyente trabajo devocional cristiano de Thomas à Kempis.";

"Gutenberg Bible" = "Biblia de Gutenberg";
"The first Bible mass-produced using the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg." = "La primera Biblia producida en masa con la imprenta de Johannes Gutenberg.";

"Erasmus Greek New Testament" = "Nuevo Testamento griego de Erasmo";
"First printed edition of the Greek New Testament. Edited by Erasmus." = "Primera edición impresa del Nuevo Testamento griego. Editado por Erasmo.";

"95 Theses" = "95 Tesis";
"Luther’s theses for academic debate about the practice of selling plenary indulgences." = "Las tesis de Lutero para el debate académico sobre la práctica de vender indulgencias plenarias.";

"Complutensian Polyglot" = "Políglota Complutense";
"First printed polyglot Bible containing parallel columns of Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin." = "Primera Biblia políglota impresa que contiene columnas paralelas de griego, hebreo, arameo y latín.";

"Luther Bible" = "Biblia de Lutero";
"Luther’s translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into German." = "La traducción de Lutero de la Biblia del griego y el hebreo al alemán.";

"67 Articles" = "67 artículos";
"67 Theses" = "67 Tesis";
"Zwingli’s theological assertions debated at the First Zurich Disputation." = "Las afirmaciones teológicas de Zwingli debatidas en la Primera Disputación de Zurich.";

"Tyndale Bible" = "Biblia de Tyndale";
"English New Testament and partial Old Testament translated from Greek and Hebrew by Tyndale." = "Nuevo Testamento en inglés y Antiguo Testamento parcial traducido del griego y el hebreo por Tyndale.";

"Augsburg Confession" = "Confesión de Augsburgo";
"Lutheran confession of faith presented at the Diet of Augsburg and later published by Melanchthon." = "Confesión de fe luterana presentada en la dieta de Augsburgo y luego publicada por Melanchthon.";

"Coverdale Bible" = "Biblia Coverdale";
"First complete Bible printed in modern English." = "Primera Biblia completa impresa en inglés moderno.";

"Calvin’s Institutes" = "Instituciones de Calvino";
"Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion presents a systematic theology of Protestantism. Calvin expanded it throughout his life and published Latin and French editions." = "Instituciones de Calvino de la religión cristiana presentan una teología sistemática del protestantismo. Calvino lo expandió a lo largo de su vida y publicó ediciones en latín y francés.";

"Great Bible" = "Gran Biblia";
"First authorized English Bible translation, produced by Miles Coverdale." = "Primera traducción autorizada de la Biblia en inglés, producida por Miles Coverdale.";

"Book of Common Prayer" = "Libro de Oración Común";
"Book of prayers and liturgy for the Church of England developed by Thomas Cranmer." = "Libro de oraciones y liturgia para la Iglesia de Inglaterra desarrollado por Thomas Cranmer.";

"Belgic Confession" = "Confesión belga";
"Confession of faith created for Reformed churches of the Low Countries." = "Confesión de fe creada para las iglesias reformadas de los Países Bajos.";

"Geneva Bible" = "Biblia de Ginebra";
"Breeches Bible" = "Biblia de Breeches";
"Immensely popular English Bible with annotations translated by English exiles in Geneva." = "Biblia inglesa inmensamente popular con anotaciones traducidas por exiliados ingleses en Ginebra.";

"39 Articles" = "39 artículos";
"Doctrinal statement of the Church of England." = "Declaración doctrinal de la Iglesia de Inglaterra.";

"Foxe’s Book of Martyrs" = "Libro de los mártires de Foxe";
"Actes and Monuments" = "Actos y monumentos";
"Work of church history with special focus on English Protestant martyrs." = "Obra de la historia de la iglesia con un enfoque especial en los mártires protestantes ingleses.";

"Heidelberg Catechism" = "Catecismo de Heidelberg";
"A widely used Reformed catechism originally created for the Palatinate of Elector Frederick III." = "Un catecismo reformado ampliamente utilizado originalmente creado para el Palatinado del Elector Federico III";

"Bishops’ Bible" = "Biblia de los obispos";
"English Bible intended to improve upon the Great Bible and supplant the popularity of the Geneva Bible." = "La Biblia en inglés tenía la intención de mejorar la Gran Biblia y suplantar la popularidad de la Biblia de Ginebra.";

"Formula of Concord" = "Fórmula de la concordia";
"Lutheran statement of faith intended to settle post-Augsburg controversies" = "Declaración de fe luterana destinada a resolver las controversias posteriores a Augsburgo.";

"Douay-Rheims Bible" = "Biblia de Douay-Rheims";
"Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English." = "Traducción católica romana de la Biblia al inglés.";

"Don Quixote" = "Don Quijote";
"Comedic novel by Cervantes regarded as one of the preeminent works of Spanish literature." = "Novela cómica de Cervantes considerada como una de las obras preeminentes de la literatura española.";

"Remonstrance" = "Protesta";
"Expression of Arminian objections to five aspects of Calvinism. Condemned at the Synod of Dort." = "Expresión de objeciones arminianas a cinco aspectos del calvinismo. Condenado en el Sínodo de Dort.";

"King James Bible" = "Biblia King James";
"Authorized Version" = "Versión autorizada";
"English Bible commissioned by James I and translated by a team of scholars. The standard English translation for 300 years." = "Biblia inglesa encargada por Jaime I y traducida por un equipo de académicos. La traducción estándar al inglés por 300 años.";

"Canons of Dort" = "Cánones de Dort";
"Expression of Calvinist doctrines in answer to the five objections of the Arminian Remonstrance." = "Expresión de doctrinas calvinistas en respuesta a las cinco objeciones de la protesta arminiana.";

"Westminster Standards" = "Estándares de Westminster";
"Confession of Faith, Shorter and Larger Catechisms, and other documents by the Westminster Assembly enumerate Presbyterian doctrine and polity." = "La confesión de fe, los catecismos más cortos y más grandes, y otros documentos de la Asamblea de Westminster enumeran la doctrina presbiteriana y la política.";

"Paradise Lost" = "El paraíso perdido";
"John Milton’s epic poem depicting the Fall, written to “justify the ways of God to men.”" = "Poema épico de John Milton que representa la caída, escrito para “justificar los caminos de Dios ante los hombres”.";

"Pensées" = "Pensamientos";
"Pascal’s posthumously published notes for a Christian apology he had been working on." = "Las notas publicadas a título póstumo de Pascal para una apología cristiana en la que había estado trabajando.";

"Pilgrim’s Progress" = "El progreso del peregrino.";
"John Bunyan’s popular allegory of the Christian life." = "Alegoría popular de John Bunyan de la vida cristiana.";

"1689 London Baptist Confession" = "Confesión Bautista de Londres de 1689";
"2nd London Baptist Confession" = "Segunda Confesión Bautista de Londres";
"Reformed Baptist confession of faith based on the Westminster Confession." = "La confesión bautista reformada de la fe basada en la Confesión de Westminster.";

"Challoner Bible" = "Biblia Challoner";
"Revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible by Catholic bishop Richard Challoner." = "Revisión de la Biblia Douay-Rheims por el obispo católico Richard Challoner.";

"Declaration of Rights of Man" = "Declaración de derechos del hombre";
"French Revolutionary treatise on human rights." = "Tratado revolucionario francés sobre derechos humanos.";

"Origin of Species" = "Origen de las especies";
"Darwin’s highly influential publication of the theory of evolution by natural selection." = "Publicación altamente influyente de Darwin de la teoría de la evolución por selección natural.";

"Revised Version" = "Versión Revisada";
"Revision of the Authorized Version to update its language and benefit from New Testament textual criticism." = "Revisión de la versión autorizada para actualizar su lenguaje y beneficiarse de la crítica textual del Nuevo Testamento.";

"Darby Bible" = "Biblia de Darby";
"English Bible translated by John Nelson Darby, meant to be accessible to the “unlearned.”" = "Biblia en inglés traducida por John Nelson Darby, destinada a ser accesible a las “personas sin educación”.";

"Phillips NT" = "NT de Phillips";
"J. B. Phillips Translation" = "Traducción de J. B. Phillips.";
"Translation of the New Testament by English minister J. B. Phillips." = "Traducción del Nuevo Testamento por el ministro inglés J. B. Phillips.";

"NEB" = "NEB";
"New English Bible" = "Nueva Biblia inglesa";
"English Bible translated into modern English." = "Biblia en inglés traducida al inglés moderno.";

"Jerusalem Bible" = "Biblia de Jerusalén";
"Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English from the Greek and Hebrew." = "Traducción católica romana de la Biblia al inglés del griego y el hebreo.";

"NJB" = "NJB";
"New Jerusalem Bible" = "Nueva Biblia de Jerusalén";
"A revision of the Jerusalem Bible." = "Una revisión de la Biblia de Jerusalén.";

"REB" = "REB";
"Revised English Bible" = "Biblia en inglés revisada";
"Revision of the NEB aimed at being more accessible to American readers." = "La revisión del NEB tenía como objetivo ser más accesible para los lectores estadounidenses.";



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Events */

"Battle of Teutoberg Forest" = "Batalla del bosque de Teutoberg";
"Coalition of German tribes defeats the Romans, who then abandon the effort to conquer Germany." = "La coalición de tribus alemanas derrota a los romanos, que luego abandonan el esfuerzo por conquistar Alemania.";

"St. Alban Martyred" = "Martirio de san Alban";
"Legendary first Christian martyr of Britain, variously dated to the Severan, Decian, or Diocletian persecutions." = "Legendario primer mártir cristiano de Gran Bretaña, fechado de diversas maneras en las persecuciones severana, deciana o diocleciana.";

"Council of Elvira" = "Concilio de Elvira";
"Council which dealt with the challenges of living among pagans without compromise." = "Concilio que se ocupó de los desafíos de vivir entre paganos sin compromiso.";

"1st Council of Orange" = "1er Concilio de Orange";
"Council of western bishops concerned with clerical practice, which promoted clerical celibacy." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales preocupados por la práctica clerical, que promovió el celibato clerical.";

"1st Council of Vaison" = "Concilio de Vaison I";
"Council of western bishops concerned with strengthening the power of bishops." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales preocupados por fortalecer el poder de los obispos.";

"Domain of Soissons" = "Dominio de Soissons";
"After much of Gaul is ceded to the Visigoths, the Domain of Soissons continues as a Roman rump state." = "Después de que gran parte de la Galia sea cedida a los visigodos, el Dominio de Soissons continúa como un estado romano en ruinas.";

"Battle of Soissons" = "Batalla de Soissons";
"Clovis I of the Salian Franks conquers Soissons." = "Clodoveo I de los Salian Franks conquista Soissons.";

"Battle of Voillé" = "Batalla de Voillé";
"Frankish king Clovis I defeats the Visigoths to annex Aquitaine." = "El rey franco Clodoveo I derrota a los visigodos para anexionarse Aquitania.";

"Frankish Kingdom Divided" = "Reino franco dividido";
"Upon the death of Clovis I, his kingdom is divided among his four sons." = "A la muerte de Clodoveo I, su reino se divide entre sus cuatro hijos.";

"2nd Council of Orange" = "Concilio de Orange II";
"Council of western bishops concerned with details of the Mass, such as the repetition of Kyrie Eleison." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales preocupados por los detalles de la misa, como la repetición de Kyrie Eleison.";

"2nd Council of Vaison" = "Concilio de Vaison II";
"Council of western bishops which defended Augustinian concepts of grace and free will against Semi-Pelagianism." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales que defendió los conceptos agustinos de gracia y libre albedrío contra el semipelagianismo.";

"Clothar is Sole King" = "Clotario es el único rey";
"Clothar I survives his brothers to unite the Frankish kingdoms until his death." = "Clotario I sobrevive a sus hermanos para unir los reinos francos hasta su muerte.";

"3rd Council of Toledo" = "Concilio de Toledo III";
"Council of western bishops which added the Filioque Clause to the Latin Nicene Creed." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales que agregó la Cláusula Filioque al Credo latino de Nicea.";

"Synod of Whitby" = "Sínodo de Whitby";
"Synod which helped unify the English churches around Roman Catholic rather than Celtic practices." = "Sínodo que ayudó a unificar las iglesias inglesas en torno a las prácticas católicas romanas en lugar de las celtas.";

"Council of Hertford" = "Concilio de Hertford";
"Council of English bishops which reorganized the English church." = "Concilio de obispos ingleses que reorganizó la iglesia inglesa.";

"Council of Hatfield" = "Concilio de Hatfield";
"Council of English bishops which rejected Monothelitism." = "Concilio de obispos ingleses que rechazaron el monotelismo.";

"Muslim Conquest of Spain" = "Conquista musulmana de España";
"North Africa Muslims cross the strait of Gibraltar and conquer most of the Iberian peninsula." = "Los musulmanes del norte de África cruzan el estrecho de Gibraltar y conquistan la mayor parte de la península ibérica.";

"Battle of Covadonga" = "Batalla de Covadonga";
"First Christian defeat of Muslims in Spain. Foundation of the kingdom of Asturias." = "Primera derrota cristiana de musulmanes en España. Fundación del reino de Asturias.";

"Battle of Tours" = "Batalla de Tours";
"Battle of Poitiers" = "Batalla de Poitiers";
"Charles Martel turns back the Muslim advance into Europe." = "Charles Martel hace retroceder el avance musulmán hacia Europa.";

"Carolingian Renaissance" = "Renacimiento carolingio";
"A period of scholarship and cultural development sparked by the patronage of Charlemagne and his successors." = "Un período de desarrollo académico y cultural provocado por el patrocinio de Carlomagno y sus sucesores.";

"Vikings Raid Lindisfarne" = "Los vikingos asaltan Lindisfarne";
"Vikings raid the monastery on Lindisfarne, beginning the Viking Age." = "Los vikingos asaltan el monasterio en Lindisfarne, dando comienzo a la era vikinga.";

"Council of Frankfurt" = "Concilio de Frankfurt";
"Council of western bishops which condemned Adoptionism and took issue with the 2nd Council of Nicea’s position on icons." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales que condenó el adopcionismo y cuestionó la posición del II Concilio de Nicea sobre los iconos.";

"Treaty of Verdun" = "Tratado de Verdún";
"Treaty between the sons of Louis the Pious which divided the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms." = "Tratado entre los hijos de Louis el Piadoso que dividió el Imperio carolingio en tres reinos.";

"Vikings Sack Paris" = "Los vikingos saquean París";
"A Viking fleet sails up the Seine and sacks Paris, withdrawing only after the payment of ransom." = "Una flota vikinga navega por el Sena y saquea París, retirándose solo después del pago del rescate.";

"Vikings Besiege Paris" = "Los vikingos sitian París";
"Vikings besiege Paris, which is defended by Count Odo. Charles the Fat ransoms the city." = "Los vikingos asedian París, que es defendida por el conde Odón. Carlos el Gordo rescata la ciudad.";

"Kingdom of Leon Established" = "Fundación del reino de León";
"The kingdom of Asturias is divided and reconsolidated as the Kingdom of Leon." = "El reino de Asturias es dividido y reconsolidado como el Reino de León.";

"Vikings Receive Normandy" = "Los vikingos reciben Normandía";
"In exchange for military support, Charles the Simple gives the Viking leader Rollo the Duchy of Normandy." = "A cambio de apoyo militar, Carlos el Simple le da al líder vikingo Rollo el Ducado de Normandía.";

"Battle of Simancas" = "Batalla de Simancas";
"Ramiro II of Leon defeats the Muslim forces of caliph Abd al-Rahman III." = "Ramiro II de León derrota a las fuerzas musulmanas del califa Abderramán III";

"Otto Crowned Emperor" = "Otón es coronado emperador";
"Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor." = "El Papa Juan XII corona a Otón I Sacro Emperador romano.";

"Fall of Cordoban Caliphate" = "Caída del califato cordobés";
"Years of infighting lead to the collapse of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Islamic Spain fragments into small independent kingdoms known as taifas." = "Años de luchas internas condujeron al colapso del califato de Córdoba. La España islámica se fragmenta en pequeños reinos independientes conocidos como taifas.";

"Battle of Hastings" = "Batalla de Hastings";
"William the Conqueror defeats Harold to become king of England." = "Guillermo el Conquistador derrota a Harold para convertirse en rey de Inglaterra.";

"Jews Massacred in Granada" = "Judíos masacrados en Granada";
"Muslim mobs in Granada kill the Jewish vizier and much of the Jewish population." = "Las turbas musulmanas en Granada matan al visir judío y a gran parte de la población judía.";

"Investiture Controversy" = "Controversia de la investidura";
"Dispute between the Holy Roman Emperors and the papacy over the right to choose ecclesiastical appointments." = "Disputa entre los santos emperadores romanos y el papado sobre el derecho a elegir nombramientos eclesiásticos.";

"Conquest of Toledo" = "Conquista de Toledo";
"Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Muslim city of Toledo." = "Alfonso VI de Castilla captura la ciudad musulmana de Toledo.";

"Battle of Sagrajas" = "Batalla de Sagrajas";
"Almoravid Muslims defeat a coalition of Christian forces led by Alphonso VI of Castile." = "Los musulmanes almorávides derrotan a una coalición de fuerzas cristianas lideradas por Alfonso VI de Castilla.";

"Council of Clermont" = "Concilio de Clermont";
"Council of western bishops at which Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales en el que el papa Urbano II convocó a la Primera Cruzada.";

"Rhineland Massacre of Jews" = "Masacre de judíos en Renania";
"A mob of peasant crusaders led by the German count Emicho passes through Germany slaughtering Jews." = "Una turba de cruzados campesinos liderados por el conde alemán Emicho atraviesa Alemania matando judíos.";

"Conquest of Zaragoza" = "Conquista de Zaragoza";
"Alfonso I of Aragon conquers the Muslim city of Zaragoza." = "Alfonso I de Aragón conquista la ciudad musulmana de Zaragoza.";

"Council of Soissons" = "Concilio de Soissons";
"Council of western bishops which condemned some of Peter Abelard’s teachings." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales que condenó algunas de las enseñanzas de Pedro Abelard.";

"Concordat of Worms" = "Concordato de Worms";
"An agreement between Pope Callistus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V which ended the Investiture Controversy." = "Un acuerdo entre el papa Calixto II y el emperador del Sacro Imperio romano Enrique V que puso fin a la controversia de la investidura.";

"Eleanor Marries Louis VII" = "Leonor se casa con Luis VII";
"Eleanor of Aquitaine is married to Louis VI to become queen of France." = "Leonor de Aquitania se casa con Luis VI para convertirse en reina de Francia.";

"Kingdom of Portugal Established" = "Fundación del Reino de Portugal";
"After a victory over Almoravid Muslims, the count of Portugal is proclaimed king Alfonso I by his troops." = "Después de una victoria sobre los musulmanes almorávides, el conde de Portugal es proclamado rey Alfonso I por sus tropas.";

"Council of Sens" = "Concilio de Sens";

"Conquest of Lisbon" = "Conquista de Lisboa";
"With the help of English forces diverted from the Second Crusade, the Portuguese capture Lisbon from the Almoravid Muslims." = "Con la ayuda de las fuerzas inglesas desviadas de la Segunda Cruzada, los portugueses capturan Lisboa de los musulmanes almorávides.";

"Royal Couple on Second Crusade" = "Pareja real en la segunda cruzada";
"Louis VII and Eleanor campaign on the Second Crusade, which ends in military and marital failure." = "Campaña de Louis VII y Eleanor en la Segunda Cruzada, que termina en un fracaso militar y matrimonial.";

"Eleanor Marries Henry of Anjou" = "Leonor se casa con Enrique de Anjou";
"Upon the annulment of her marriage to Louis VI, Eleanor marries Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of Anjou." = "Tras la anulación de su matrimonio con Luis VI, Eleanor se casa con Enrique Plantagenet, duque de Anjou.";

"Jews Expelled from France" = "Judios expulsados de Francia";
"Philip II of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property." = "Felipe II de Francia expulsa a los judíos y confisca sus propiedades.";

"Jews Return to France" = "Los judíos regresan a Francia";
"Philip II invites Jews to return to France as a source of tax revenue." = "Felipe II invita a los judíos a regresar a Francia como fuente de ingresos fiscales.";

"Albigensian Crusade" = "Cruzada albigense";
"Cathar Crusade" = "Cruzada cátara";
"Crusade against the Cathars in southern France called by Pope Innocent III." = "Cruzada contra los cátaros en el sur de Francia convocada por el papa Inocencio III";

"Battle of Navas de Tolosa" = "Batalla de Navas de Tolosa";
"Decisive battle in which a united Christian army defeated the Almohad Muslims." = "Batalla decisiva en la que un ejército cristiano unido derrotó a los musulmanes almohades.";

"Battle of Bouvines" = "Batalla de Bouvines";
"Philip II of France defeats a coalition of German, English, and Flemish forces." = "Felipe II de Francia derrota a una coalición de fuerzas alemanas, inglesas y flamencas.";

"Conquest of Balearic Islands" = "Conquista de las Islas Baleares";
"James I of Aragon conquers the islands of Majorca, Menorca, and Ibiza." = "Jaime I de Aragón conquista las islas de Mallorca, Menorca e Ibiza.";

"Conquest of Cordoba" = "Conquista de Córdoba";
"Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the former Muslim capital of Cordoba." = "Fernando III de Castilla conquista la antigua capital musulmana de Córdoba.";

"Conquest of Valencia" = "Conquista de Valencia";
"James I of Aragon conquers the Islamic city of Valencia." = "Jaime I de Aragón conquista la ciudad islámica de Valencia.";

"Disputation of Paris" = "Disputa de París";
"Disputation in which Jewish rabbis defended the Talmud against charges of blasphemy. In the aftermath, Jewish books were burned and anti-Semitism grew." = "Disputa en la que los rabinos judíos defendieron el Talmud contra los cargos de blasfemia. Como consecuencia, se quemaron libros judíos y creció el antisemitismo.";

"Zohar Published" = "Publicación del Zohar";
"Moses de Leon publishes the Zohar, a foundational work of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah)." = "Moisés de León publica el Zohar, una obra fundamental del misticismo judío (Cábala)";

"Battle of Taillebourg" = "Batalla de Taillebourg";
"Louis IX of France defeats Henry III of England." = "Luis IX de Francia derrota a Enrique III de Inglaterra.";

"Talmudic Manuscripts Burned" = "Quema de manuscritos talmúdicos";
"In the aftermath of the Paris Disputation, thousands of Talmudic manuscripts are burned in Paris." = "A raíz de la disputa de París, miles de manuscritos talmúdicos se queman en París.";

"1st Council of Lyon" = "Concilio de Lyon I";
"Council confirming the excommunication of Emperor Frederick II." = "Concilio que confirma la excomunión del emperador Federico II";

"Conquest of Seville" = "Conquista de Sevilla";
"Ferdinand III of Castile conquers the Muslim city of Seville." = "Fernando III de Castilla conquista la ciudad musulmana de Sevilla.";

"Disputation of Barcelona" = "Disputa de Barcelona";
"Debate between Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a Jewish Christian convert." = "Debate entre Nahmanides y Pablo Christiani, un converso cristiano judío.";

"2nd Council of Lyon" = "Concilio de Lyon II";
"Council which attempted to reunite the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches." = "Concilio que intentó reunir a las iglesias católica romana y ortodoxa oriental.";

"Jews Expelled from England" = "Judios expulsados de Inglaterra";
"Edward I of England issues an edict expelling Jews from England." = "Eduardo I de Inglaterra emite un edicto expulsando judíos de Inglaterra.";

"Philip IV of France expels the Jews and confiscates their property." = "Felipe IV de Francia expulsa a los judíos y confisca sus propiedades.";

"Suppression of the Templars" = "Supresión de los templarios";
"Philip IV of France arrests many of the Knights Templar. Clement V eventually disbands the order." = "Felipe IV de Francia arresta a muchos de los Caballeros Templarios. Clemente V finalmente disuelve la orden.";

"Avignon Papacy" = "Papado de Aviñón";
"Babylonian Captivity of the Pap" = "Cautiverio babilónico del Papado";
"Seven popes and three antipopes reign from the papal court at Avignon." = "Siete papas y tres antipapas reinan desde la corte papal en Aviñón.";

"Council of Vienne" = "Concilio de Vienne";
"Council which withdrew support for the Knights Templar." = "Concilio que retiró el apoyo a los Caballeros Templarios.";

"Tour de Nesle affair" = "Escándalo de la torre de Nesle";
"Scandal involving the daughters-in-law of Philip IV which led to a succession crisis and war with England." = "Escándalo que involucra a las nueras de Felipe IV que llevó a una crisis de sucesión y una guerra con Inglaterra.";

"Due to popular pressure, Louis X invites Jews to return to France." = "Debido a la presión popular, Luis X invita a los judíos a regresar a Francia.";

"Hundred Years’ War" = "Guerra de los Cien Años";
"A series of conflicts between the kings of England and France." = "Una serie de conflictos entre los reyes de Inglaterra y Francia.";

"Declaration of Rhense" = "Declaración de Rhens";
"The prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare that the election of an emperor did not require papal approval." = "Los príncipes electores del Sacro Imperio romano declaran que la elección de un emperador no requería la aprobación papal.";

"Conquest of Algeciras" = "Conquista de Algeciras";
"Forces of Castille, Aragon, and Genoa conquer the Islamic port city of Algeciras." = "Las fuerzas de Castilla, Aragón y Génova conquistan la ciudad portuaria islámica de Algeciras.";

"Battle of Crécy" = "Batalla de Crécy";
"Early victory for England in the Hundred Years’ War which demonstrated the effectiveness of the English longbow." = "Victoria temprana para Inglaterra en la Guerra de los Cien Años que demostró la efectividad del arco largo inglés.";

"Pope Condemns Jewish Persecutio" = "El Papa condena la persecución judía";
"Pope Clement VI condemns the blaming and persecution of Jews for the Black Death." = "El papa Clemente VI condena la culpa y la persecución de los judíos por la Peste Negra.";

"Jews Massacred in Strasbourg" = "Judíos masacrados en Estrasburgo";
"Blamed for the Black Death, Jews in Strasbourg are burned at the stake." = "Culpados por la Peste Negra, los judíos en Estrasburgo son quemados en la hoguera.";

"English victory in the Hundred Years’ War in which John II of France was captured." = "Victoria inglesa en la Guerra de los Cien Años en la que fue capturado Juan II de Francia.";

"Golden Bull of 1356" = "Toro de Oro de 1356";
"Imperial Diet codifies the process by which an emperor is elected." = "La Dieta Imperial codifica el proceso por el cual un emperador es elegido.";

"Charles VI of France expels the Jews for usury and releases Christians from their debts to Jewish lenders." = "Carlos VI de Francia expulsa a los judíos por usura y libera a los cristianos de sus deudas con los prestamistas judíos.";

"Council of Constance" = "Concilio de Constanza";
"Council which ended the Western Schism and condemned Jan Hus as a heretic." = "Concilio que puso fin al cisma occidental y condenó a Jan Hus como un hereje.";

"Oldcastle Revolt" = "Revuelta de Oldcastle";
"Lollard revolt against the Catholic church and king Henry V crushed by royalist forces." = "La rebelión de los lolardos contra la iglesia católica y el rey Enrique V aplastado por las fuerzas realistas.";

"Battle of Agincourt" = "Batalla de Agincourt";
"Battle in which Henry V of England defeated a larger French force." = "Batalla en la que Enrique V de Inglaterra derrotó a una fuerza francesa más grande.";

"Treaty of Troyes" = "Tratado de Troyes";
"Treaty between Charles VI of France and Henry V of England naming Henry the successor to the French throne." = "Tratado entre Carlos VI de Francia y Enrique V de Inglaterra nombrando a Enrique sucesor del trono francés.";

"Wars of the Roses" = "Guerras de las rosas";
"Civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne." = "Guerra civil entre las casas de Lancaster y York por el trono inglés.";

"Spanish Inquisition" = "Inquisición española";
"A tribunal for enforcing Catholic orthodoxy in Spain, especially among Jews and Muslims who converted to avoid persecution." = "Un tribunal para hacer cumplir la ortodoxia católica en España, especialmente entre judíos y musulmanes que se convirtieron para evitar la persecución.";

"Conquest of Granada" = "Conquista de Granada";
"Isabella and Ferdinand conquer the emirate of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain." = "Isabel y Fernando conquistan el emirato de Granada, el último bastión musulmán en España.";

"Battle of Bosworth Field" = "Batalla del campo Bosworth";
"Decisive battle in the War of the Roses in which Richard III was killed." = "Batalla decisiva en la Guerra de las Rosas en la que murió Ricardo III";

"Isabella Sponsors Columbus" = "Isabel patrocina a Colón";
"Queen Isabella II agrees to fund the first transatlantic voyage of Columbus." = "La reina Isabel II acepta financiar el primer viaje transatlántico de Colón.";

"Jews Expelled from Spain" = "Judios expulsados de España";
"Isabella and Ferdinand issue an edict expelling Jews from Spain." = "Isabella y Fernando emiten un edicto expulsando judíos de España.";

"Leipzig Disputation" = "Disputa de Leipzig";
"Debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther which clarified Luther’s position on church authority." = "Debate entre Johann Eck y Martin Luther que aclaró la posición de Luther sobre la autoridad de la iglesia.";

"Zwingli Begins Lectio Continua" = "Zwinglio comienza Lectio Continua";
"Zwingli begins his ministry at Zurich by abandoning the liturgical calendar and preaching through the Bible book by book (lectio continua)." = "Zwinglio comienza su ministerio en Zurich abandonando el calendario litúrgico y predicando a través de la Biblia libro por libro (lectio continuo)";

"Luther Excommunicated" = "Lutero excomulgado";
"Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther for heresy." = "El papa León X excomulga a Martín Lutero por herejía.";

"Diet of Worms" = "Dieta de Worms";
"Imperial diet at which Martin Luther refused to recant his Protestant teachings." = "Dieta imperial en la que Martín Lutero se negó a retractarse de sus enseñanzas protestantes.";

"Luther at Wartburg" = "Lutero en Wartburg";
"Luther is in hiding at Wartburg Castle, where he translates the New Testament into German." = "Lutero se esconde en el castillo de Wartburg, donde traduce el Nuevo Testamento al alemán.";

"Zurich Disputations" = "Disputas de Zúrich";
"Zwingli presents his Protestant teachings before the Zurich city council. Zurich becomes Protestant." = "Zwinglio presenta sus enseñanzas protestantes ante el ayuntamiento de Zúrich. Zúrich se convierte en protestante.";

"German Peasants’ Revolt" = "Revuelta de campesinos alemanes";
"A widespread revolt of German peasants condemned by Luther." = "Una revuelta generalizada de campesinos alemanes condenados por Lutero.";

"Diet of Odense" = "Dieta de Odense";
"Meeting of Catholics and Lutherans at which the king of Denmark issued a policy of religious toleration." = "Reunión de católicos y luteranos en la que el rey de Dinamarca emitió una política de tolerancia religiosa.";

"Marburg Colloquy" = "Coloquio de Marburgo";
"Meeting between Luther, Zwingli, and other Protestant leaders which failed to unify the German and Swiss Reformations." = "Reunión entre Lutero, Zwinglio y otros líderes protestantes que no lograron unificar las Reformas alemana y suiza.";

"Siege of Vienna" = "Asedio de Viena";
"The forces of Suleiman I besiege Vienna but are turned back." = "Las fuerzas de Solimán sitian Viena, pero se vuelven atrás.";

"Battle of Kappel" = "Batalla de Kappel";
"Zwingli is killed in battle defending Zurich from a Swiss Catholic army." = "Zwinglio es asesinado en la batalla defendiendo Zurich de un ejército católico suizo.";

"Affair of the Placards" = "Asunto de los carteles";
"Signs containing Protestant messages appear throughout Paris, including on the bedchamber door of Francis I." = "Aparecen carteles que contienen mensajes protestantes en todo París, incluso en la puerta del dormitorio de Francisco I.";

"First Act of Supremacy" = "Primer acto de supremacía";
"Act of Parliament establishing Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England instead of the pope." = "Ley del Parlamento que establece a Enrique VIII como el jefe supremo de la Iglesia de Inglaterra en lugar del Papa.";

"Calvin Stays in Geneva" = "Calvino se queda en Ginebra";
"At the urging of Farel, Calvin stays in Geneva to work for Reformation." = "A instancias de Farel, Calvin se queda en Ginebra para trabajar por la Reforma.";

"Dissolution of Monasteries" = "Disolución de monasterios";
"Henry VIII of England dissolves English monasteries and appropriates their wealth." = "Enrique VIII de Inglaterra disuelve los monasterios ingleses y se apropia de su riqueza.";

"Calvin & Farel Expelled" = "Calvino y Farel expulsados";
"Genevan city council expels Calvin and Farel." = "El ayuntamiento de Ginebra expulsa a Calvino y Farel.";

"Second Act of Supremacy" = "Segundo acto de supremacía";
"Act of Parliament establishing the English monarch as the supreme governor of the Church of England." = "Ley del Parlamento que establece al monarca inglés como el gobernador supremo de la Iglesia de Inglaterra.";

"Calvin Returns to Geneva" = "Calvino regresa a Ginebra";
"Calvin reluctantly returns to Geneva, and begins preaching where he left off." = "Calvino regresa de mala gana a Ginebra y comienza a predicar donde lo dejó.";

"Servetus Executed in Geneva" = "Servet ejecutado en Ginebra";
"Denounced by Calvin, Servetus is tried and executed for heresy by the city council of Geneva." = "Denunciado por Calvino, el ayuntamiento de Ginebra juzga y ejecuta a Servet por herejía.";

"Peace of Augsburg" = "Paz de Augsburgo";
"Treaty between Charles V and German Lutheran princes which allowed local rulers to choose whether their domains would be Lutheran or Catholic." = "Tratado entre Carlos V y los príncipes luteranos alemanes que permitió a los gobernantes locales elegir si sus dominios serían luteranos o católicos.";

"Genevan Academy Established" = "Fundación de la Academia de Ginebra";
"Calvin establishes an academy for theological education which eventually becomes the University of Geneva." = "Calvino establece una academia de educación teológica que eventualmente se convierte en la Universidad de Ginebra.";

"Colloquy of Poissy" = "Coloquio de Poissy";
"Conference called by Catherine de Medici which failed to reconcile French Catholics and Protestants." = "Conferencia convocada por Catherine de Medici que no logró reconciliar a los católicos y protestantes franceses.";

"Naumburg Convention" = "Convención de Naumburg";
"Meeting of German Protestants which reaffirmed the Augsburg Confession and motivated development of the Book of Concord." = "Reunión de protestantes alemanes que reafirmó la Confesión de Augsburgo y motivó el desarrollo del Libro de la Concordia.";

"French Wars of Religion" = "Guerras francesas de religión";
"A series of bloody wars between French Catholics and Protestants." = "Una serie de guerras sangrientas entre católicos franceses y protestantes.";

"Massacre of Wassy" = "Masacre de Wassy";
"Massacre of Vassy" = "Masacre de Vassy";
"The Catholic Duke of Guise kills anarmed Huguenot worshipers at Wassy, sparking a series of religious wars." = "El duque católico de Guisa mata a adoradores hugonotes desarmados en Wassy, provocando una serie de guerras religiosas.";

"Eighty Years’ War" = "Guerra de los ochenta años";
"Dutch War of Independence" = "Guerra de independencia holandesa";
"A series of conflicts in which Dutch provinces revolted against Spanish Habsburg rule." = "Una serie de conflictos en los que las provincias holandesas se rebelaron contra el dominio de los Habsburgo españoles.";

"St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre" = "Masacre del día de San Bartolomé";
"The targeted killing of key Protestant leaders sparks waves of mob violence against Protestants." = "El asesinato selectivo de líderes protestantes clave provoca olas de violencia popular contra los protestantes.";

"Spanish Armada Defeated" = "Derrota de la Armada española";
"English ships and storms defeat a powerful Spanish naval force sent to invade England." = "Los barcos y las tormentas inglesas derrotan a una poderosa fuerza naval española enviada para invadir Inglaterra.";

"Edict of Nantes" = "Edicto de Nantes";
"Edict granting religious toleration and civil rights to French Huguenots." = "Edicto que otorga tolerancia religiosa y derechos civiles a los hugonotes franceses.";

"Gunpowder Plot" = "Conspiración de la Pólvora";
"Failed attempt by English Catholic conspirators to assassinate James I by explosive." = "Intento fallido de los conspiradores católicos ingleses de asesinar a James I con explosivos.";

"Synod of Dort" = "Sínodo de Dort";
"Synod of Dordrecht" = "Sínodo de Dordrecht";
"Synod of Dutch Reformed Churches which clarified Calvinist doctrines in response to the five points of Remonstrance, giving rise to the five points of Calvinism." = "Sínodo de las iglesias reformadas holandesas que aclararon las doctrinas calvinistas en respuesta a los cinco puntos de la protesta, dando lugar a los cinco puntos del calvinismo.";

"Thirty Years’ War" = "Guerra de los treinta años";
"A devastating religious war between Catholics and Protestants in central Europe which eventually involved most major European powers." = "Una devastadora guerra religiosa entre católicos y protestantes en Europa central que finalmente involucró a las principales potencias europeas.";

"English Civil Wars" = "Guerras civiles inglesas";
"A series of conflicts between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces which resulted in the execution of Charles I and the exile of Charles II." = "Una serie de conflictos entre las fuerzas realistas y parlamentarias que dieron como resultado la ejecución de Carlos I y el exilio de Carlos II.";

"Peace of Westphalia" = "Paz de Westfalia";
"A series of peace treaties which ended the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War." = "Una serie de tratados de paz que pusieron fin a la Guerra de los Treinta Años y la Guerra de los Ochenta Años.";

"Commonwealth of England" = "Mancomunidad de Inglaterra";
"English is briefly ruled as a republic." = "Inglaterra se gobierna brevemente como una república.";

"Jews Return to England" = "Los judíos regresan a Inglaterra";
"Under Oliver Cromwell, Jews are informally permitted to return to England and practice their religion openly." = "Bajo Oliver Cromwell, a los judíos se les permite informalmente regresar a Inglaterra y practicar su religión abiertamente.";

"Great Plague of London" = "Gran plaga de Londres";
"Last major outbreak of bubonic plague in England." = "Último brote importante de peste bubónica en Inglaterra.";

"Great Fire of London" = "Gran incendio de Londres";
"A devastating fire starts in a bakery and consumes most of London." = "Un incendio devastador comienza en una panadería y consume la mayor parte de Londres.";

"Edict of Fontainebleau" = "Edicto de Fontainebleau";
"Edict of Louis XIV which revoked the Edict of Nantes and ordered the closing of Protestant churches." = "Edicto de Luis XIV que revocó el Edicto de Nantes y ordenó el cierre de las iglesias protestantes.";

"Glorious Revolution" = "Revolución gloriosa";
"Protestants William & Mary overthrow the Catholic James II in a relatively bloodless coup." = "Los protestantes William y Mary derrocan al católico James II en un golpe relativamente desangrado.";

"War of Spanish Succession" = "Guerra de Sucesión Española";
"War for the Spanish throne between the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs." = "Guerra por el trono español entre los borbones franceses y los Habsburgo austriacos.";

"French Revolution" = "Revolución Francesa";
"French revolutionary forces overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic which becomes increasingly repressive." = "Las fuerzas revolucionarias francesas derrocan a la monarquía y establecen una república que se vuelve cada vez más represiva.";

"War of Spanish Independence" = "Guerra de la independencia española";
"Peninsular War" = "Guerra Peninsular";
"Unwilling to accept Napoleonic rule, the Spanish fight a guerrilla war for independence." = "No dispuestos a aceptar el gobierno napoleónico, los españoles luchan en una guerra de guerrillas por la independencia.";

"World War I" = "Primera Guerra Mundial";
"Great War" = "Gran Guerra";
"Global war resulting from a series of entangling alliances." = "Guerra global resultante de una serie de alianzas entrelazadas.";

"World War II" = "Segunda Guerra Mundial";
"Global war fought between the Allied Forces and the Axis Powers." = "La guerra mundial luchó entre las Fuerzas Aliadas y los Poderes del Eje.";

"Holocaust" = "Holocausto";
"Shoah" = "Shoá";
"Extended campaign of Jewish genocide conducted throughout Nazi-occupied Europe." = "Campaña extendida de genocidio judío llevada a cabo en toda la Europa ocupada por los nazis.";



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Political */

"Celtic Tribes" = "Tribus celtas";
"Celtic tribes gradually become the dominant population of the British Isles." = "Las tribus celtas se convierten gradualmente en la población dominante de las Islas Británicas.";

"Celtic tribes comprise the dominant population of pre-Roman Gaul (France)." = "Las tribus celtas comprenden la población dominante de la Galia prerromana (Francia)";

"Iberian & Celtic Tribes" = "Tribus ibéricas y celtas";
"Iberian, Celtic and other tribes inhabit various portions of the Iberian peninsula." = "Las tribus ibéricas, celtas y otras habitan en diversas partes de la península ibérica.";

"Germanic Tribes" = "Tribus germánicas";
"Germany inhabited by various tribal groups." = "Alemania habitada por varios grupos tribales.";

"Roman Empire (Gaul)" = "Imperio romano (Galia)";
"Gaul (France) under the control of the Roman Empire." = "Galia (Francia) bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Roman Empire (Spain)" = "Imperio romano (España)";
"Spain under the control of the Roman Empire." = "España bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Roman Empire (Britain)" = "Imperio romano (Gran Bretaña)";
"Southern Britain under the control of the Roman Empire." = "El sur de Gran Bretaña bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Anglo-Saxon Migrations" = "Migraciones anglosajonas";
"Germanic Angles and Saxons begin mass migrations to Britain." = "Los anglos y sajones germánicos comienzan migraciones masivas a Gran Bretaña.";

"Merovingian Dynasty" = "Dinastía merovingia";
"Kingdom of the Franks ruled by the Merovingian dynasty." = "Reino de los francos gobernado por la dinastía merovingia.";

"Visigoth Kingdom (Spain)" = "Reino visigodo (España)";
"Spain under the control of the Visigoths." = "España bajo el control de los visigodos.";

"Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms" = "Reinos anglosajones";
"Anglo-Saxons form a series of small kingdoms in England." = "Los anglosajones forman una serie de pequeños reinos en Inglaterra.";

"Muslim Rule & Reconquista" = "Dominación musulmana y Reconquista";
"Muslims dominate much of Spain for centuries before Christian reconquest is achieved." = "Los musulmanes dominan gran parte de España durante siglos antes de que se logre la reconquista cristiana.";

"Carolingian Empire" = "Imperio carolingio";
"Carolingian Franks control much of western Europe." = "Los francos carolingios controlan gran parte de Europa occidental.";

"Carolingian Empire (Germany)" = "Imperio carolingio (Alemania)";
"Germany under the control of the Carolingian Franks." = "Alemania bajo el control de los francos carolingios.";

"Kingdom of England" = "Reino de Inglaterra";
"England becomes a unified kingdom." = "Inglaterra se convierte en un reino unificado.";

"East Francia" = "Este de Francia";
"After the division of the Carolingian Empire, Germany becomes part of East Francia." = "Después de la división del Imperio carolingio, Alemania se convierte en parte del este de Francia.";

"West Francia" = "Oeste de Francia";
"After the division of the Carolingian Empire, France becomes part of West Francia." = "Después de la división del Imperio carolingio, Francia se convierte en parte del oeste de Francia.";

"Holy Roman Empire (Germany)" = "Sacro Imperio romano (Alemania)";
"A feudal monarchy centered in Germany controls much of central Europe." = "Una monarquía feudal centrada en Alemania controla gran parte de Europa central.";

"Kingdom of France" = "Reino de Francia";
"France continues as a feudal monarchy." = "Francia continúa como una monarquía feudal.";

"Habsburg Spain" = "España de los austrias";
"A united kingdom of Spain is ruled by the Habsburg dynasty." = "Un reino unido de España está gobernado por la dinastía de los austrias.";

"Bourbon Spain" = "España borbónica";
"Spain is ruled by the Bourbon dynasty." = "España está gobernada por la dinastía de los borbones.";

"Great Britain" = "Gran Bretaña";
"The kingdoms of England and Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain." = "Los reinos de Inglaterra y Escocia se unen para formar el Reino de Gran Bretaña.";

"Modern France" = "Francia moderna";
"The modern nation of France after the French Revolution." = "La nación moderna de Francia después de la Revolución Francesa.";

"United Kingdom" = "Reino Unido";
"Ireland joins Great Britain to form the United Kingdom. The Irish Free State later secedes." = "Irlanda se une a Gran Bretaña para formar el Reino Unido. El Estado Libre de Irlanda más tarde se separa.";

"Modern Spain" = "España moderna";
"Modern Spain from the War of Spanish Independence to the present day." = "La España moderna desde la Guerra de la Independencia española hasta nuestros días.";

"German Confederation" = "Confederación Alemana";
"A confederation of German states established by the Congress of Vienna." = "Una confederación de estados alemanes establecida por el Congreso de Viena.";

"Modern Germany" = "Alemania moderna";
"Germany remains a unified nation state from the creation of the German Empire to the present day." = "Alemania sigue siendo un estado nación unificado desde la creación del Imperio alemán hasta nuestros días.";



/* WESTERN EUROPE - Religious Leaders */

"Augustine of Canterbury" = "Agustín de Canterbury";
"First archbishop of Canterbury, sent as a missionary to England by Pope Gregory I." = "Primer arzobispo de Canterbury, enviado como misionero a Inglaterra por el papa Gregorio I.";

"Laurence" = "Laurence";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who reconverted King Eadbald of Kent from paganism." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que reconvirtió al rey Eadbald de Kent del paganismo.";

"Mellitus" = "Melito";
"Archbishop of Canterbury. Previously bishop of London." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury. Anteriormente obispo de Londres.";

"Justus" = "Justo";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Paulinus as missionary to Northumbria." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que envió a Paulino como misionero a Northumbria.";

"Archbishop of Canterbury who was the last of the missionaries sent by Pope Gregory I." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury, que fue el último de los misioneros enviados por el papa Gregorio I.";

"First Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury." = "Primer arzobispo anglosajón de Canterbury.";

"Theodore of Tarsus" = "Teodoro de Tarso";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who reformed the English church and founded a school at Canterbury." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que reformó la iglesia inglesa y fundó una escuela en Canterbury.";

"Berhtuald" = "Berhtuald";
"Behrtwald" = "Behrtwald";
"Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury who secured the church’s exemption from taxation." = "Arzobispo anglosajón de Canterbury que aseguró la exención de impuestos de la iglesia.";

"Taetwine" = "Taetwine";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who produced a book of riddles and a Latin grammar." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que produjo un libro de acertijos y una gramática latina.";

"Nothelm" = "Nothelm";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who corresponded with the Venerable Bede." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que correspondió con el Venerable Bede.";

"Archbishop of Canterbury who sent Anglo-Saxon missionaries abroad." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que envió misioneros anglosajones al extranjero.";

"Bregowine" = "Bregowine";
"Archbishop of Canterbury." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury.";

"Jaenberht" = "Jaenberht";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the king of Mercia." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que se enfrentó con el rey de Mercia.";

"Aethelheard" = "Aethelheard";

"Wulfred" = "Wulfred";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who clashed with the kings of Mercia over control of monasteries." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que se enfrentó con los reyes de Mercia por el control de los monasterios.";

"Feologild" = "Feologild";

"Ceolnoth" = "Ceolnoth";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who dealt with Viking raids and the rising power of Wessex." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que se ocupó de las incursiones vikingas y el creciente poder de Wessex.";

"Aethelred" = "Aethelred";
"Archbishop of Canterbury" = "Arzobispo de Canterbury.";

"Plegemund" = "Plegemund";

"Aethelm" = "Aethelm";

"Wulfelm" = "Wulfelm";

"Odo" = "Odón";

"Aelsine" = "Aelsine";

"Dunstan" = "Dunstan";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who helped revive monastic life in England. Famous for legends in which he outwitted the devil." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que ayudó a revivir la vida monástica en Inglaterra. Famoso por las leyendas en las que burló al demonio.";

"Aethelgar" = "Aethelgar";

"Sigeric" = "Sigeric";

"Aefric" = "Aefric";

"Alphege" = "Alphege";

"Lyfing" = "Lyfing";

"Aethelnoth" = "Aethelnoth";

"Eadsige" = "Eadsige";

"Robert of Jumièges" = "Roberto de Jumièges";

"Stigand" = "Stigand";

"Italian monk in Normandy who became Archbishop of Canterbury after the Norman invasion." = "Monje italiano en Normandía que se convirtió en Arzobispo de Canterbury después de la invasión normanda.";

"Anselm" = "Anselmo";

"Ralph de Turbine" = "Ralph de Turbine";

"William de Corbeuil" = "William de Corbeuil";

"Theobald" = "Theobald";

"Thomas Becket" = "Thomas Becket";
"Thomas à Becket" = "Thomas à Becket";
"Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by agents of Henry II." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury asesinado por agentes de Enrique II";

"Richard" = "Ricardo";

"Baldwin" = "Baldwin";

"Reginald Fitz-Jocelin" = "Reginald Fitz-Jocelin";

"Hubert Walter" = "Hubert Walter";

"Stephen Langton" = "Stephen Langton";

"Richard Wethershed" = "Richard Wethershed";

"Edmund Rich (de Abbendon)" = "Edmund Rich (de Abbendon)";

"Boniface of Savoy" = "Bonifacio de Saboya";

"Robert Kilwardby" = "Robert Kilwardby";

"John Peckham" = "John Peckham";

"Robert Winchelsea" = "Robert Winchelsea";

"Clement V" = "Clemente V";
"Pope who moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon and disbanded the Knights Templar." = "Papa que trasladó al papado de Roma a Aviñón y disolvió a los Caballeros Templarios.";

"Walter Reynolds" = "Walter Reynolds";

"John XXII" = "Juan XXII";
"Pope in Avignon who opposed Franciscan teaching on Christ’s poverty." = "Papa en Aviñón que se opuso a la enseñanza franciscana sobre la pobreza de Cristo.";

"Simon de Meopham" = "Simon de Meopham";

"John Stratford" = "John Stratford";

"Benedict XII" = "Benedicto XII";
"Pope in Avignon who attempted monastic reforms." = "Papa en Aviñón que intentó reformas monásticas.";

"Clement VI" = "Clemente VI";
"Pope in Avignon during the first outbreak of the Black Death." = "Papa en Aviñón durante el primer brote de la Peste Negra.";

"John de Ufford" = "John de Ufford";

"Simon Islip" = "Simon Islip";

"Thomas Bradwardin" = "Thomas Bradwardin";

"Innocent VI" = "Inocente VI";
"Pope in Avignon." = "Papa en Aviñón.";

"Urban V" = "Urbano V";
"Pope in Avignon who instituted clerical reforms and promoted education." = "Papa en Aviñón que instituyó reformas clericales y promovió la educación.";

"Simon Langham" = "Simon Langham";

"William Wittlesey" = "William Wittlesey";

"Gregory XI" = "Gregorio XI";
"Pope in Avignon who moved the papacy back to Rome." = "Papa en Aviñón que trasladó al papado de regreso a Roma.";

"Simon Sudbury" = "Simon Sudbury";

"Robert of Geneva" = "Roberto de Ginebra";
"Clement VII" = "Clemente VII";
"Antipope in Avignon elected in opposition to Urban VI." = "Antipapa en Aviñón elegido en oposición a Urbano VI";

"William Courtenay" = "William Courtenay";

"Pedro de Luna" = "Pedro de Luna";
"Benedict XIII" = "Benedicto XIII";
"Second antipope in Avignon during the Western Schism, deposed at the Council of Constance." = "Segundo antipapa en Aviñón durante el cisma occidental, depuesto en el Concilio de Constanza.";

"Thomas Arundel" = "Thomas Arundel";
"Archbishop of Canterbury who helped depose Richard II and who vehemently opposed the Lollards." = "Arzobispo de Canterbury que ayudó a deponer a Ricardo II y que se opuso vehementemente a los lolardos.";

"Henry Chicheley" = "Henry Chicheley";

"Gil Sanchez Muñoz" = "Gil Sánchez Muñoz";
"Clement VIII" = "Clemente VIII";
"Antipope of the Avignon line who resigned in submission to Pope Martin V." = "Antipapa de la línea de Aviñón que renunció en sumisión al papa Martín V.";

"Amadeus of Savoy" = "Amadeo de Saboya";
"Felix V" = "Félix V";
"Antipope elected by the council of Basil in opposition to Eugene IV." = "Antipapa elegido por el consejo de Basilio en oposición a Eugenio IV";

"John Stafford" = "John Stafford";

"John Kemp" = "John Kemp";

"Thomas Bourchier" = "Thomas Bourchier";

"John Morton" = "John Morton";

"Henry Deane" = "Henry Deane";

"William Warham" = "William Warham";

"Thomas Cranmer" = "Thomas Cranmer";

"Reginald Pole" = "Reginald Pole";

"Matthew Parker" = "Matthew Parker";

"Edmund Grindal" = "Edmund Grindal";

"John Whitgift" = "John Whitgift";

"Richard Bancroft" = "Richard Bancroft";

"George Abbot" = "George Abbot";

"William Laud" = "William Laud";

"William Juxon" = "William Juxon";

"Gilbert Sheldon" = "Gilbert Sheldon";

"William Sancroft" = "William Sancroft";

"John Tillotson" = "John Tillotson";

"Thomas Tenison" = "Thomas Tenison";

"William Wake" = "William Wake";

"John Potter" = "John Potter";

"Thomas Herring" = "Thomas Herring";

"Matthew Hutton" = "Matthew Hutton";

"Thomas Ecker" = "Thomas Ecker";

"Frederick Cornwallis" = "Frederick Cornwallis";

"John Moore" = "John Moore";

"Charles Manners-Sutton" = "Charles Manners-Sutton";

"William Howley" = "William Howley";

"John Bird Sumner" = "John Bird Sumner";

"Charles Thomas Longley" = "Charles Thomas Longley";

"Archibald Campbell Tait" = "Archibald Campbell Tait";

"Edward White Benson" = "Edward White Benson";

"Frederick Temple" = "Frederick Temple";

"Randall Davidson" = "Randall Davidson";

"Cosmo Gordon Lang" = "Cosmo Gordon Lang";

"William Temple" = "William Temple";

"Geoffrey Francis Fisher" = "Geoffrey Francis Fisher";

"Arthur Michael Ramsey" = "Arthur Michael Ramsey";

"Frederick Donald Coggan" = "Frederick Donald Coggan";

"Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie" = "Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie";

"George Leonard Carey" = "George Leonard Carey";

"Rowan Douglas Williams" = "Rowan Douglas Williams";

"Justin Welby" = "Justin Welby";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* EASTERN EUROPE */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* EASTERN EUROPE - Rulers */

"Attila the Hun" = "Atila el huno";
"Ruthless leader of the Huns nicknamed the “Scourge of God.”" = "Despiadado líder de los hunos apodado el “Azote de Dios”.";

"Krum" = "Krum";
"Bulgarian chieftain who defeated the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I and used his skull as a drinking cup." = "Cacique búlgaro que derrotó al emperador bizantino Nikephoros I y usó su cráneo como un vaso para beber.";

"Simeon I" = "Simeón I";
"Bulgarian ruler who expanded the Bulgarian empire to its greatest extent " = "Gobernante búlgaro que expandió el Imperio búlgaro en su mayor medida.";

"Olga of Kiev" = "Olga de Kiev";
"Regent of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity to become the first Christian ruler of Russia." = "Regente de los Rus de Kiev que se convirtió al cristianismo para convertirse en el primer gobernante cristiano de Rusia.";

"Mieszko I" = "Mieszko I";
"Founder of the Piast dynasty of Polish kings." = "Fundador de la dinastía Piast de los reyes polacos.";

"Vladimir of Kiev" = "Vladimir de Kiev";
"Prince of Kievan Rus who converted to Christianity and Christianized Russia." = "Príncipe de los Rus de Kiev que se convirtió al cristianismo y cristianizó a Rusia.";

"Casimir III the Great" = "Casimiro III el Grande";
"King of Poland who expanded his kingdom and protected Jews from persecution." = "Rey de Polonia que expandió su reino y protegió a los judíos de la persecución.";

"Ivan the Great" = "Iván el Grande";
"Ivan III" = "Ivan III";
"Grand Prince of Moscow who aggressively expanded the Russian state and threw off the Mongol yoke." = "Gran Príncipe de Moscú que expandió agresivamente el estado ruso y arrojó el yugo mongol.";

"Ivan the Terrible" = "Ivan el Terrible";
"Ivan IV" = "Iván IV";
"Ruthless Grand Prince of Moscow who centralized power and declared himself Russian Czar." = "Gran Príncipe despiadado de Moscú que centralizó el poder y se declaró zar ruso.";

"Michael I" = "Michael I";
"First czar of the Romanov dynasty." = "First czar of the Romanov dynasty.";

"Peter the Great" = "Peter el Grande";
"Peter I" = "Peter I";
"First emperor of Russia who expanded its territory and introduced modernizing reforms." = "Primer emperador de Rusia que expandió su territorio e introdujo reformas modernizadoras.";

"Catherine the Great" = "Catalina la Grande";
"Catherine II" = "Catalina II";
"Empress of Russia who deposed her husband and forged Russia into a major European power." = "Emperatriz de Rusia que depuso a su esposo y forjó a Rusia en una gran potencia europea.";

"Last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate and later executed with his family." = "Último zar de Rusia que se vio obligado a abdicar y luego ejecutar con su familia.";

"Vladimir Lenin" = "Vladimir Lenin";
"Communist revolutionary and first head of the Soviet Union." = "Revolucionario comunista y primer jefe de la Unión Soviética.";

"Joseph Stalin" = "Joseph Stalin";
"Communist dictator who led the Soviet Union through World War II and its post-war emergence as a superpower." = "Dictador comunista que dirigió a la Unión Soviética durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y su surgimiento de posguerra como una superpotencia.";

"Nikita Khrushchev" = "Nikita Khrushchev";
"Soviet premier deposed in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis." = "Primer ministro soviético depuesto a raíz de la crisis de los misiles cubanos.";

"Leonid Brezhnev" = "Leonid Brezhnev";
"Soviet premier who increased Russia’s military strength but saw increasing economic stagnation." = "Primer ministro soviético que aumentó la fuerza militar de Rusia pero vio un estancamiento económico creciente.";

"Mikhail Gorbachev" = "Mikhail Gorbachov";
"Last premier of the Soviet Union." = "Último primer ministro de la Unión Soviética.";

"Boris Yeltsin" = "Boris Yeltsin";
"First president of the Russian Federation." = "Primer presidente de la Federación de Rusia.";

"Vladimir Putin" = "Vladimir Putin";
"Long-standing leader of the Russian Federation." = "Líder de larga data de la Federación de Rusia.";



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Individuals */

"Ulfilas" = "Ulfilas";
"Ulphilas" = "Ulfilas";
"Arian Christian missionary to the Gauls who invented the Gaulic alphabet and oversaw a Gaulic translation of the Scriptures." = "Misionero cristiano arriano a los galos que inventó el alfabeto galo y supervisó una traducción galáctica de las Escrituras.";

"Methodius" = "Metodio";
"Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Cyril. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible." = "Misionero bizantino a los eslavos del sur con su hermano Cirilo. Juntos crearon el primer guión eslavo y tradujeron porciones de la Biblia.";

"Cyril" = "Cirilo";
"Byzantine missionary to the Southern Slavs with his brother Methodius. Together they created the first Slavonic script and translated portions of the Bible." = "Misionero bizantino a los eslavos del sur con su hermano Metodio. Juntos crearon el primer guión eslavo y tradujeron porciones de la Biblia.";

"Stanislaus" = "Estanislao";
"Bishop of Krakow murdered by king Boleslaw II during Mass." = "Obispo de Cracovia asesinado por el rey Boleslaw II durante la misa.";

"Hyacinth" = "Jacinto";
"Polish Dominican friar and missionary in northern Europe." = "Fraile dominico polaco y misionero en el norte de Europa.";

"Vlad III Dracula" = "Vlad III Drácula";
"Walllachian prince infamous for impaling his enemies and celebrated for his resistance to the Ottomans." = "Príncipe de Walllachian infame por empalar a sus enemigos y celebrado por su resistencia a los otomanos.";

"Copernicus" = "Copérnico";
"Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric understanding of the universe." = "Matemático y astrónomo polaco que propuso la comprensión heliocéntrica del universo.";

"Baal Shem Tov" = "Baal Shem Tov";
"Israel ben Eliezer" = "Israel ben Eliezer";
"Jewish rabbi and mystic from Poland who founded Hasidic Judaism." = "Rabino judío y místico de Polonia que fundó el judaísmo jasídico.";

"Chopin" = "Chopin";
"Polish Romantic composer and pianist." = "Compositor y pianista romántico polaco.";



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Events */

"Council of Sardica" = "Concilio de Sárdica";
"Council of western bishops which acquitted Athanasius." = "Concilio de obispos occidentales que absolvió a Atanasio.";

"3rd Council of Sirmium" = "Concilio de Sirmio III";
"Council of eastern bishops which published an Arian confession." = "Concilio de obispos orientales que publicó una confesión arriana.";

"Influx of Visigoths" = "Influjo de los visigodos";
"Fleeing the Huns, an influx of Visigoths enter Roman territory." = "Huyendo de los hunos, una afluencia de visigodos entra en territorio romano.";

"Battle of Adrianople" = "Batalla de Adrianople";
"Goths rout the Romans, inaugurating the decline of the western Roman empire." = "Los godos derrotan a los romanos, inaugurando la decadencia del Imperio romano occidental.";

"Lombards defeat Gepids" = "Los lombardos derrotan a los gépidos";
"At the battle of Asfeld, Lombard forces defeat the Gepids." = "En la batalla de Asfeld, las fuerzas lombardas derrotaron a los gépidos.";

"Avars defeat Gepids" = "Los ávaros vencen a los gépidos";
"Avars allied with the Lombards defeat the Gepids and take control of their territory." = "Los ávaros aliados con los lombardos derrotan a los gépidos y toman el control de su territorio.";

"Slavic Kingdom of Samo" = "Reino eslavo de Samo";
"Samo forges a tribal union of Western Slavs." = "Samo forja una unión tribal de eslavos occidentales.";

"Battle of Pliska" = "Batalla de Pliska";
"Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines and kill emperor Nikephoros I." = "Los búlgaros derrotan a los bizantinos y matan al emperador Nikephoros I.";

"Mieszko I Baptized" = "Mieszko I bautizado";
"Mieszko I is baptized as a Christian after his marriage to a Christian princess of Bohemia." = "Mieszko I es bautizado como cristiano después de su matrimonio con una princesa cristiana de Bohemia.";

"Rus defeat Bulgarians" = "Rus derrota a los búlgaros";
"Incited by the Byzantines, the Kievan Rus conquer Bulgarian territory north of the Danube." = "Incitados por los bizantinos, los Rus de Kiev conquistan el territorio búlgaro al norte del Danubio.";

"Conversion of Vladimir" = "Conversión de Vladimir";
"Vladimir of Kiev converts to Orthodox Christianity, marries a Byzantine princess, and begins to Christianize Russia." = "Vladimir de Kiev se convierte al cristianismo ortodoxo, se casa con una princesa bizantina y comienza a cristianizar a Rusia.";

"People’s Crusade in Hungary" = "Cruzada popular en Hungría";
"The People’s Crusade incites conflict while passing through Hungary." = "La cruzada popular incita al conflicto al pasar por Hungría.";

"Autocephaly of Russian Church" = "Autocefalia de la Iglesia rusa";
"Election of Jonah of Moscow results in Russian Orthodox Church becoming effectively autocephalous, independent of higher authority." = "La elección de Jonás de Moscú da como resultado que la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa se convierta efectivamente en autocéfala, independiente de la autoridad superior.";

"Battle of Mohács" = "Batalla de Mohács";
"The forces of Suleiman I decisively defeat the Kingdom of Hungary." = "Las fuerzas de Solimán derrotaron decisivamente al Reino de Hungría.";

"Russian Patriarchate Founded" = "Fundación del Patriarcado ruso";
"Job of Moscow becomes Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church." = "Job de Moscú se convierte en Patriarca de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa.";

"Old Believers Schism" = "Cisma de viejos creyentes";
"Raskol" = "Raskol";
"Adherents to traditional Russian Orthodoxy break with the church over the reforms of Nikon." = "Los partidarios de la ortodoxia rusa tradicional rompen con la iglesia sobre las reformas de Nikon.";

"Holy Synod Established" = "Fundación del Santo Sínodo";
"After blocking the election of a new Patriarch for nearly two decades, Peter the Great establishes the Holy Synod as the governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church." = "Después de bloquear la elección de un nuevo Patriarca durante casi dos décadas, Pedro el Grande establece el Santo Sínodo como el órgano rector de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa.";

"Hasidic Judaism Begins" = "Comienza el judaísmo jasídico";
"Orthodox Jewish revivalist movement develops among the disciples of Baal Shem Tov." = "El movimiento revivalista judío ortodoxo se desarrolla entre los discípulos de Baal Shem Tov.";

"First Balkan War" = "Primera guerra de los Balcanes";
"An alliance of Balkan states wins independence from the Ottoman empire." = "Una alianza de estados balcánicos se independiza del Imperio otomano.";

"Second Balkan War" = "Segunda guerra de los Balcanes";
"Territorial dispute between Bulgaria and its Balkan allies. Bulgaria is defeated and loses territory." = "Disputa territorial entre Bulgaria y sus aliados balcánicos. Bulgaria es derrotada y pierde territorio.";

"Russian Patriarchate Restored" = "Restauración del Patriarcado ruso";
"The Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church is restored by a council of Russian ecclesiastics." = "El Patriarcado de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa es restaurado por un consejo de eclesiásticos rusos.";



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Political */

"Scythians" = "Escitas";
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare dominate the Eastern European steppe." = "Las personas nómadas especializadas en la guerra montada dominan la estepa de Europa del Este.";

"Germanic Tribes (Poland)" = "Tribus germánicas (Polonia)";
"North Central European plain inhabited by various Germanic tribal groups." = "Llanura del centro y norte de Europa habitada por varios grupos tribales germánicos.";

"Persian Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio persa (Balcanes)";
"The Balkans under the control of the Persian empire." = "Los Balcanes bajo el control del Imperio persa.";

"Thracian Kingdoms" = "Reinos tracios";
"A series of Thracian tribal coalitions and kingdoms control much of the Balkans." = "Una serie de coaliciones y reinos tribales tracios controlan gran parte de los Balcanes.";

"Greek Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio griego (Balcanes)";
"Alexander the Great seizes control over the Balkans." = "Alejandro Magno toma el control sobre los Balcanes.";

"Hellenistic Period (Balkans)" = "Período helenístico (Balcanes)";
"Balkan tribes are directly ruled, or highly influenced by, the Hellenistic kingdoms to the south." = "Las tribus de los Balcanes están directamente gobernadas, o altamente influenciadas por, los reinos helenísticos del sur.";

"Sarmatians" = "Sarmatas";
"Nomadic people of Iranian origin come to dominate the territory of the Scythians." = "Los pueblos nómadas de origen iraní llegan a dominar el territorio de los escitas.";

"Dacian Kingdoms" = "Reinos dacios";
"A series of Dacian tribal coalitions and kingdoms resist Roman expansion north of the Danube." = "Una serie de coaliciones y reinos tribales dacios resisten la expansión romana al norte del Danubio.";

"Roman Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio romano (Balcanes)";
"Thrace is a client kingdom, then province, of the Roman empire." = "Tracia es un reino cliente, entonces provincia, del Imperio romano.";

"Roman Empire (Dacia)" = "Imperio romano (Dacia)";
"Dacia under the control of the Roman empire." = "Dacia bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Goths" = "Godos";
"Germanic Gothic tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea." = "Las tribus góticas germánicas se asientan a lo largo de la costa norte del Mar Negro.";

"Goths (Dacia)" = "Godos (Dacia)";
"Germanic Gothic tribes gradually become the dominant peoples of the Danubian plain." = "Las tribus góticas germánicas se convierten gradualmente en los pueblos dominantes de la llanura del Danubio.";

"Hunnic Empire (Poland)" = "Imperio de los hunos (Polonia)";

"Huns" = "Hunos";
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare invade Europe from Asia, displacing Germanic tribes." = "Las personas nómadas especializadas en la guerra montada invaden Europa desde Asia, desplazando a las tribus germánicas.";

"Byzantine Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio bizantino (Balcanes)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Thrace remains a Byzantine province." = "Después de la división del Imperio romano, Tracia sigue siendo una provincia bizantina.";

"Hunnic Empire (Hungary)" = "Imperio de los hunos (Hungría)";
"The Huns rule a European empire from their base in the Great Hungarian Plain." = "Los hunos gobiernan un imperio europeo desde su base en la Gran Llanura Húngara.";

"Hunnic Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio de los hunos (Balcanes)";
"Huns overrun the Balkans, exacting heavy tribute from the Eastern Roman empire." = "Los hunos invadieron los Balcanes, exigiendo un gran tributo del Imperio romano oriental.";

"After the withdrawal of the Huns, Thrace remains a Byzantine province with a growing population of Slavic peoples." = "Tras la retirada de los hunos, Tracia sigue siendo una provincia bizantina con una población creciente de pueblos eslavos.";

"Gepid Kingdom" = "Reino gépida";
"Gepid tribes defeat the Huns and establish an independent kingdom." = "Las tribus gepidas derrotan a los hunos y establecen un reino independiente.";

"Slavic Tribes" = "Tribus eslavas";
"Eastern Slavic peoples inhabit the Eastern European steppe." = "Los pueblos eslavos orientales habitan en la estepa de Europa del Este.";

"Slavic Tribes (Poland)" = "Tribus eslavas (Polonia)";
"Western Slavic peoples establish permanent settlements in the North Central European plain." = "Los pueblos eslavos occidentales establecen asentamientos permanentes en la llanura centroeuropea del norte.";

"Avars" = "Ávaros";
"Nomadic people specializing in mounted warfare occupy the Eastern European steppe." = "Pueblo nómada especializado en la guerra montada ocupa la estepa de Europa del Este.";

"Avar Khaganate" = "Kanato avar";
"Nomadic Avars control the ethnically mixed populations north of the Danube." = "Los nómadas ávaros controlan las poblaciones étnicamente mixtas al norte del Danubio.";

"Bulgars" = "Búlgaros";
"Bulgar tribes settle along the northern coast of the Black Sea." = "Las tribus búlgaras se asientan a lo largo de la costa norte del Mar Negro.";

"Khazars" = "Jázaros";
"Semi-nomadic Turkic people control large portions of the Eastern European steppe." = "Los pueblos turcos seminómadas controlan grandes porciones de la estepa de Europa del Este.";

"Bulgarian Empire" = "Imperio búlgaro";
"Driven west by the Khazars, Bulgars become the dominant force north of the Danube." = "Impulsados hacia el oeste por los jázaros, los búlgaros se convierten en la fuerza dominante al norte del Danubio.";

"Kievan Rus" = "Rus de Kiev";
"A federation of Scandinavian and East Slavic peoples controls most of the Eastern European steppe." = "Una federación de pueblos escandinavos y eslavos orientales controla la mayor parte de la estepa de Europa del Este.";

"Kingdom of Poland" = "Reino de Polonia";
"The Lechitic Slavic peoples form a united kingdom of Poland." = "Los pueblos eslavos de Lechitic forman un reino unido de Polonia.";

"Hungary" = "Hungría";
"Magyars who settled the Carpathian basin establish the Kingdom of Hungary." = "Los magiares que asentaron la cuenca de los Cárpatos establecieron el Reino de Hungría.";

"Mongol Rule" = "Dominación mongola";
"The Mongols conquer the Eastern European steppe, which remains under the control of the Golden Horde Mongol khanate." = "Los mongoles conquistan la estepa de Europa del Este, que permanece bajo el control del kanato mongol de la Horda de Oro.";

"Poland–Lithuania" = "Polonia–Lituania";
"Poland and Lithuania are united, first through marriage and later by formal union." = "Polonia y Lituania están unidas, primero por matrimonio y luego por unión formal.";

"Ottoman Empire (Balkans)" = "Imperio otomano (Balcanes)";
"The Ottoman empire conquers the Balkans to surround Constantinople. After its fall, Ottomans control the Balkans for another 500 years." = "El Imperio otomano conquista los Balcanes para rodear Constantinopla. Después de su caída, los otomanos controlan los Balcanes durante otros 500 años.";

"Grand Duchy of Moscow" = "Gran Ducado de Moscú";
"Rus principality which grew under Mongol rule and eventually gained independence." = "Principado ruso que creció bajo el dominio mongol y finalmente obtuvo su independencia.";

"Ottoman Occupation" = "Ocupación otomana";
"Much of Hungary under the control of the Ottoman Empire." = "Gran parte de Hungría bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"Czardom of Russia" = "Zares de Rusia";
"Russian state ruled by monarchs who adopted the title of czar, derived from caesar." = "Estado ruso gobernado por monarcas que adoptaron el título de zar, derivado del césar.";

"Habsburg Hungary" = "Hungría de los Habsburgo";
"Hungary is controlled by the Habsburgs of Austria." = "Hungría está controlada por los Habsburgo de Austria.";

"Russian Empire" = "Imperio ruso";
"Czarist Russia becomes one of the largest empires in history." = "La Rusia zarista se convierte en uno de los imperios más grandes de la historia.";

"Foreign Occupation" = "Ocupación extranjera";
"Polish territory is partitioned between European empires." = "El territorio polaco está dividido entre los imperios europeos.";

"Austria-Hungary" = "Austria-Hungría";
"Hungary forms half of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary." = "Hungría forma la mitad de la doble monarquía de Austria-Hungría.";

"2nd Polish Republic" = "2ª República Polaca";
"Between the two World Wars, Poland becomes an independent republic." = "Entre las dos guerras mundiales, Polonia se convierte en una república independiente.";

"Balkan States" = "Estados de los Balcanes";
"The Balkan states remain largely independent, though sometimes dominated by the major European powers." = "Los estados de los Balcanes siguen siendo en gran medida independientes, aunque a veces dominados por las principales potencias europeas.";

"Modern Hungary" = "Hungría moderna";
"The nation of Hungary retains its national identity through periods of Nazi and Communist domination." = "La nación de Hungría conserva su identidad nacional a través de períodos de dominación nazi y comunista.";

"Soviet Union" = "Unión Soviética";
"One party communist state which emerged from World War II as a superpower." = "Estado comunista de un partido que surgió de la Segunda Guerra Mundial como una superpotencia.";

"Polish People’s Republic" = "República Popular de Polonia";
"Poland is a communist state under the control of the Soviet Union." = "Polonia es un estado comunista bajo el control de la Unión Soviética.";

"3rd Polish Republic" = "3ª República Polaca";
"Poland abandons communism and enters alliances with Western Europe." = "Polonia abandona el comunismo y entra en alianzas con Europa occidental.";

"Russian Federation" = "Federación Rusa";
"Post-Soviet Russia is a constitutional republic which has nevertheless been dominated by its president." = "La Rusia postsoviética es una república constitucional que, sin embargo, ha sido dominada por su presidente.";



/* EASTERN EUROPE - Religious Leaders */

"Jonah of Moscow" = "Jonás de Moscú";
"First metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church to be appointed without consent from Constantinople." = "Primer metropolitano de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa en ser nombrado sin el consentimiento de Constantinopla.";

"Job of Moscow" = "Job de Moscú";
"Metropolitan of Russian Orthodox Church who was elevated to Patriarch." = "Metropolitano de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa que fue elevado a Patriarca.";

"Nikon of Moscow" = "Nikon de Moscú";
"Patriarch of Moscow whose ecclesiastical reforms led to a schism with the Old Believers." = "Patriarca de Moscú cuyas reformas eclesiásticas llevaron a un cisma con los Viejos Creyentes.";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* AFRICA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* AFRICA - Individuals */

"Tertullian" = "Tertuliano";
"Ante-Nicene father, apologist, and theologian. First to use the term Trinity. Sympathetic toward Montanism." = "Padre anteniceno, apologista y teólogo. Primero en usar el término Trinidad. Simpatizante del montanismo.";

"Cyprian of Carthage (Life)" = "Cipriano de Cartago (vida)";
"Bishop of Carthage who dealt with the issue of lapsed Christians before dying as a martyr." = "Obispo de Cartago que se ocupó del tema de los cristianos caídos antes de morir como mártir.";

"Lactantius" = "Lactancio";
"North African scholar and Christian apologist who tutored the son of Constantine." = "Académico del norte de África y apologista cristiano que enseñó al hijo de Constantino.";

"Augustine of Hippo" = "Agustín de Hipona";
"Bishop of Hippo and profoundly influential theologian." = "Obispo de Hippo y teólogo profundamente influyente.";

"Robert Moffat" = "Robert Moffat";
"Scottish missionary in Africa and translator who inspired David Livingstone." = "Misionero escocés en África y traductor que inspiró a David Livingstone.";

"David Livingstone" = "David Livingstone";
"Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa who worked to end the slave trade." = "Misionero y explorador escocés en África que trabajó para poner fin al comercio de esclavos.";

"Andrew Murray" = "Andrew Murray";
"South African Dutch Reformed minister who wrote on prayer and Christian spirituality." = "Ministro reformado holandés sudafricano que escribió sobre la oración y la espiritualidad cristiana.";

"Mary Slessor" = "Mary Slessor";
"Scottish missionary to West Africa." = "Misionero escocés en África occidental.";

"Charles de Foucauld" = "Carlos de Foucauld";
"French Catholic monk who engaged in missionary and linguistic work in Algeria." = "Monje católico francés que se dedicaba al trabajo misionero y lingüístico en Argelia.";



/* AFRICA - Writings */

"Confessions" = "Confesiones";
"Augustine" = "Agustín";
"Augustine’s account of his early life and Christian conversion." = "El relato de Agustín de su vida temprana y la conversión cristiana.";

"De Trinitate" = "De Trinitate";
"Treatise on the doctrine of the Trinity by Augustine." = "Tratado sobre la doctrina de la Trinidad por Agustín.";

"City of God" = "La ciudad de Dios";
"Apologetic treatise by Augustine contrasting the earthly city with the City of God." = "Tratado de disculpa de Agustín que contrasta la ciudad terrenal con la Ciudad de Dios.";



/* AFRICA - Events */

"Carthage Founded" = "Fundación de Cartago";

"Council of Hippo" = "Concilio de Hipona";
"Council of African bishops which affirmed a biblical canon." = "Concilio de obispos africanos que afirmó un canon bíblico.";

"Jews Expelled from Morocco" = "Judios expulsados de Marruecos";
"Almoravid ruler of Morocco expels Jews who refuse to convert to Islam." = "El gobernante almorávide de Marruecos expulsa a los judíos que se niegan a convertirse al Islam.";



/* AFRICA - Political */

"Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa" = "Antigua África subsahariana";
"Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nubia to the south of Egypt." = "Varias culturas tribales y naciones más grandes florecen en el África subsahariana, particularmente Nubia al sur de Egipto.";

"Libyan Tribes" = "Tribus libias";
"Berber tribes in ancient Libya sometimes clash with Egypt." = "Las tribus bereberes en la antigua Libia a veces chocan con Egipto.";

"Cush" = "Cus";
"Ethiopia" = "Etiopía";
"The kingdom of Cush becomes the most powerful civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa, even conquering Egypt for a time." = "El reino de Cus se convierte en la civilización más poderosa del África subsahariana, incluso conquistando Egipto por un tiempo.";

"Phoenician Colonies" = "Colonias fenicias";
"Phoenicians establish trading colonies along the north African coast." = "Los fenicios establecen colonias comerciales a lo largo de la costa norteafricana.";

"Greek Colonies" = "Colonias griegas";
"Greeks establish colonies on the north African coast west of Egypt." = "Los griegos establecen colonias en la costa norte de África al oeste de Egipto.";

"Carthaginian Empire" = "Imperio cartaginés";
"Carthage gradually emerges as a maritime empire controlling the western Mediterranean." = "Cartago emerge gradualmente como un imperio marítimo que controla el Mediterráneo occidental.";

"Persian Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Imperio persa (Cirenaica)";
"Cyrenaica becomes a satrapy of the Persian empire." = "Cirenaica se convierte en una satrapía del Imperio persa.";

"Ptolemaic Rule (Cyrenaica)" = "Dominación ptolemaica (Cirenaica)";
"Cyrenaica under the control of the Ptolemies of Egypt." = "Cirenaica bajo el control de los Ptolomeos de Egipto.";

"Roman Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Imperio romano (Cirenaica)";
"Cyrenaica part of the Roman empire." = "Cirenaica parte del Imperio romano.";

"Roman Empire (N. Africa)" = "Imperio romano (N. África)";
"North Africa under the control of the Roman empire." = "África del Norte bajo el control del Imperio romano.";

"Aksum" = "Aksum";
"Axum" = "Axum";
"The Christian kingdom of Aksum reaches its zenith, establishing a maritime empire centered in Ethiopia." = "El reino cristiano de Aksum alcanza su cenit, estableciendo un imperio marítimo centrado en Etiopía.";

"Byzantine Empire (Cyrenaica)" = "Imperio bizantino (Cirenaica)";
"After the division of the Roman empire, Cyrenaica becomes part of the eastern (Byzantine) empire." = "Después de la división del Imperio romano, Cirenaica se convierte en parte del imperio oriental (bizantino)";

"Vandal Kingdom" = "Reino vándalo";
"Vandals control the Roman city of Carthage." = "Los vándalos controlan la ciudad romana de Cartago.";

"Byzantine Province (Africa)" = "Provincia bizantina (África)";
"Carthage and western North Africa under Byzantine control." = "Cartago y África del Norte occidental bajo control bizantino.";

"Rashidun Caliphate (Barqa)" = "Califato rashidún (Barqa)";
"Muslims conquer eastern North Africa, which becomes the province of Barqa." = "Los musulmanes conquistan el este del norte de África, que se convierte en la provincia de Barqa.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Barqa)" = "Califato omeya (Barqa)";
"Barqa subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "Barqa sujeto al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Califato omeya (Ifriqiya)";
"Western North Africa (Ifriqiya) subject to the Ummayad Muslim caliphate." = "África del Norte occidental (Ifriqiya) sujeta al califato musulmán omeya.";

"Idrisid Morocco" = "Marruecos idrisida";
"Morocco becomes an independent Muslim state under the Idrisid dynasty." = "Marruecos se convierte en un estado musulmán independiente bajo la dinastía idrisida.";

"Aghlabid Ifriqiya " = "Aghlabid Ifriqiya ";
"Central North Africa ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty, which is nominally subject to the Abbasid Caliphate." = "La zona central del norte de África gobernada por la dinastía aglabí, que está nominalmente sujeta al califato abasí.";

"Pre-Colonial Period" = "Período precolonial";
"Various tribal cultures and larger nations flourish in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some regions become Christianized or Islamicized." = "Varias culturas tribales y naciones más grandes florecen en el África subsahariana. Algunas regiones se cristianizan o se islamizan.";

"Tulunid Control (Libya)" = "Control de tulunidas (Libia)";
"Eastern North Africa under the control of the Tulunid dynasty, which became independent of the Abbasid Caliphate." = "África oriental del norte bajo el control de la dinastía Tulunida, que se independizó del califato abasí.";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Califato fatimí (Ifriqiya)";
"Ismaili Shiites overthrow the Aghlabids to establish a Shiite caliphate." = "Los chiítas ismailíes derrocan a los aglabíes para establecer un califato chiíta.";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Libya)" = "Califato fatimí (Libia)";
"Libya subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Libia sujeta al califato musulmán fatimí";

"Cordoba Caliphate (Morocco)" = "Califato de Córdoba (Marruecos)";
"Morocco subject to the Caliphate of Cordoba." = "Marruecos sujeto al califato de Córdoba.";

"Almoravid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Dinastía almorávide (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Almoravid dynasty." = "Marruecos gobernado por la dinastía almorávide.";

"Almohad Caliphate (Morocco)" = "Califato almohade (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Almohad caliphate." = "Marruecos gobernado por el califato almohade.";

"Almohad Caliphate (Ifriqiya)" = "Califato almohade (Ifriqiya)";
"Central North Africa ruled by the Almohad caliphate." = "África central del norte gobernada por el califato almohade.";

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Libya)" = "Sultanato ayyubí (Libia)";
"Libya under Ayyubid control." = "Libia bajo control ayyubí";

"Hafsid Kingdom (Ifriqiya)" = "Reino hafsid (Ifriqiya)";
"The Hafsid dynasty seizes control of central North Africa from the Almohads." = "La dinastía Hafsid toma el control del centro de África del Norte de los almohades.";

"Marinid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Dinastía marinid (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Marinid dynasty." = "Marruecos gobernado por la dinastía Marinid.";

"Mamluk Sultanate (Libya)" = "Sultanato mameluco (Libia)";
"Libya under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Libia bajo el control de los sultanes mamelucos.";

"Wattasid Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Dinastía wattasid (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Wattasid dynasty." = "Marruecos gobernado por la dinastía wattasid.";

"Ottoman Empire (Libya)" = "Imperio otomano (Libia)";
"Libya is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire." = "Libia es un afluente a menudo semiautónomo del Imperio otomano.";

"Saadi Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Dinastía saadi (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Saadi dynasty." = "Marruecos gobernado por la dinastía Saadi.";

"Ottoman Empire (Ifriqiya)" = "Imperio otomano (Ifriqiya)";
"Algeria is an often semi-autonomous tributary of the Ottoman Empire." = "Argelia es un afluente a menudo semiautónomo del Imperio otomano.";

"Alaouite Dynasty (Morocco)" = "Dinastía alauita (Marruecos)";
"Morocco ruled by the Alaouite dynasty." = "Marruecos gobernado por la dinastía alauita.";

"French Rule (Algeria)" = "Dominación francesa (Argelia)";
"Algeria under the control of France." = "Argelia bajo el control de Francia.";

"Western Slavery & Colonialism" = "Esclavitud occidental y colonialismo";
"Sub-Saharan Africa is transformed by Western powers, first through the Atlantic slave trade, then through open colonization." = "África subsahariana es transformada por las potencias occidentales, primero a través del comercio de esclavos del Atlántico, luego a través de la colonización abierta.";

"Italian Rule (Libya)" = "Dominio italiano (Libia)";
"Libya under the control of Italy." = "Libia bajo el control de Italia.";

"European Control (Morocco)" = "Control europeo (Marruecos)";
"Morocco briefly a British protectorate, then divided between France and Spain." = "Marruecos brevemente un protectorado británico, luego dividido entre Francia y España.";

"Modern Libya" = "Libia moderna";
"Libya is an independent state." = "Libia es un estado independiente.";

"Modern Morocco" = "Marruecos moderno";
"Morocco is an independent state." = "Marruecos es un estado independiente.";

"Modern Algeria" = "Argelia moderna";
"Algeria is an independent state." = "Argelia es un estado independiente.";

"Modern Nations" = "Naciones modernas";
"Sub-Saharan Africa divided into modern independent states." = "África subsahariana dividida en estados modernos e independientes.";



/* AFRICA - Religious Leaders */

"Cyprian of Carthage" = "Cipriano de Cartago";






/* ----------------------------------- */
/* ARABIA */
/* ----------------------------------- */

/* ARABIA - Rulers */

"Abu Bakr" = "Abu Bakr";
"Companion of Muhammad who became the first Rashidun caliph." = "Compañero de Mahoma que se convirtió en el primer califa rashidún.";

"Umar" = "Umar";
"Omar" = "Omar";
"Second Rashidun caliph who rapidly expanded the Islamic empire." = "Segundo califa rashidún que rápidamente expandió el Imperio islámico.";

"Uthman" = "Uthman";
"Osman" = "Osman";
"Third Rashidun caliph who issued a recension of the Quran." = "Tercer califa Rashidun que emitió una recensión del Corán.";

"Ali" = "Alí";
"Muhammad’s son-in-law, first caliph and imam to Shiites, fourth Rashidun caliph to Sunnis." = "El yerno de Mahoma, primer califa e imán de los chiítas, cuarto califa de Rashidun de los sunitas.";

"Ibn al-Zubayr" = "Ibn al-Zubayr";
"Rival caliph who controlled the Hejaz during the Second Fitna, in opposition to the Ummayads." = "Califa rival que controlaba el Hejaz durante el Segundo Fitna, en oposición a los omeyas.";



/* ARABIA - Individuals */

"Khadijah" = "Khadijah";
"Muhammad’s first wife, a wealthy widow 15 years his senior." = "La primera esposa de Mahoma, una viuda adinerada 15 años mayor que él.";

"Muhammad" = "Mahoma";
"Mohammad" = "Mahoma";
"Founder of Islam who conquered much of Arabia." = "Fundador del Islam que conquistó gran parte de Arabia.";

"Aisha" = "Aisha";
"Muhammad’s youngest wife; the daughter of Abu Bakr." = "La esposa más joven de Mahoma;  la hija de Abu Bakr.";



/* ARABIA - Writings */

"Qur’an" = "Corán";
"Islamic Scriptures containing the recitations of Muhammad." = "Escrituras islámicas que contienen las recitaciones de Mahoma.";



/* ARABIA - Events */

"Muhammad Marries Khadijah" = "Mahoma se casa con Khadijah";
"Muhammad marries a wealthy widow 15 years his senior." = "Mahoma se casa con una viuda adinerada 15 años mayor que él.";

"Muhammad Marries Aisha" = "Mahoma se casa con Aisha";
"Muhammad marries the young daughter of Abu Bakr." = "Muhammad se casa con la joven hija de Abu Bakr.";

"Muhammad Emigrates to Medinah" = "Mahoma emigra a Medina";
"Hijra" = "Hijra";
"Muhammad flees Mecca to establish himself at Medinah." = "Mahoma huye de La Meca para establecerse en Medina.";

"Battle of Badr" = "Batalla de Badr";
"Muslims defeat a superior force from Mecca." = "Los musulmanes derrotan a una fuerza superior de La Meca.";

"Battle of Uhud" = "Batalla de Uhud";
"Muslims defeated by Meccans." = "Musulmanes derrotados por los mecanos.";

"Battle of the Trench" = "Batalla de la trinchera";
"Meccan siege of Medinah fails." = "El asedio mecano de Medina fracasa.";

"Muslims Conquer Mecca" = "Los musulmanes conquistan La Meca";
"Mecca surrenders to Muhammad in the face of the Muslim advance." = "La Meca se rinde a Mahoma ante el avance musulmán.";

"Wars of Apostasy" = "Guerras de Apostasía";
"After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr quells rebellions in Arabia." = "Después de la muerte de Mahoma, Abu Bakr sofoca las rebeliones en Arabia.";

"First Fitna" = "Primero Fitna";
"Islamic civil war prompted by the assassination of Uthman and election of Ali." = "Guerra civil islámica provocada por el asesinato de Uthman y la elección de Ali.";

"Second Fitna" = "Segundo Fitna";
"Islamic civil war in opposition to the Ummayads’ hereditary caliphate." = "Guerra civil islámica en oposición al califato hereditario de los omeyas.";

"Kaaba Stone Removed" = "Piedra de Kaaba eliminada";
"Qarmatians remove the Black Stone from the Kaaba and return it after a ransom is paid." = "Los Qarmatians quitan la Piedra Negra de la Kaaba y la devuelven después de que se paga un rescate.";



/* ARABIA - Political */

"Arabic Overland Trade" = "Comercio terrestre árabe";
"Arabic tribes engage in overland trade caravans." = "Las tribus árabes participan en caravanas comerciales por tierra.";

"Sabaean Kingdom" = "Reino sabeo";
"Sheba?" = "¿Seba?";
"The Sabaean kingdom of southern Arabia (Yemen) is likely the land of the biblical queen of Sheba." = "El reino sabeo del sur de Arabia (Yemen) es probablemente la tierra de la reina bíblica de Saba.";

"Nabataean Kingdom" = "Reino nabateo";
"Nabataeans develop a flourishing civilization in northwestern Arabia." = "Los nabateos desarrollan una civilización floreciente en el noroeste de Arabia.";

"Roman Empire (Arabia)" = "Imperio romano (Arabia)";
"Northwestern Arabia becomes the Roman province of Arabia Petraea." = "El noroeste de Arabia se convierte en la provincia romana de Arabia Petraea.";

"Himyarite Kingdom" = "Reino himyarita";
"Homerite Kingdom" = "Reino Homerita";
"Southern Arabia (Yemen) controlled by the Himyarites." = "El sur de Arabia (Yemen) controlado por los himyaritas.";

"Ghassanid Kingdom" = "Reino gasánida";
"Christian Ghassanid Arabs rule a kingdom in northwest Arabia which is a Byzantine vassal." = "Los árabes cristianos gasánidas gobiernan un reino en el noroeste de Arabia que es un vasallo bizantino.";

"Rise of Islam" = "Ascenso del Islam";
"United by Islam, the Arabs embark on military expansion." = "Unidos por el Islam, los árabes se embarcan en la expansión militar.";

"Rashidun Caliphate" = "Califato rashidún";
"Muslims under the earliest caliphs control Arabia." = "Los musulmanes bajo los primeros califas controlan Arabia.";

"Ummayad Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Califato omeya (Arabia)";
"Arabia under the control of the Ummayad Muslim Caliphate." = "Arabia bajo el control del califato musulmán omeya.";

"Abbasid Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Califato abasí (Arabia)";
"Arabia under the control of the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate." = "Arabia bajo el control del califato musulmán abasí.";

"Fatimid Caliphate (Arabia)" = "Califato fatimí (Arabia)";
"Arabia subject to the Fatimid Muslim caliphate." = "Arabia sujeta al califato musulmán fatimí";

"Ayyubid Sultanate (Arabia)" = "Sultanato ayyubí (Arabia)";
"Most of Arabia under Ayyubid control." = "La mayor parte de Arabia bajo control ayyubí.";

"Mamluk Sultanate (Arabia)" = "Sultanato mameluco (Arabia)";
"Arabia under the control of the Mamluk sultans." = "Arabia bajo el control de los sultanes mamelucos.";

"Ottoman Empire (Arabia)" = "Imperio otomano (Arabia)";
"Arabia under the control of the Ottoman empire." = "Arabia bajo el control del Imperio otomano.";

"Saudi Arabia" = "Arabia Saudita";
"Modern state of Saudi Arabia ruled by the Saud dynasty." = "Estado moderno de Arabia Saudita gobernado por la dinastía Saud.";






/* ------------------------------------------------ */
/* Other Default Names for renamable Timeline items */
/* ------------------------------------------------ */

"Africa & Rome" = "África y Roma.";
"Africa & Western Europe" = "África y Europa occidental";
"Africa & World" = "África y mundo";
"All Regions" = "Todas las regiones";
"All Without Periods" = "Todo sin períodos";
"Cradles of Civilization" = "Cunas de la civilización";
"Egypt & Persia" = "Egipto y Persia";
"Egypt & Rome" = "Egipto y Roma";
"Europe" = "Europa";
"Israel & Arabia" = "Israel y Arabia";
"Israel & Greece" = "Israel y Grecia";
"Israel & Mesopotamia" = "Israel y Mesopotamia";
"Israel & Neighbors" = "Israel y vecinos";
"Israel & Persia" = "Israel y Persia";
"Israel & Rome" = "Israel y Roma";
"Israel & World" = "Israel y el mundo";
"Mediterranean Regions" = "Regiones mediterráneas";
"Middle East" = "Oriente Medio";

"All Items" = "Todos los artículos";
"All User Items" = "Todos los ítems del usuario";
"Divided Kings" = "Reyes divididos";
"Early Events" = "Eventos tempranos";
"Events" = "Eventos";
"Rulers, Individuals & Events" = "Gobernantes, individuos y eventos";
"Individuals" = "Individuos";
"Prophets" = "Profetas";
"Prophets, Priests & Kings" = "Profetas, sacerdotes y reyes";
"Religious Leaders" = "Lideres religiosos";
"Rulers" = "Gobernantes";
"All but Ussher" = "Todos menos Ussher";
"Writings" = "Escritos";

"Fall of the House of Ussher" = "Caída de la casa de Ussher";
"Kings of Judah/Israel" = "Reyes de Judá / Israel";

"Balaam" = "Balaam";
"Jael Kills Sisera" = "Jael mata a Sísara";

"All" = "Todas";
"All apolitical" = "Todas las apolíticas";
"Books" = "Libros";
"Egypt" = "Egipto";
"Example period" = "Período de ejemplo";
"Example Province" = "Provincia de ejemplo";
"Example user items" = "Ítem del usuario de ejemplo";
"King A" = "Rey A";
"King B" = "Rey B";
"King C" = "Rey C";
"King D" = "Rey D";
"King E" = "Rey E";
"King F" = "Rey F";
"Mesopotamia" = "Mesopotamia";
"Person 1" = "Persona 1";
"Person 2" = "Persona 2";
"War Chronicles" = "Crónicas de guerra";
"War of Independence" = "Guerra de la independencia";
